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Coordinates: 34°23′N 132°27′E

Hiroshima
Hiroshima ( 広島市 , Hiroshima-shi, /ˌhɪroʊˈʃiːmə/, also
Hiroshima
広島市
UK: /hɪˈrɒʃɪmə/, [3] US: /hɪˈroʊʃɪmə/, Japanese: [çiɾoɕima]) is the
capital of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan. As of June 1, 2019, the
city had an estimated population of 1,199,391. The gross domestic Designated city
product (GDP) in Greater Hiroshima, Hiroshima Urban
The City of Hiroshima[1]
Employment Area, was US $61.3 billion as of 2010.[4][5] Kazumi
Matsui has been the city's mayor since April 2011.

Hiroshima was founded in 1598 as a castle town on the Ōta River


delta. Following the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Hiroshima rapidly
transformed into a major urban center and industrial hub. In 1889,
Hiroshima officially gained city status. The city was a center of
military activities during the imperial era, playing significant roles
such as in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War,
and the two world wars.

Hiroshima is best remembered as the first city targeted by a nuclear


weapon when the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)
dropped the atomic bomb "Little Boy" on the city at 8:15 a.m. on
August 6, 1945.[6] Most of the city was destroyed, and by the end
of the year 90,000–166,000 had died as a result of the blast and its
effects. The Hiroshima Peace Memorial (a UNESCO World
Heritage Site) serves as a memorial of the bombing.

Since being rebuilt after the war, Hiroshima has become the largest
city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshu, the largest island of From top left: Hiroshima Castle, baseball game of
Japan. Hiroshima Toyo Carp in Hiroshima Municipal
Baseball Stadium, Hiroshima Peace Memorial
(Genbaku Dome), night view of Ebisu-cho,
Shukkei-en (Asano Park)
Contents
History
Early history
Sengoku and Edo periods (1589–1871) Flag Seal
Imperial period (1871–1939)
World War II and the atomic bombing (1939–1945)
Postwar period (1945–present)
Geography
Surrounding municipalities
Climate
Wards
Places of interest
Demographics
Events
Culture
Cuisine
Sports
Economy and infrastructure
Health care
Hospitals
Media
Transportation
Air
Trains
Streetcars
Automobiles
Tourism
Education
International relations Location of Hiroshima in Hiroshima Prefecture
Twin towns and sister cities
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

Hiroshima
History

Early history

The region where Hiroshima stands today was originally a small


fishing village along the shores of Hiroshima Bay. From the 12th
century, the village was rather prosperous and was economically
attached to a Zen Buddhist temple called Mitaki-Ji. This new
prosperity was partly caused by the increase of trade with the rest Hiroshima
of Japan under the auspices of the Taira clan.[7]

Sengoku and Edo periods (1589–1871)

Hiroshima was established on the delta coastline of the Seto Inland


Sea in 1588 by powerful warlord Mōri Terumoto.[8][9] Hiroshima Hiroshima (Asia)
Castle was quickly built, and in 1593 Mōri moved in. Terumoto
was on the losing side at the Battle of Sekigahara. The winner of Hiroshima
the battle, Tokugawa Ieyasu, deprived Mōri Terumoto of most of
his fiefs, including Hiroshima and gave Aki Province to Masanori
Fukushima, a daimyō who had supported Tokugawa.[10] From
1619 until 1871, Hiroshima was ruled by the Asano clan.
Hiroshima (Earth)
Gallery
Coordinates: 34°23′N 132°27′E
Country Japan
Region Chūgoku (San'yō)
Prefecture Hiroshima Prefecture
Government
• Mayor Kazumi Matsui
Area
Hiroshima • Designated 906.68 km2 (350.07 sq mi)
Castle city
Population (June 1, 2019)
Imperial period (1871–1939) • Designated 1,199,391
city
After the Han was abolished in 1871, the city became the capital of • Density 1,300/km2 (3,400/sq mi)
Hiroshima Prefecture. Hiroshima became a major urban center • Metro[2] 1,431,634 (10th)
(2015)
during the imperial period, as the Japanese economy shifted from
primarily rural to urban industries. During the 1870s, one of the Time zone UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)
seven government-sponsored English language schools was Tree Camphor Laurel
established in Hiroshima.[11] Ujina Harbor was constructed Flower Oleander
through the efforts of Hiroshima Governor Sadaaki Senda in the Phone number 082-245-2111
1880s, allowing Hiroshima to become an important port city. Address 1-6-34 Kokutaiji,
Naka-ku, Hiroshima-shi 730-
The San'yō Railway was extended to Hiroshima in 1894, and a rail 8586
line from the main station to the harbor was constructed for military
Website www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp (http://
transportation during the First Sino-Japanese War.[12] During that www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/)
war, the Japanese government moved temporarily to Hiroshima,
and Emperor Meiji maintained his headquarters at Hiroshima Castle from
Hiroshima
September 15, 1894, to April 27, 1895.[12] The significance of Hiroshima for the
Japanese government can be discerned from the fact that the first round of talks
between Chinese and Japanese representatives to end the Sino-Japanese War was
held in Hiroshima, from February 1 to February 4, 1895.[13] New industrial "Hiroshima" in shinjitai kanji
plants, including cotton mills, were established in Hiroshima in the late 19th
Japanese name
century.[14] Further industrialization in Hiroshima was stimulated during the
Russo-Japanese War in 1904, which required development and production of Kyūjitai 廣島
military supplies. The Hiroshima Prefectural Commercial Exhibition Hall was
constructed in 1915 as a center for trade and exhibition of new products. Later, its
Shinjitai 広島
name was changed to Hiroshima Prefectural Product Exhibition Hall, and again to Transcriptions
Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall.[15] Romanization Hiroshima

