r)aykarN_segçb

r)aykarN_sklelaktamdan 22 00 00 55
karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
segç b

r)aykarN_sklelaktamdankarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña 200 5

karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
sarRbeyaCn_rbs;KuNPaB
1
 karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
sarRbeyaCn_rbs;KuNPaB

r)aykarN_segçb

UNESCO Publishing
cMNgeCIgEdl)anykmkeRbI nigkarbgðaj
smÖarenAkñúgkare)aHBum<enHminsMedAeTAelIkar
beBa©jmtiNamYyrbsGgÁkaryUeNsáÚTak;
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rbs;xøÜnb¤Tak;TgnwgkakMNt;RBMEdnb¤RBMRbTl;
rbs;RbeTsNamYyeLIy.
karviPaK nigGnusasn_enAkñúgr)aykareN_enHminqøúHbBa©aMgGMBITsSn³rbs;GgÁkar
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nigkics© hkarrbs;RkumkargareFVrI )aykarN_ nigmnusSCaeRcIn nigTIPañ k;gar sßab½n
nigrdæaPi)alCaeRcInRbeTs. TsSn³ nigmtiEdl)ansMEdgecjenAkñgú r)aykarN_enH
CakarTTYlxusRtUvTUeTArbs;naykGgÁkaryUeNsáÚ.

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Tinñn½yRtwmRtUv fµITan;eBlevla nigsmRsbTaMgTinñn½yKuNvis½y
nigbrivis½ysuT§EtmantémøsRmab;eRbIR)as;kñúgkartamdankarrIkceRmI
nQaneTAseRmceKaledAGb;rs M Rmab;TaMgGs;Kañ . Tinnñ y
½ TaMgenH
mansar³sMxan;sRmab;tak;EtgeKalneya)ayedaysMGagelI
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Edl)anEbgEcktamRbePTc,as;las;GacCYykMNt;rkkEnøgEdl
manvismPaBFMCageKbg¥s; nigGacCYysRmYldl;kareFVEI pnkar nig
vaytémøTaMgenAfñak;Cati nigshKmn_.
r)aykarN_enHBwgEp¥keRcInelITnñn½yRbmUltamviFIrdæ)alEdlpþl;
edayrdæaPi)alerogral;qñaMeTA[viTüasßansßitirbs;GgÁkaryUeNsáÚ
(UIS). Tinñn½ykñúgqñaMsikSa 2001¼2002 CaTinñn½yfµIbMputTTYl
)anBIRbPBenH. Tinñn½yTaMgenaHsißitenAkñúgcegáamTinñn½yEdlman
KuNPaB cgRkgtamviFIEdlGaceRbobeFobsißitikñúgcMeNamRbeTs
PaKeRcIn edayeRbIviFIcat;cMNat;fñak;Gb;rMtamniyamsþg;daGnþrCati
(ISCE). karyWtya:vkñúgkarRbmUlTinñn½yrbs;rdæaPi)al nigkar
beBa©j[eRbIR)as;edayviTüasßansßitirbs;GgÁkaryUeNsáÚsRmab;
bBa©Úlkñúgr)aykarN_enH nigr)aykarN_epSgeTot.
viTüasßansßitirbs;GgÁkaryUeNsáÚkMBugRbwgERbgRbmUlTinñn½y[)an
elOnCagmunehIykat;bnßykaryWtya:vry³eBlBIrqñaMdUcbc©úb,nñ.
kareCaKC½yelIkic©karenHKWGaRs½yelIrdæaPi)alrbs;RbeTsTaMgGs;
kñúgkarBRgwgsmtßPaBRbmUl nigviPaKTinñn½y edaymanCMnYyBI
viTüasßansßti ri bs;GgÁkaryUeNsáÚ nigPñak;garepSgeTot. viTüasßan
sßitirbs;GgÁkaryUeNsáÚkMBugBüayambegIátkmµviFICMnYyedIm,IBRgwg
smtßPaBviPaKsißti eRBaH KuNPaBénTinñn½yEdlykmkeRbIedIm,I
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KYrkt;sMKal;pgEdrfa r)aykarN_enHeRbITinñn½ymkBIRbPBCaeRcIn
dUcCa GegátRKYsar nig karRsavRCavCaeRcIneTot. ehtudUecñH
r)aykarN_enHmanTinñn½yCaeRcInykmkviPaK nigGaceFVIEpnTImYy
sRmab;bgðajGMBIbMErbMrYleKalneya)ayenARbeTsCaeRcIn nigGMBI
PaBeCOnelOnQaneTAseRmceKaledAGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;;Kña.

ÉksaredImCaPasaGg;eKøs r)aykarN_sklelaktamdankarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
e)aHBum<enAqñaM2004 edayGgÁkarshRbCaCati qñaM2005 CaPasaExµrEckCUneday\tKitéfø
TTYlbnÞúkkarGb;rM viTüasaRsþ nigvb,Fm’ ÉksarCaPasaExµr
(UNESCO) e)aHBum<enAqñaM2005 edaykariyal½yGgÁkaryUeNsáÚenAkm<úCa
7, Place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP
rcnaRkahVikeday Sylvaine Baeyens tamGasydæanxageRkam ³
P.O. BOX 29, GKarelx 38 mhavifIsemþcsuFars
RkahVikeday Id-Prod sgþat;C½yCMnH x½NÐdUneBj PñMeBj
e)aHBum<eday Graphoprint, Paris TUrs½BÞ ³ 855-23426726¼217244
©UNESCO 2003
TUrsar ³ 855-23426163¼217022
www.unesco.org www.un.org.kh/unesco
e)aHBum<enARbeTs)araMg

