Beruflich Dokumente
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(Al-Hussainy et al,1965)
1 p Ct p
(Martin,1959) (r )
r r r t t
ko k w k g
total mobility: t o w g
o w g
total compressibility: Ct S oCo S wCw S g C g C f
Assumptions
vRadial flow.
vLaminar(or Darcy) flow.
vUniform porous medium.
vNegligible gravity effects.
vIsothermal conditions.
vFluid obeys the real gas law.
vEffectivity permeability varies with saturation, but not pressure.
vSmall pressure- and saturation-gradient terms.
vNegligible calpillary pressure.
Initial and Boundary Conditions
Initial Conditions
Assume that the reservoir is initially at a uniform, constant
pressure throughout the reservoir at a time t=0.
pr ,0 pi
Outer-Boundary Conditions
p qB
Constant-Rate Production r
r r rw 2kh
J q /( p pwf )
the additional pressure drop due to the damage zone, in
field unit, is
p s 141 .2 qB / kh s
Solution to the Diffusivity Equation
Transient Radial,Constant-Rate Production
from a Line-Source Well
3.975 10 c r
5 2
t w
t
948ct re2
k k
When x 0.01
qB 1688Ct rw
2
Pwf Pi 70.6 ln( ) 2s
kh kt
Dimentionless Variables
qB t
p wf p i 4 .064
hL f kct
L
f
Pseudo-steady state(PSS)
PSS flow occurs when all the boundaries are felt in a closed
reservoir.( t 948 c r
t e
2
)
k
t≥tpps,dp/dt=C
PSS Flow, Constant-Rate Production from a
Cylindrical-Source Well in a Closed Reservoir
qB 0.000527 kt re 3
pi pwf 141.2 ln( ) s
ct re
2
kh rw 4
Replace original reservoir pressure, pi, with average pressure
within the drainage volume of the well ,
qB re 3
p pwf 141.2 ln( ) s
kh rw 4
Further, we can define an average permeability, kJ, so that
qB re 3
p pwf 141.2 ln( )
k J h rw 4
qB re 3
141.2 ln( ) s
kh rw 4
re 3 re 3
from which k J k ln( ) / ln( ) s
rw 4 rw 4
q kJ h
J
p pwf re 3
141.2 B ln( )
rw 4
Steady state(SS)
SS flow occurs at large times, when the pressure distribution
of the whole reservoir keep constant. t≥t ,dp/dt=0
ss
SS Flow, Constant-Rate Production from a
Cylindrical-Source Well in a Reservoir with
Constant-Pressure Outer Boundaries
qB re
p wf pi 141 .2 ln( )
kh rw
Pressure Regime Solutions
Superposition in Space
Consider the pressure drop at Well A
( pi pwf ) A ( pi p) A
( pi p ) B
( pi p ) C
q A B 1688 C t rw2
( pi p ) A 70 .6 ln( ) 2s A
kh kt
q B B 948 C t rab2
( pi p ) B 70 .6 Ei ( )
kh kt
qC B 948C t rac2
( pi p ) C 70 .6 Ei ( )
kh kt
pwf , A
Methods of Images
1.6 Superposition in Space
Example - Modeling a Well Near a Fault
Suppose a a well is 350 ft due west of a north-south trending
fault. From pressure transient tests, the skin factor, s, of this well
has been found to be +5.0. This well has been flowing at a constant
rate of 350 STB/D for 8 days. The following data describe the well
and formation. Calculate the pressure at the flowing well.
h 50 ft ; ct 2 10 5 psia 1 ;
B 1.13RB / STB;
0.5cp;
re 3000 ft ;
k 25md ;
pi 3000 psia;
rw 0.333 ft
0.16;
Superposition in Time
Variable-Rate Problem
Pressure-Buildup (Two-Rate Problem)
Example - Use of Superposition in Time
A flowing well is completed in a reservoir that has the following
properties. What will the pressure drop be in a shut-in well 500 ft
from the flowing well when the flowing well has been shut in for 1
day flowing a flow period of 5 days at 300 STB/D?
h 43 ft ;
B 1.32 RB / STB;
pi 2500 psia;
0.16;
ct 1.8 10 5 psia 1 ;
0.44cp;
k 25md ;
Radius of Investigation Concept
Definition of Radius of Investigation
The radius of investigation is a measure of how far a transient
has moved into a formation following any rate change in a well and
physically represents the depth to which formation properties are
being investigated at any time in a test.
3 Time Regions on Test Plots
According to the test time sequence:
v Early-time region(ETR);
v Middle-time region(MTR) ;
v Late-time region(LTR).
artifical frac,
natural frac,
perferation,
and multi-layer homogeneous R.boundary
WBS
conditions radial flow