During World War I, Hiroshima became a focal point of military activity, as the
Japanese government entered the war on the Allied side. About 500 German
prisoners of war were held in Ninoshima Island in Hiroshima Bay.[16] The
growth of Hiroshima as a city continued after the First World War, as the city now
attracted the attention of the Catholic Church, and on May 4, 1923, and Apostolic
Vicar was appointed for that city.[17]

Gallery

Hiroshima Urban Employment Area

Map of
Hiroshima City
in the 1930s
(Japanese
edition)

World War II and the atomic bombing (1939–1945)

During World War II, the Second General Army and Chūgoku Regional Army was headquartered in Hiroshima, and the
Army Marine Headquarters was located at Ujina port. The city also had large depots of military supplies, and was a key
center for shipping.[18]
The bombing of Tokyo and other cities in Japan during World War II caused widespread destruction and hundreds of
thousands of civilian deaths.[19] There were no such air raids on Hiroshima. However, a real threat existed and was
recognized. To protect against potential firebombings in Hiroshima, school children aged 11–14 years were mobilized to
demolish houses and create firebreaks.[20]

On Monday, August 6, 1945, at 8:15 a.m. (Hiroshima time), the nuclear weapon "Little Boy" was dropped on Hiroshima
from an American Boeing B-29 Superfortress, the Enola Gay, flown by Colonel Paul Tibbets,[21] directly killing at least
70,000 people, including thousands of Korean slave laborers. Fewer than 10% of the casualties were military.[22] By the
end of the year, injury and radiation brought the total number of deaths to 90,000–166,000.[23] The population before the
bombing was around 345,000. About 70% of the city's buildings were destroyed, and another 7% severely damaged.

The public release of film footage of the city following the attack, and some of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission
research on the human effects of the attack, were restricted during the occupation of Japan, and much of this information
was censored until the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco in 1951, restoring control to the Japanese.[24]

As Ian Buruma observed:

News of the terrible consequences of the atom bomb attacks on Japan was deliberately withheld from the
Japanese public by US military censors during the Allied occupation—even as they sought to teach the
natives the virtues of a free press. Casualty statistics were suppressed. Film shot by Japanese cameramen in
Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the bombings was confiscated. "Hiroshima", the account was written by John
Hersey for The New Yorker, had a huge impact in the US, but was banned in Japan. As [John] Dower says:
"In the localities themselves, suffering was compounded not merely by the unprecedented nature of the
catastrophe ... but also by the fact that public struggle with this traumatic experience was not permitted."[25]

The US occupation authorities maintained a monopoly on scientific and medical information about the effects of the
atomic bomb through the work of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, which treated the data gathered in studies of
hibakusha as privileged information rather than making the results available for the treatment of victims or providing
financial or medical support to aid victims.