RKbR; Kgeday ³ epÞogpÞat; nig sRmYlGtßbTeday ³

elak eGECn ekøm:g; elak exov viC¢annÞ
GñktMNagGgÁkar UNESCO RbcaMenAkm<úCa e)aHBmu e< day ³
elakbNiÐt semÖaFEsnPun RbesIrsirI eragBum< \RnIÞmas
GñkÉkeTskmµviFIGb;rM UNESCO
bkERbGtbß TCaPasaExµreday ³ karbkERbCaPasaExµreFVIeLIgeRkambnÞúk
elak Qin nit rbs;kariyal½yGgÁkaryUeNsáÚenAPñMeBj.

etIBiPBelakkMBugQrenAkEnøgNa enAelIeKaledA
TaMgR)aMmYyrbs;karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña?
eKaledA 1 KaMBar nigGb;rMkumartUc ³ dMeNIrQaneTABRgIk«kas
cUleronmankaryWtya:v. edaysarehtuplenaH eTIbkumarmkBIRKYsar
RkIRkCYbkarlM)akminsUvman«kascUleronkñúgkmµviFIKaMBar nigGb;rM
kumartUc. kumartUcmñak;enAGaRBicsab;saharaGacman«kascUleron
kñúgsalametyü)anEt 0/3 qñaM b:ueNÑaH. cMENkkumarenAGaemrikLaTIn
nigkarIb‘Íunman«kascUleron)an 1/6 qñaM ehIykumarenAGaemrikxageCIg
nigGWur:ubxaglic Gacman«kascUleronenAmetyüsala)an 2/3 qñaM.
enARbeTskMBugGPivDÆCaeRcIn buKÁlikrbs;kmµviFIKaMBar nigGb;rMkumartUc
mansmtßPaBtictYc.
eKaledA 3 karGb;rMyuvv½y nigmnusScas; ³ enARbeTskMBugGPivDÆ
mYycMnYnEdl)anvaytémøelIkkmµviFIGPivDÆbMNinCIvitminsUvRbwgERbg
edIm,IelIkkMBs;smtßPaB nigCMnajdl;yuvv½y nigmnusScas;eT. dMeNIr
QaneTAseRmceKaledAenHenATUTaMgBiPBelakCYbRbTHnwgkarlM)akeRcI
n kñúgkarvaytémø.
eKaledA 5 eynD½r ³ eTaHCaRbeTsCaeRcInenACMuvijBiPBelak)an
BuHBarQaneTAseRmcsmPaBeynD½rKitCatYelxenAbzmsikSa nig
mFümsikSakñúgry³eBlCaeRcInTsvtSr_knøgmkenHk¾eday k¾Kmøat
eynD½renAEtFMdEdl dUcCaenARbeTsGara:b; GaRhViksahara nigGasIuxag
t,Úg nigxaglic. enATUTaMgsklelak kalBIqñaM 2001 mankumarI
RbmaN 57° min)ancUleronenAsalabzmsikSa ehIyCag60°enArdæ
Gara:b; nigGasIu xagt,Úg nigxaglic. karcUleronrbs;sisSRsImancMnYn
ticCagekµgRbusya:geRcInenAbzmsikSa ¬snÞsSn_smPaBeynD½rKit
CatYelxxageRkam 0/97¦ enARbeTscMnYn 71 kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 175.
vismPaBeynD½r KitCatYelxkan;EtrIkFMenAmFümsiikSa nig]tþmsikSa.
kñúgcMeNamRbeTs kMBugGPivDÆcMnYn 83 Edlman Tinñn½yGacykmkeRbI
kar)anmanRbeTs cMnYnBak;kNþal)anQaneTAseRmcsmPaBeynD½r
KitCatYelxenAbzmsikSa ehIyRbeTsticCag 1 PaK 5 )anseRmc
smPaBeynD½rKitCatYelxenAmFümsikSa ehIyRbeTsEt 4 b:ueNÑaH)an
seRmcsmPaBeynD½rKitCatYelxenA]tþmsikSa. GnkçrCnBiPBelak
Cit 2 PaK 3 ¬64°¦ CaRsIþ.
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eRkay. GRtasµanbc©úb,nñRbEhlticCag 862 lannak;kñúgqñaM 2000 kñúgr)aykarN_ GPivDÆTabbMput.
sklelaktamdankarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña 2003¼4. kareRbITinñn½yfIµbNþalmkBI
ktþaeRcInya:g dUcCa Tinñn½y)anmkBICMerOn nigGegátfIµrbs;bNþaRbeTsCaeRcIn. ]> CMerOn
qñaM 2000 rbs;cinpþl;Tinñn½ydl;viTüasßansRmab;KNnacMnYnGnkçrCnmnusScas;enA
RbeTsenH Edl)anfycuHCag 50 lannak;.
r)aykarN_sklelaktamdan 2005
karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
segç b
eKaledA 2 sklkmµGb;rMbzmsikSa ³ cMnYnkumarenAeRkAsalaman
karFøak;cuHeRcIn KWFøak;cuHBI 106/6 lannak; enAqñaM 1998 mkRtwm
103/5 lannak;enAqñaM 2001. edaysarBiPBelak)anQaneTAseRmc
eKaledAenHkñúgry³eBlbu:nµanTsvtSr_enH kumarCaeRcIn)ancUlsala
b:uEnþdMeNIrQaneTAseRmceKaledAsklkmµGb;rMbzmsikSaenAmun b¤
RtwmqñaM 2015 mankaryWtya:gNas;. ebIdMeNIrd¾yWtenHenAEtbnþ
pleFobsisScuHeQµaHcUleronBitnwgekIndl; 85° enAqñaM 2005 ehIy
87°enAqñaM 2015. kñúgeKaledAenH kareroncb;bzmsikSaKWCabBaðacMbg