The book Hiroshima by John Hersey was originally published in article form in the magazine The New Yorker,[26] on 31
August 1946. It is reported to have reached Tokyo, in English, at least by January 1947 and the translated version was
released in Japan in 1949.[27] Although the article was planned to be published over four issues, "Hiroshima" made up the
entire contents of one issue of the magazine.[28][29] Hiroshima narrates the stories of six bomb survivors immediately
before and four months after the dropping of the Little Boy bomb.[26][30]

Oleander (Nerium) is the official flower of the city of Hiroshima because it was the first to bloom again after the explosion
of the atomic bomb in 1945.[31]

Gallery

Hiroshima in August Hiroshima in


1945, the same month as October 1945,
the bombing two months after
the bombing

Postwar period (1945–present)


On September 17, 1945, Hiroshima was struck by the Makurazaki Typhoon
(Typhoon Ida). Hiroshima Prefecture suffered more than 3,000 deaths and
injuries, about half the national total.[32] More than half the bridges in the city
were destroyed, along with heavy damage to roads and railroads, further
devastating the city.[33]

Hiroshima was rebuilt after the war, with help from the national government
through the Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Law passed in 1949. It
provided financial assistance for reconstruction, along with land donated that was
previously owned by the national government and used by the Imperial
Hiroshima city skyline
military.[34]

In 1949, a design was selected for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park.
Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall, the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb's detonation,
was designated the Genbaku Dome ( 原爆ドーム ) or "Atomic Dome", a part of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. The
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum was opened in 1955 in the Peace Park.[35]

Hiroshima also contains a Peace Pagoda, built in 1966 by Nipponzan-Myōhōji. Uniquely, the pagoda is made of steel,
rather than the usual stone.[36]

Hiroshima was proclaimed a City of Peace by the Japanese parliament in 1949, at the initiative of its mayor, Shinzo Hamai
(1905–1968). As a result, the city of Hiroshima received more international attention as a desirable location for holding
international conferences on peace as well as social issues. As part of that effort, the Hiroshima Interpreters' and Guide's
Association (HIGA) was established in 1992 to facilitate interpretation for conferences, and the Hiroshima Peace Institute
was established in 1998 within the Hiroshima University. The city government continues to advocate the abolition of all
nuclear weapons and the Mayor of Hiroshima is the president of Mayors for Peace, an international Mayoral organization
mobilizing cities and citizens worldwide to abolish and eliminate nuclear weapons by the year 2020.[37][38]

On May 27, 2016, Barack Obama became the first sitting United States president to visit Hiroshima since the atomic
bombing.[39]

Hiroshima is situated on the Ōta River delta, on Hiroshima Bay, facing the Seto Inland Sea on its south side. The river's
six channels divide Hiroshima into several islets.

Gallery

Atomic Bomb Dome by Jan Skyline of Hiroshima Around Hondōri Station


Letzel and modern City from Mount Futaba
Hiroshima

Geography

Surrounding municipalities
Hiroshima Prefecture
Kure
Higashihiroshima
Akitakata
Hatsukaichi
Akiota
Kitahiroshima
Fuchū
Saka
Kumano
Kaita

Climate

Hiroshima has a humid subtropical climate characterized by cool to mild winters and hot, humid summers. Like much of
Japan, Hiroshima experiences a seasonal temperature lag in summer; with August rather than July being the warmest
month of the year. Precipitation occurs year-round, although winter is the driest season. Rainfall peaks in June and July,
with August experiencing sunnier and drier conditions.

Climate data for Hiroshima, Hiroshima (1981–2010)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 18.8 21.5 23.7 29.0 31.5 34.4 38.7 37.9 36.9 31.2 26.3 22.3 38.7
°C (°F) (65.8) (70.7) (74.7) (84.2) (88.7) (93.9) (101.7) (100.2) (98.4) (88.2) (79.3) (72.1) (101.7)

Average 9.7 10.6 14.0 19.7 24.1 27.2 30.8 32.5 29.0 23.4 17.4 12.3 20.9
high °C (°F) (49.5) (51.1) (57.2) (67.5) (75.4) (81.0) (87.4) (90.5) (84.2) (74.1) (63.3) (54.1) (69.6)

Daily mean 5.2 6.0 9.1 14.7 19.3 23.0 27.1 28.2 24.4 18.3 12.5 7.5 16.3
°C (°F) (41.4) (42.8) (48.4) (58.5) (66.7) (73.4) (80.8) (82.8) (75.9) (64.9) (54.5) (45.5) (61.3)