EdlRtUvedaHRsayCacaM)ac; dUcCa bBaðasisScuHeQµaHcUleroneRkayGayu
Rsbc,ab; ehIybBaðasisSGacbnþeronrhUtcb;fñak;TI 5 mancMnYntic
¬ticCag 75° enARbeTs 30 kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 91 EdlmanTinñn½yeRbI
)an¦ ehIysisSRtYtfñak;k¾CabBaðaFMEdlRtUvedaHRsaybnÞan;pgEdr.
eKaledA 4 Gkçrkmµ ³ enAqñaM 2002 manmnusScas;RbmaN 800
lannak;Ca GnkçrCn1 70° rs;enARbeTscMnYn 9 enAGaRBicsahara nig
GasIuxagekIt nigxagt,Úg CaBiess\NÐa cin bg;køaEds nig)a:KIsßan.
eKaledA 6 KNu PaB ³ RbeTsEdlsißtenAq¶ayBIkarseRmceKaledA
1 dl; 5 suT§EtCaRbeTsEdlBi)aknwgseRmceKaledATI 6 Nas;.
sUc©nakrN_CaeRcIn)ancg¥úlbgðajGMBIB½t’mansIþBIKuNPaB. karcMNay
rbs;rdæelIvis½yGb;rMbgðajGMBIRbPaKénplTunCatisrubenARbeTsGñk
manEdl)anseRmceKaledAGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;KñarYcehIyx<s;Cag
RbPaKénplTunCatisrubrbs;RbeTsGñkRkEdlRtUvkarBRgIk nigEklMG
RbB½n§Gb;rMEdlmanFnFanticCacaM)ac;. kñúgb:unµanTsvtSr_cugeRkayenH
karcMNayelIvis½yGb;rMmankarekIneLIgeRcIn CaBiessenARbeTskMBug
GPivDÆn_CaeRcIn dUcCaRbeTsenAGasIuxagekIt nig)a:sIuhVik RbeTsenA
GaemrikLaTIn nigkarIb‘Íun. pleFobsisS nigRKUenAEtx<s;enARbeTsCa
eRcInenAGaRBic sab;sahara: ¬enAtamtMbn; 44³1¦ nigenAGasIuxagt,Úg
nigxaglic ¬40³1¦. enARbeTsEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTab RKUbeRgonmin
Tan;mansþg;daCMnajedIm,IcUlbeRgoneT ehIyRKUPaKeRcInminTan;yl;
c,as;GMBIkmµviFIsikSaEdlRtUvbeRgonpg. karqøgraldalénemeraK
eGds_ nigCMgWeGds_kMBugman\Ti§BlelIkarpþl;karGb;rMRbkbeday
KuNPaB nigelIvtþmanrbs;RKU. Tinñn½y)anBIkareFVIetsþtamRbeTs nig
1
 snÞsSn_énkarGPivDÆkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña ¬EDI¦
snÞsSn_énkarGPivDÆkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña ¬EDI¦ vas;GMBITMhM
eCaKC½yrbs;RbeTsEdl)anseRmceKaledA 4 kñúgcMeNam
eKaledATaMg 6 rbs;karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;KñaKW sklkmµGb;rM
bzmsikSa smPaBeynD½rKitCatYelx Gkçrkmµ nigKuNPaB.
RbeTsCaeRcIn KitTaMgRbeTsRkIRkbMputmYycMnYn)anseRmc
eKaledAGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;KñakñúgcenøaHqñaM 1998 nig 2001.
eCaKC½yenHbgðajfa PaBRkIRkminEmnCa]bsKÁd¾FMraraMgdl;kar
QaneTAseRmckarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;KñaeT. müa:geTot karbraC½y
d¾FMkñúgvis½yGb;rM)anrIkFMenARbeTsGaRhViksab;sahara rdæGara:b;
nigGasIuxagt,Úg nigxaglic.
RbeTscMnYn 41 ¬1 PaK 3 énRbeTsTaMgenHmansnÞsSn_Edl
GacKNna)an¦ RbeTsPaKeRcInenAGaemrikxageCIg nigGWur:ubxag
lic GWur:ubkNþal nigGWur:ubxagekIt)anseRmceKaledA b¤CitQaneTA
seRmceKaledAGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;KñaehIy.
RbeTs51 mantémøsnÞsSn_énkarGPivDÆkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;
KñacenøaHBI 0/80 nig 0/94.2 Bak;kNþalénRbeTsTaMgenH PaKeRcIn
enAGaemrikLaTIn KuNPaBGb;rMsißtenAq¶ayBIeKaledAepSg²eTot.
RbeTscMnYn 35 sißtenAq¶ayBIkarseRmceKaledAkarGb;rM
sRmab;TaMgGs;KñaEdlmantémøsnÞsSn_énkarGPivDÆkarGb;rM
sRmab;TaMgGs;KñaeRkam 0/80. RbeTscMnYn 22 enAGaRhiVksab;
sahara. bIRbeTseTotenAGasIuxagt,ÚgEdlmanRbCaCneRcInKW
bg;køaEds \NÐa nig)a:KIsßank¾sißtenAkñúgRkumenHEdr.
2> témøsnÞsSn_énkarGPivDÆkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;KñaGacmancenøaHBI 0 - 1.
kalNatémørMkilCit 1 mann½yfa RbeTsenaHCitQanseRmceKaledArbs;xøÜn
ehIykarGb;rMk¾seRmckan;EteRcInEdr.