Average low 1.7 2.1 4.8 9.9 14.7 19.4 23.8 24.8 20.8 14.2 8.5 3.7 12.4
°C (°F) (35.1) (35.8) (40.6) (49.8) (58.5) (66.9) (74.8) (76.6) (69.4) (57.6) (47.3) (38.7) (54.3)

Record low −8.5 −8.3 −7.2 −1.4 1.8 6.6 14.1 13.7 8.6 1.5 −2.6 −8.6 −8.6
°C (°F) (16.7) (17.1) (19.0) (29.5) (35.2) (43.9) (57.4) (56.7) (47.5) (34.7) (27.3) (16.5) (16.5)

Average
44.6 66.6 123.9 141.7 177.6 247.0 258.6 110.8 169.5 87.9 68.2 41.2 1,537.6
precipitation
(1.76) (2.62) (4.88) (5.58) (6.99) (9.72) (10.18) (4.36) (6.67) (3.46) (2.69) (1.62) (60.54)
mm (inches)

Average
5 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 12
snowfall cm
(2.0) (1.6) (0.4) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1.2) (4.7)
(inches)

Average
8.7 7.1 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 4.5 23.1
snowy days

Average
relative
68 67 64 63 66 72 74 71 70 68 69 69 68
humidity
(%)

Mean
monthly
137.2 139.7 169.0 190.1 206.2 161.4 179.5 211.2 165.3 181.8 151.6 149.4 2,042.3
sunshine
hours

Source: [40]

Wards

Hiroshima has eight wards (ku):


Density
Area
Ward Japanese Population (per Map
(km2)
km2)

Aki-ku (Aki ward) 安芸区 80,702 94.08 857

Asakita-ku (Asa-North
ward)
安佐北区 148,426 353.33 420

Asaminami-ku (Asa-
south ward)
安佐南区 241,007 117.24 2,055

Higashi-ku (East ward) 東区 121,012 39.42 3,069

Minami-ku (South ward) 南区 141,219 26.30 5,369

Naka-ku (Central ward)


*administrative center
中区 130,879 15.32 8,543

Nishi-ku (West ward) ⻄区 189,794 35.61 5,329

Saeki-ku (Saeki ward) 佐伯区 137,838 225.22 612

Population as of March 31, 2016

Places of interest

There are many popular tourist destinations near Hiroshima. A popular destination outside the city is Itsukushima Island,
also known as Miyajima, which is a sacred island with many temples and shrines. But inside Hiroshima there are many
popular destinations as well, and according to online guidebooks, these are the most popular tourist destinations in
Hiroshima:[41]

1. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum


2. The Atomic Bomb Dome
3. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park
4. Mazda Zoom-Zoom Stadium Hiroshima
5. Hiroshima Castle
6. Shukkei-en
7. Mitaki-dera Temple
8. Hiroshima Gogoku Shrine
9. Kamiyacho and Hatchobori (A major center in Hiroshima which is a shopping area. It is directly connected
to the Hiroshima Bus Center )
10. Asa Dobutsu-en (Asa Zoological Park)
11. Hiroshima Shokubutsu Koen (Hiroshima Botanical Garden)

Other popular places in the city include the Hon-dōri shopping arcade.

Demographics
In 2017, the city has an estimated population of 1,195,327. The total area of the city
is 905.08 square kilometres (349.45 sq mi), with a population density of 1321
persons per km2 .[42]

The population around 1910 was 143,000.[43] Before World War II, Hiroshima's
population had grown to 360,000, and peaked at 419,182 in 1942.[44] Following the
atomic bombing in 1945, the population dropped to 137,197.[44] By 1955, the city's
population had returned to pre-war levels.[45] Down town of Hiroshima City

Events
Hiroshima Flower Festival, May 3–5, Heiwa Odori, Hiroshima Peace
Memorial Park
Toukasan, first Friday to Sunday in June, Mikawa-Cho, Chuo Dori
Ebisu Festival, November 18–20, Ebisucho, Hacchobori, Chuo Dori
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony, August 6, Hiroshima Peace
Memorial Park
1994 Asian Games