katBVkic©cMeBaHmux ³ karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kñaminnwg
minGacseRmc)aneT ebIminelIkkMBs;KuNPaB[l¥RbesIr.
enARbeTsCaeRcInelIBiPBelak KmøatrvagsisSEdl)an
eroncb;BIsala nigGñkEdlcb;ehIymanCMnajeRbIkar)an
manTMhMFMeFgNas;. eKalneya)ayEdlmanbMNgCRmuj
[mankarcuHeQµaHcUleronrhUtdl; 100° RtUvEtFana[
manlkçxNÐsikSa nig»kassikSasmrmü. bTBiesaFn
_l¥²GMBIlkçxNÐenHGacykBIRbeTsEdl)anGnuvtþ nig
bMeBjkatBVkic©TaMgBIenH)aneCaKC½y.
KuNPaBl¥RbesIr ³
kMNt;niymn½yKuNPaB ³ eKalkarN_BIrEdlGacykmkeRbIedIm,IkMNt;
niymn½yKuNPaBkñúgvis½yGb;rM. eKalkarN_TImYykMNt;niymn½yGMBI
karGPivDÆBuTi§rbs;GñksikSa Edlniymn½yenHCabMNgrbs;RbB½nGb;rM
TaMgGs;. ehtudUecñH eCaKC½yEdlRbB½n§Gb;rMTTYl)anKWCasUc©nakrN_mYy
cg¥úlbgðajGMBIKuNPaBrbs;RbB½n§Gb;rMTaMgenaH. eKalkarN_TIBIrsgát;F¶n;
elItYnaTIrbs;Gb;rMkñúgkarelIkkMBs;témøKuNFm’ nig\riyabfTTYlxusRtUv
rbs;Blrdæ nigpþl;cMNIGahardl;karGPivDÆn_smtßPaBécñRbDit nigsµartI
TTYlxusRtUv. edIm,IseRmceKalbMNgenHnwgCYbkarlM)akkñúgkarvaytémø
nigkñúgkareRbobeFobrvagRbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYy.

sarRbeyaCn_)anBIkarGb;rM ³ karGb;rMl¥RbesIrrYmcMENkdl; qñaMcUleronkñúgsala ³ KuNPaBx<s;kñúgkarGb;rMnwgCYy[sisS

karbegIánR)ak;cMNUl nigCYyelIkkMBs;kMeNInesdækic© ehIy
CYy[mnusSmñak;²kan;EtmansmtßPaBkñúgkarseRmccitþ[
)anRtwmRtUv dUcCa karseRmccitþGMBIkarmankUn nigbBaða
sMxan;²Tak;TgnwgsuxumalPaBpÞal;xøÜn. ]TahrN_ karGb;rMl¥
nwgCYykat;bnßyPaBeRKaHfñak;edaykarqøgemeraKeGds_. kar
RsavRCavCaeRcInbgðajfa manBuT§i nigCMnajTTYl)anBIkar
Gb;rMmUldæanmansarRbeyaCn_bMputsRmab;yuvv½ykarBar
xøÜnBIkarqøgemeraKeGds_. sarRbeyaCn_enHBitCamanTMnak;
TMngCamYykMritGb;rM EdlmnusSmñak;²)an eron.
eronenAsalakan;EtyUr Gayux½ycUleronkñúgsalakan;EtEvg
eTaHCa»kasxusKñaBItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;k¾eday. KitCamFüm
sRmab;RbeTsTaMgGs; sisSGaceron)anry³eBl 9>2 qñaM eron
enAbzmsikSa nigmFümsikSa. sisSmñak;enAGaRBicsab;sa
hararMBwgfa)aneronBI 5 eTA 6 qñaMticCagkumarenAtMbn;GWur:ub
xaglic nigGaemrik. RbCaCnEdl)ancUleronenAsala)anyUr
eRcInqñaM rMBwgfanwgeronenAsala)an 5 qñaM dUckumarenARbeTs
enAcMNat;fñak;)attarag.

2

BinÞúetsþ ³ etsþGMBIeCaKC½yGnþrCatibgðajfa
sßanPaBesdækic© sgÁmkic©man\Ti§BlxøaMgelI
lT§plsikSaenAsala. dUecñH TaMgeKalneya
)ayGb;rM nigeKalneya)ayesdækic©RtUvEt
edaHRsaybBaðavismPaBesdækic© sgÁmkic©kñúg
cMeNamsisSanusisS[)anCamunsin.
r)aykarN_sklelaktamdan 2005
karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
segç b
FnFan ³ enARbeTsEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTab karbegáInkarcMNaysRmab;esovePAsikSa kat;
bnßycMnYnsisSkñúgfñak; elIkkMBs;smtßPaBRKU nigbMBak;brikçasala[kan;EtRbesIrnwgCYydl;
karseRmceCaKC½yrbs;sisSkñúgkareronsURt. b:uEnþenARbeTsGñkman karbegIáncMNayEbbenH
minsUvmanTMnak;TMngnwglT§plsikSarbs;sisSeT. karelIkkMBs;KuNPaBk¾GacseRmceCaKC½y
edaycMNayTabmFüm)anEdr ehIyRbeTsRkIRkk¾Gacman smtßPaBeFVI)anEdr. enAkEnøgEdl
manGRtaRtYtfñak;x<s; karbegIánKuNPaBTamTarnUvkarcMNayhirBaØvtßúpÞal;xøÜnmYycMENk eRBaHGac
kat;bnßyry³eBleronyUrenAsala edaysarkareronRtYtfñak;.