Hondōri Shopping Street


Culture
Hiroshima has a professional symphony orchestra, which has performed at Wel City
Hiroshima since 1963.[46] There are also many museums in Hiroshima, including the
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, along with several art museums. The
Hiroshima Museum of Art, which has a large collection of French renaissance art,
opened in 1978. The Hiroshima Prefectural Art Museum opened in 1968 and is
located near Shukkei-en gardens. The Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary
Art, which opened in 1989, is located near Hijiyama Park. Festivals include
Hiroshima Flower Festival and Hiroshima International Animation Festival.
Hiroshima Zero Gate
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park, which includes the Hiroshima Peace Memorial,
draws many visitors from around the world, especially for the Hiroshima Peace
Memorial Ceremony, an annual commemoration held on the date of the atomic
bombing. The park also contains a large collection of monuments, including the
Children's Peace Monument, the Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the
Atomic Bomb Victims and many others.

Hiroshima's rebuilt castle (nicknamed Rijō, meaning Koi Castle) houses a


museum of life in the Edo period. Hiroshima Gokoku Shrine is within the walls of
the castle. Other attractions in Hiroshima include Shukkei-en, Fudōin, Mitaki-
dera, and Hijiyama Park.

Hiroshima Flower Festival 2011


Cuisine

Hiroshima is known for okonomiyaki, a savory


(umami) pancake cooked on an iron plate,
usually in front of the customer. It is cooked with
various ingredients, which are layered rather than
mixed as done with the Osaka version of
okonomiyaki. The layers are typically egg,
cabbage, bean sprouts (moyashi), sliced
pork/bacon with optional items (mayonnaise,
fried squid, octopus, cheese, mochi, kimchi, etc.), Shukkei-en
and noodles (soba, udon) topped with another
layer of egg and a generous dollop of
okonomiyaki sauce (Carp and Otafuku are two popular brands). The amount of cabbage
A man making an used is usually 3 to 4 times the amount used in the Osaka style. It starts piled very high
okonomiyaki at a restaurant and is generally pushed down as the cabbage cooks. The order of the layers may vary
in Hiroshima slightly depending on the chef's style and preference, and ingredients will vary depending
on the preference of the customer.

Sports

Hiroshima has several professional sports clubs. The city's main association football club is Sanfrecce Hiroshima, who
play at the Hiroshima Big Arch. As Toyo Kogyo Soccer Club, they won the Japan Soccer League five times between
1965 and 1970 and the Emperor's Cup in 1965, 1967 and 1969. After adopting their current name in 1992, the club won
the J.League in 2012 and 2013. The city's main women's football club is
Angeviolet Hiroshima. Defunct clubs include Rijo Shukyu FC, who won the
Emperor's Cup in 1924 and 1925, and Ẽfini Hiroshima SC.

Hiroshima Toyo Carp are the city's major baseball club, and play at the Mazda
Zoom-Zoom Stadium Hiroshima. Members of the Central League, the club won
the Japan Series in 1979, 1980 and 1984. Other sports clubs include Hiroshima
Dragonflies (basketball), Hiroshima Maple Reds (handball) and JT Thunders
(volleyball).

The Woodone Open Hiroshima was part of the Japan Golf Tour between 1973 Mazda Stadium, home of Hiroshima
and 2007. The city also hosted the 1994 Asian Games, using the Big Arch Toyo Carp.
stadium, which is now used for the annual Mikio Oda Memorial International
Amateur Athletic Game. The now-called Hiroshima Prefectural Sports Center
was one of the host arenas of the 2006 FIBA World Championship (basketball).

Economy and infrastructure

Health care

Hospitals
Hiroshima City Hospital
Hiroshima City Asa Hospital
Hiroshima City Funairi Hospital
Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital
Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital
Hiroshima University Hospital
Japan Post Hiroshima Hospital
JR Hiroshima Hospital

Media

The Chūgoku Shimbun is the local newspaper serving Hiroshima. It publishes both morning paper and evening editions.
Television stations include Hiroshima Home Television, Hiroshima Telecasting, Shinhiroshima Telecasting, and the RCC
Broadcasting. Radio stations include Hiroshima FM, Chugoku Communication Network, FM Fukuyama, FM Nanami,
and Onomichi FM. Hiroshima is also served by NHK, Japan's public broadcaster, with television and radio broadcasting.