karGb;rMEbbdak;bBa©ÚlKñaRKb;RkummuxsBaØaTaMgGs; ³ RKb; karsRmbsRmYl ³ TMnak;TMngrvagnaykdæan nignaykdæanTTYl

kMENTRmg;TaMgGs;EdlminBicarNa ykcitþTukdak; nigqøúHbBa©aMg bnÞúkkmµviFIKaMBar nigGb;rMkumartUc Gkçrkmµ nigsuxPaB nwgCYy
GMBIRkumCnRkIRk nigCYbkarlM)akEtgTTYlbraC½y. viFIsaRsþ elIkkMBs;KuNPaB. elIsenHeTot eKalneya)ayeqøIytbnwg
Gb;rMsRmab;GñkpÞúkemeraKeGds_ RkumEdlRtUvkarCMnYybnÞan; tRmUvkareynD½rkñúgvis½Gb;rM nigkMENTRmg;EdleqøIytbeTAnwg
CnBikar nigkumarBlkmµRtUvTTYl)ankarKaMRT[ kan;EteRcIn. tRmUvkareynD½renAkñúgsgÁmk¾CYyelIkkMBs;KuNPaBGb;rMpgEdr.

xøwmsarnaMmuxGtßbT
skmµPaBeron[kan;EtRbesIr ³ PsþútagCa
eRcInpþl;karENnaMGMBIRbsiT§PaBrbs;sala.
PsþúgtagTaMgenaHeRcInsgát;F¶n;elIskmµPaB
eron nigbeRgond¾skmµrbs;sisS nigRKU dUcCa
etIRKU nigsisSTMnak;TMngKñaya:gdUcemþcenAkñúg
fñak;eron ehIyRKU nigsisSeRbIR)as;smÖareron
nigbeRgonmanRbsiTP§ aBb:Nu aÑ . eKalneya)ay
sRmab;elIkkMBs;skmµPaBeron nigbeRgon[
kan;Etl¥RbesIrRtUvsgát;F¶n;elI ³
RKbU eRgon ³ edIm,IseRmcsklkmµGb;rMbzm
sikSaEtmYymuxTamTar[manRKUbeRgonkan;Et
eRcIn nigkan;EtmansmtßPaB. RbeTsEdl
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ehIybnßykarbNþúHbNþalRKUtamEbbcas;
ry³eBlyUrenAtamsßab½nbNþúHbNþalRKU.
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seRmceCaKC½ykñúgkarsikSa dUcCary³eBl
beRgonEdl)anRBmeRBogCaTUeTABI850-1000
ema:gkñúgmYyqñaM RbeTsxøHmin)anpþl;RKb;ema:g
eT. BinÞúetsþ)anbgðajya:gc,as;fa ry³eBl
eron nigbeRgonenAkñúgfñak;man\Ti§Bldl;kar
eronmuxviC¢aKNitviTüa viTüasaRsþ nigPasa.
muxviC¢asMxan;² ³ GkçrkmµCaktþacaM)ac;
sRmab;eronmuxvC¢aepSg[BUEk ehIyGkçrkmµCa
CMnajcaM)ac;edIm,IseRmceCaKC½yelIkareron
sURtyUrGEgVg. eronGanRtUvcat;TuCaGaTiPaB
sRmab;elIkkMBs;KNu PaBGb;rmM lU dæan Biess
sRmab;sisSmkBIRKYsarRkIRkCYbkarlM)ak.
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xøÜnÉg kñúgbriyakasbeRgonsisSemRtI.
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salamansar³sMxan;bMput. karbeRgonsisS
nUvPasaTImYyrbs;sisSnwgCYysisS[eron)an
l¥RbesIrnUvmuxviC¢aepSg² ehIyCYykat;bnßy
GRtaRtYtfñak; nige)aHbg;ecalsala.
smÖareron nigbeRgon ³ KuNPaB nigFnFan
rUbv½nþénsmÖareron nigbeRgonBitCaman\Ti§Bl
xøaMgkøaelIkarbeRgonrbs;RKU. kgVHesovePA
sisSekIteLIgedaysarRbB½n§Eckcayminl¥
GnuvtþxuseKalkarN_ nigGMeBIBukrlYy.
brikçasala ³ edIm,IseRmcsklkmµGb;rM
bzmsikSa RbeTsCaeRcInRtUvkartubEtgbnÞúb;
eron[l¥ nigsagsg;bnÞb;eronbEnßm. Twks¥at
Gnam½y nig»kascUleronsRmab;CnBikarKW
mansar³sMxan;minGacxVH)an.
kardwknaM ³ rdæ)alkNþalrbs;rdæaPi)alRtUv
EtRbugeRbob nigeRtomxøÜnedIm,Ipþl;esrIPaBkñúg
karcUleronrbs;sisS dUecñHRtUvmanFnFan
RKb;RKan; ehIytYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvenA
RKb; f ñ a k; d w k naM T aM g Gs; R tU v Etc,as; l as; .
RKUbeRgon nignayksalaGacman\Ti§BlxøaMg
elIKuNPaBrbs;salaeron.
3
 enARbeTsCaeRcInEdlkMBugBüayamFanapþl;siTi§TTYlkarGb;rMdl;kumarRKb;²rUb karykcitþTukdak;
xøaMgelIkarBRgIk»kascUleron)anraraMg nigb:HBal;dl;karykcitþTukdak;elIKuNPaB. b:uEnþ KuNPaB
KWCaktþakMNt;fa etIsisSeron)anb:unµan nigecHb:unµan ehIyKuNPaBk¾kMNt;GMBIsarRbeyaCn_EdlsisS
TTYl)anBIkarGb;rMsRmab;GPivDÆsmtßPaBpÞal;xøÜn nigGPivDÆsgÁm. eKaledATI 6 rbs;Rkbx½NÐ
skmµPaBRkudakaTamTarelIkkMBs;KuNPaBGb;rMkñúgRKb;TidæPaBTaMgGs;. dUcr)aykarN_enH)anelIk
eLIgc,as; sisSCaeRcIn)anecjBIsalaedaymin)anTTYlBuTi§ nigCMnajc,as;las;eLIy.