Transportation

Air

Hiroshima is served by Hiroshima Airport (IATA: HIJ, ICAO: RJOA), located 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of the city, with
regular flights to Tokyo, Sapporo, Sendai, Okinawa, and also to China, Taiwan, Singapore and South Korea.

Iwakuni Kintaikyo Airport, 43 kilometres (27 mi) south-west of Hiroshima, re-instated commercial flights on 13
December 2012.[47]

Trains
JR West
San'yō Shinkansen, San'yō Main Line, Kure Line, Geibi Line, Kabe Line
Hiroshima New Transit Line 1
Hiroshima Short Distance Transit Seno Line

Streetcars

Hiroshima is notable, in Japan, for its light rail system, nicknamed Hiroden, and
the "Moving Streetcar Museum". Streetcar service started in 1912,[48] was
interrupted by the atomic bomb, and was restored as soon as was practical.
(Service between Koi/Nishi Hiroshima and Tenma-cho was started up three days
after the bombing.[49])

Streetcars and light rail vehicles are still rolling down Hiroshima's streets,
A Hiroshima tram, 2015
including streetcars 651 and 652, which survived the atomic blast and are among
the older streetcars in the system. When Kyoto and Fukuoka discontinued their
trolley systems, Hiroshima bought them up at discounted prices, and, by 2011, the
city had 298 streetcars, more than any other city in Japan.[49]

Hiroden
Main Line, Ujina Line, Eba Line, Hakushima Line, Hijiyama Line, Yokogawa Line, Miyajima Line

Automobiles

Hiroshima is served by Japan National Route 2, Japan National Route 54, Japan National Route 183, Japan National
Route 261, Japan National Route 433, Japan National Route 487, Japan National Route 488, Hiroshima Prefectural Route
37 (Hiroshima-Miyoshi Route), Hiroshima Prefectural Route 70 (Hiroshima-Nakashima Route), Hiroshima Prefectural
Route 84 (Higashi Kaita Hiroshima Route), Hiroshima Prefectural Route 164 (Hiroshima-Kaita Route), and Hiroshima
Prefectural Route 264 (Nakayama-Onaga Route).

Tourism

The Japanese city and the Prefecture of Hiroshima may have been devastated by the atomic bomb over 73 years ago, but
today, this site of the destruction is one of the top tourist destinations in the entire country. Statistics released by the nation's
tourist agency revealed that around 363,000 visitors went to the metropolis during 2012, with Americans making up the
vast majority of that figure, followed by Australians and Chinese.[50] In 2016, some 1.18 million foreigners visited
Hiroshima, a 3.2-fold jump from about 360,000 in 2012. Americans were the largest group, accounting for 16%, followed
by Australians at 15%, Italians at 8% and Britons at 6%. The numbers of Chinese and South Korean visitors were small,
representing only 1% and 0.2% of the total.[51]

Education
Hiroshima University was established in 1949, as part of a national restructuring
of the education system. One national university was set up in each prefecture,
including Hiroshima University, which combined eight existing institutions
(Hiroshima University of Literature and Science, Hiroshima School of Secondary
Education, Hiroshima School of Education, Hiroshima Women's School of
Secondary Education, Hiroshima School of Education for Youth, Hiroshima
Higher School, Hiroshima Higher Technical School, and Hiroshima Municipal
Higher Technical School), with the Hiroshima Prefectural Medical College added
in 1953. But, in 1972 the relocation of Hiroshima University has decided from
urban areas of Hiroshima City to wider campus in Higashihiroshima City. By Satake Memorial Hall at Hiroshima
1995 almost all campuses were relocated to Higashihiroshima. But, School of University (in Higashihiroshima City)
Medicine, School of Dentistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Graduate
School in these fields in Kasumi Campus and Law School and Center for
Research on Regional Economic System in Higashi-Senda Campus are still in Hiroshima City.[52]
Notable art institutions include the Elisabeth University of Music and Actor's School Hiroshima.

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Hiroshima has six overseas sister cities:[53]

Honolulu, Hawaii, United States (1959)


Volgograd, Russia (1972)[54]
Hanover, Germany (1983)[55]
Chongqing, China (1986)
Daegu, South Korea (1997)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada (1998)

Within Japan, Hiroshima has a similar relationship with Nagasaki.