eRkayBI)anviPaKEvkEjkGMBIKuNPaB r)aykarN_enH)anbgðajnUvEpnTImYysRmab;CaCMnYykñúgkarkMNt;
niymn½y nigEsVgyl;GMBIbBaðaKuNPaB ¬CMBUk 1¦. r)aykarN_enHk¾)anviPaKlT§plRsavRCavCaeRcIn
Tak;TgnwgktþaTaMgLayEdlman\Ti§BlelIKuNPaBGb;rM ¬CMBUk 2¦ ehIyr)aykarN_enHk¾pþl;nUv
yuT§saRsþ nigeKalneya)ayKnøwH²sRmab;elIkkMBs;KuNPaBpgEdr CaBiessenARbeTsEdlman
R)ak;cMNUlTab ¬CMBUk 4¦. r)aykarN_qñaMmun²bgðajfa CMnYyGnþrCatisRmab;karGb;rMmUldæan nig
kic©RbwgERbgedIm,IBRgwgkic©sRmbsRmYlk¾manbgðajenAkñúgr)aykarN_enHEdr ¬CMBUk 5¦. CaTIbBa©b;
r)aykarN_enHk¾)antamdan nigRtYtBinitükarrIkcMerInQaneTAseRmceKaledATaMg 6 Edl)anGnum½tenA
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karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña ¬EDI¦ Edl)anbgðajenAkñúgr)aykarN_qñaMmun²k¾manbgðajbEnßmenAkñúg
r)aykarN_qñaMenHEdr ehIyr)aykarN_enHk¾)ansegçbGMBIkareCOnelOnQaneTAseRmceKaledA 4
kñúgcMeNameKaledATaMg 6 enARbeTscMnYn 127 ¬CMBUk 3¦.

4
 r)aykarN_sklelaktamdan 2005
karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
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kMeNIneLIgGMBIkareRbIR)as;viFIsaRsþyksiTi§mnusSCamUldæan
mrtk)anBIRbéBNIGb;rM
esckIþENnaMGMBIvisalPaBTaMg 5 ya:g

eTaH bICasiTi§TTYlkarGb;rM)anelIkeLIg nigbBa¢ak;mþgehIymþgeTotenA

© Radu Sigheti/REUTERS
kñúgRBwtiþkarN_CaeRcIncab;taMgBIesckIþEføgkarN_sklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS)an
Gnum½tCapøÚvkarqñaM 1948 k¾eday k¾c,ab;GnþrCatiCaeRcIneTotsißtkñúg
sPaBes¶óms¶at;minniyayGMBIKuNvis½yénkareronsURtrbs;sisSEdr.
kñúgeBlfµI²enH esckIþEføgkarN_shsSvtSr_GgÁkarshRbCaCatiEdl
)anGnum½tkalBIqñaM 2000 )anEcgfa kumarRKb;rUbnwgman»kas nig
smtßPaBeroncb;bzmsikSaenAmun b¤RtwmqñaM 2015 b:uEnþesckIþEføg
karN_enaHmin)anniyayGVITak;TgnwgKuNPaBGb;rMeT. sñamjjwmkñúgkIþsgÇwmCafµIenAGahVhánIsßan

karseRmcsklkmµénkarcUleronGaRs½yTaMgRsugelIkarFana[man KuNPaBGb;rMkñúgRKb;TidæPaBTaMgGs; ehIyFana[man]tþmPaBsMrab;TaMg

KuNPaBGb;rM. etIsisSTTYl)ankarbeRgon)anl¥b¤eT? etIsisSeron)an
bnu: aµ n? BitCaman\Ti§BlelIkarcUleronrbs;sisS TaMgry³eBleron nig
Tmøab;cUleronrbs;sisS. matabitaEtgvaytémøGMBIKuNPaBsalaeron
enAeBlmatabitavinieyaKFnFansMrab;karGb;rMkUnenAsala. mnusS
TUeTAenAelIsklelakrMBwgfa kareronsURtenAsalaBitCaCYykumar[
GPivDÆBuTi§ bMNin nigCMnaj témø sIlFm’ nig\riyabfsMrab;ykeTAeRbI
kñúgCIvitRbcaMéf¶ ehIysMrab;ERbkøayxøÜnCaBlrdæskmµ nigTTYlxusRtUv.
esckIþEføgkarN_sklelaksIþBIkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ¬1990¦
nigRkbx½NÐskmµPaBRkugdaka ¬2000¦- esckIþEføgkarN_d¾fµIbMputBIr
enHrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatiykcitþTukdak;xøaMelIkarGb;rM - TTYlsÁal;
KuNPaBfa CalkçxNÐTImYysMrab;FanaseRmckarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña.
Rkbx½NÐskmµPaBRkugdakaRbkasfa KuNPaBKWCa {ebHdUgrbs;Gb;rM}.
eKaledATI 2 snüa[RbeTsTaMgGs;pþl;karGb;rMbzmsikSa {Rbkbeday
KuNPaBl¥}. eKaledATI 6 sgát;F¶n;GMBIkarebþCJakñúgkarelIkkMBs;
Gs;Kña. dUecñH lT§plcugeRkayKWRKb;KñanwgTTYl)anlT§pl nig
plRbeyaCn_BIkarsikSaTaMgGs;Kña tamry³CMnajGkçrkmµ elxnBVnþ
CMnaj nigbMNinCIvit.
karRsavRCavrkeKalkarN_rYm
fVIebIsar³sMxan;énKuNPaBRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;kan;EteRcIneLIgk¾eday
k¾Gtþn½yénKuNPaBminTan;)anÉkPaBKñaCarYmkñúgkarGnuvtþCak;EsþgEdr.
kñúgn½yenH maneKalkarN_BIrEdlGacykmkeRbIedIm,IkMNt;niymn½y
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EdlCaeKaledAcMbgrbs;RbB½n§Gb;rM. eKalkarN_TI 1 cat;Tukfa ebI
seRmceKaledAenHKWseRmcsUc©nakrN_mYyrbs;KuNPaB. eKalkarN_
TI2 sgát;F¶n;elItYnaTIrbs;Gb;rMkñúgkarelIkkMBs;témø nigGPivDÆCMnaj
écñRbDitEdlBi)akvaytémøelIlT§plcugeRkay.