Notes
1. The City of Hiroshima official web site (http://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/english) (in English)
2. "UEA Code Tables" (http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/UEA/uea_code_e.htm). Center for Spatial Information
Science, University of Tokyo. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
3. Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
4. Yoshitsugu Kanemoto. "Metropolitan Employment Area (MEA) Data" (http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/UEA/u
ea_data_e.htm). Center for Spatial Information Science, The University of Tokyo.
5. Conversion rates – Exchange rates (https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm) – OECD Data
6. Hakim, Joy (5 January 1995). A History of US: Book 9: War, Peace, and All that Jazz. New York: Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0195095142.
7. Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert, eds. (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia
and Oceania. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 349. ISBN 1-884964-04-4.
8. "The Origin of Hiroshima" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080130190042/http://www.city.hiroshima.jp/kika
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References
Ishikawa, Eisei; Swain, David L. (1981). Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social
Effects of the Atomic Bombings. Basic Books.
Kowner, Rotem (2002). "Hiroshima" (https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofur0000unse/page/341). In
M. Ember; C. Ember (eds.). Encyclopedia of Urban Cultures (Vol. II). Grolier. pp. 341–348 (https://archive.o
rg/details/encyclopediaofur0000unse/page/341). ISBN 978-0717256983.

Further reading
Pacific War Research Society, Japan's Longest Day (Kodansha, 2002, ISBN 4770028873), the internal
Japanese account of the surrender and how it was almost thwarted by fanatic soldiers who attempted a
coup against the Emperor.
Richard B. Frank, Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire Penguin, 2001 ISBN 0141001461)
Robert Jungk, Children of the Ashes, 1st Eng. ed. 1961. Gyanpedia.in PDF (http://playpen.meraka.csir.co.
za/~acdc/education/Dr_Anvind_Gupa/Learners_Library_7_March_2007/Resources/books/childrenofthea
shes.pdf)
Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb, ISBN 067976285X
John Hersey, Hiroshima, ISBN 0679721037
Michihiko Hachiya, Hiroshima Diary: The Journal of a Japanese Physician, August 6 – September 30,
1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1955), since reprinted.
Masuji Ibuse, Black Rain, ISBN 087011364X
Tamiki Hara, Summer Flowers ISBN 069100837X
Robert Jay Lifton Death in life: The survivors of Hiroshima, Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1st edition (1968)
ISBN 0297764667

External links
Official website (http://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/) (in Japanese)
Hiroshima City official website (http://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/www/genre/0000000000000/10010000000
21/index.html) (In English)
Official tourist information website (in 5 languages) (http://visithiroshima.net/)
Hiroshima before and after atomic bombing (https://archive.is/20140811210752/http://oldnewmaps.com/2
014/08/05/hiroshima-atomic-bomb-6-august-1945/) – interactive aerial maps
Hiroshima atomic bomb damage (https://web.archive.org/web/20140808070853/http://oldnewmaps.com/2
014/08/05/hiroshima-atomic-bomb-damage-1945/) – interactive aerial map
Is Hiroshima still radioactive? (http://zidbits.com/2013/11/is-nagasaki-and-hiroshima-still-radioactive/) –
No. Includes explanation.
Peter Rance's 1951 Hiroshima Photographs (https://web.archive.org/web/20071112011107/http://www.ge
ocities.com/peterance/hiroshima.htm) at the Wayback Machine (archived November 12, 2007)
City Mayors article (http://citymayors.com/mayors/hiroshima_mayor.html)
CBC Digital Archives – Shadows of Hiroshima (http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-71-1794/conflict_war/hiroshi
ma/)
Hiroshima Map (https://web.archive.org/web/20121127040614/http://www.gojapango.com/travel/hiroshim
a_maps.htm) – interactive with points of interest
BBC World Service (http://www.bbc.com/programmes/p008ww09) BBC Witness programme interviews a
schoolgirl who survived the bomb
Hope Elizabeth May, "Creating Peace through Law: the City of Hiroshima" (http://www.peacepalacelibrar
y.nl/2013/12/creating-peace-through-law-the-city-of-hiroshima/)
hiroshima-navi (https://www.hiroshima-navi.or.jp/en/)
"Hiroshima" By John Hersey, A Reporter at Large August 31, 1946 Issue of The New Yorker (https://www.
newyorker.com/magazine/1946/08/31/hiroshima)
Geographic data related to Hiroshima (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/4097196) at
OpenStreetMap

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