5
 c,ab;siTi§mnusSqøúHbBa©aMg cMNucrYmmYy)anrkeXIjenAkñúgeKaledA
GMBICMenOEdlfa kumar EdlmanbMNgBiPakSaGMBIKuNPaB. kar
RKb;rUbGacGPivDÆBuTi§ nig eKarBsiTi§rbs;buKÁlmñak;² BRgIk»kas
CMnaj[Etsißtkñúg cUleron niglT§plsikSarbs;sisS[man
briyakaseronsURtRtwmRtUv smFm’ nigEkERbxøwmsarGb;rM[Rsbtam
tRmUvkarCak;EsþgkñúgCIvPaBrs;enArbs;
sisS. c,ab;siTi§mnusS ¬GanRbGb;xageRkam¦ niyaysgát;F¶n;GMBI»kas
TTYlkarGb;rM nigsmPaBénlT§pleronsURtrbs;sisS. RbGb;enHqøúH
bBa©aMg nigviPaKGMBICMenOmYyEdlfa kumarTaMgGs;GacGPivDÆBuTi§ nigCMnaj
mUldæan [EtsißtkñúgbriyakaseronsURtRtwmRtUv nigCMenOmYyeTotEdlfa
ebIsisSNamin)anGPivDÆBuTi§ nigCMnajmUldæan enaHmann½yfa EpñkNa
mYyénRbB½n§Gb;rMBitCaTn;exSay. karviPaKbgðajfa PaBRkIRk karrs;enA
tamtMbn;CnbT nigkarerIseGIgeynD½renAEtCa]bsKÁraraMgdl;karcUl
eron niglT§plsikSarbs;sisS ehIybgðajeTotfa KuNPaBbeRgonGn;
exSayk¾CaRbPBbgá[manvismPaBpgEdr.
c,ab;GnþrCatisIþBIKuNPaB
ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisIþBIsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigsiTi§vb,Fm’k¾manbMNg
eqøIytbnwgeKalkarN_smFm’ edayelIkeLIgc,as;GMBIkarTTYlxusRtUv
rbs;rdæaPi)aledIm,IFanafa kumarRKb;rUbman»kasTTYlkarGb;rMRbkb
edayKuNPaB. enARbeTseRbsIul kUsþarIka nigPIlIBIn bBaØtiþkñúg
rdæFmµnuBaØFanafa fvikamYyPaKryRtUvTMlak;[vis½yGb;rM CakareqøIytb
nwgtRmUvkarrbs;ktikasBaØaenH.
GnusBaØasIþBIsiTi§kumar ¬1990¦ kñúgmaRta 29 )anEcgya:gc,as;GMBI
kic©snüaTak;TgnwgeKaledAGb;rM EdlkñúgenaHniyaysgát;F¶n;GMBIxøwmsar
nigKuNPaBGb;rM. maRtaenHk¾bBa¢ak;bEnßmeTotfa karGb;rMKYrGnuBaØat
[kumarTaMgGs;mansmtßPaBseRmcskþanuPaBrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarGPivDÆBu
Ti§ témø sIlFm’ bMNin nigCMnajécñRbDit.
kñúgeBlfµI²enH sklPavUbnIykmµ)anCYydwknaMrdæaPi)alCaeRcIn[viPaK
nigEsVgyl;GMBICMnaj nigbMNinEdlBlrdæRtUvkaredIm,IGPivDÆesdækic©
rbs;RbeTs.
RbvtiþsaRsþ
viFICaeRcInTak;TgnwgKuNPaBmanRbvtþixus²Kña. dUcTsSn³viTU Locke and
Rousseau )anrkeXIjfa KuNPaBCaRbéBNIrbs;mnusSCati ehIycat;
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TaMgGs;ekItmkKWesIµKñaTaMgGs; vismPaB)anekIteLIgedaysarplitpl
rbs;sßanPaBminl¥ ehIymann½yeTotfa mnusSRKb;rUbmantYnaTIdwknaM
mYykñúgkarkMNt;niymn½yénkMeNItsmPaBnigvismPaBenH. eKalkarN_
enHRCYtRCabdl;pñt;KMnitrbs;GñkGb;rMCaeRcInGñk. CaBiess James
6
Dewey nig Jean Piaget man\Ti§BlkñúgkarEsVgrkkarKaMRTGMBItYnaTI
rbs;kumarkñúgviFIsaRsþeronEbbskmµ nigEbbcUlrYm ehIybBa¢ak;GMBI
viFInanaEdlsisSGaceronedIm,IbegIátGtßn½y nigEsVgyl;edayxøÜnÉg.
RTwsþI\riyaniym)andwknaMGñkGb;rMniym[edIrbRBa©as;Tis. RTwsIþenaHman
\Ti§BlxøaMgelIkMENTRmg;Gb;rMkñúgBak;kNþalstvtSr_TI21. eKalkarN_
cMbgKWfa \riyabfrbs;mnusSGacEkERb)an GacTsSn_Tay)an nigGac
RKb;RKg)antamry³karpþl;rgVan; nigcemøIytb ¬]> etsþ nigkarRblg¦.
eTaHCaGñkGb;rMmYycMnYnTTYlsÁal;nUvRTwsIþrbs;Gñk\riyabfniymk¾eday
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RKUkñúgkmµviFIsikSa nigkarbeRgonCak;Esþgrbs;RKUkñúgfñak;eron.
ry³eBlCitmYyPaKbYnénstvtSr_TI 21 eKeXIjmankarTietonelIRTwsIþ
TaMgBIr. sgÁmviTUreFVIkarenAtamsalamYycMnYncat;Tuk karGb;rMCaynþkar
KnøwHFana[manvismPaBkñúgsgÁm. sgÁmviTUrTaMgenaH)anecaTCasMNYrfa
etIkarrIkduHdalénkareronsURttamsalakan;EteRcIn nigkan;EtTUeTACa
skl nwgCYyFana[mankarGPivDÆskþanuPaBrbs;GñkeronRbkbeday
smPaBEdrb¤eT? GñkTaMgenaHEtgcat;TukkarGb;rMl¥CaskþanuPaBedIm,I
Fana[mankarEkERbsgÁm.
kic©xitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IbNþúHKMnitGMBItYnaTIrbs;karGb;rMekItecjBIkarBit
Edl)anekIteLIgkñúgRbeTsEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTab eRBaHkarGb;rMCaekr
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BIrdak;sMeNIrfa RbB½n§Gb;rMKYr tamlkçN³vb,Fm’ ykcitþTukdak;elI
PaBsV½ym©as;kar smFm’ nigkargartamCnbT.
KMnitTaMgenHmanenAkñúgkarGb;rMmnusScas;. GñkniBn§mYycMnYncat;Tuk
bTBiesaFn_rbs;mnusScas;CaRbPBsMrab;kareronsURt. GñkniBn§xøHeTot
cat;TukkarGnuvtþkarGb;rMmnusScas;CaTisedAQaneTAEkERbsßanPaB
sgÁm vb,Fm’ neya)ay nigRbvtþisaRsþ.
eFVIEpnTIKuNPaB
etIKuNPaBGacsikSa)anya:gdUcemþctamviFI nigRTwsIþepSg²KñaxagelI?
viFImYyKWRtUvvilRtlb;eTArkRTwsIþmUldæansin ³ eKalbMNgénkar
GPivDÆBuTi§ nigtémøKuNFm’ \riyabf nigbMNinKWCaeKaledAcMbgrbs;
RbB½n§Gb;rM. karsikSaEsVgyl;lMGitGMBIRbB½n§Gb;rM nigEsVgyl;faetI
RbB½n§Gb;rMGacpþl;EpnTId¾manRbeyaCn_mYyedIm,IEsVgyl; tamdan
nigelIkkMBs;KuNPaBedayrebobNa?
Rkbx½NÑenH ¬GanRkahV 1>1¦ BicarNaelIcMNucsMxan;R)aM Edlman\Ti§Bl
elIKuNPaB. Rkbx½NÑenHCackçúvis½ylMGitmYy niyay lMGitGMBI»kas
cUleron skmµPaBeron nigbeRgon nig lT§plsikSarbs;sisS.
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karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
segç b
RkahV 1>1 Rkbx½NÐskmµPaBmYysRmab;EsVgyl;GMBIKuNPaBGb;rM

FnFansRmab;Gnuvtþ
beRgon nigeron
eBlevlaeron
viFIsaRsþbeRgon
sßanPaBrbs;Gñkeron rgVaytémø eyabl;EklMG rgVan; lT§plrMBwgTTYl)an
sm,Ta cMnYnsisSkñúgfñak; Gkçrkmµ elxnBVnþ
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smÖareron nigbeRgon CMnajécñRbDit
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cUleronCaeRsc nigGarmµN_
FnFanmnusS ³ RKUbeRgon nayk GFikar témøKuNFm’
cMeNHdwgeronBIsgÁm GñkRKb;RKg Gñkrdæ)al
]bsKÁkñúgkareronsURt plRbeyaCn_sRmab;sgÁm
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vb,Fm’ nigsasna RKUbeRgonenAkñúgpSarkargar
¬yuT§saRsþCMnYy¦ GPi)alkic©Cati nig
yuT§saRsþRKb;RKg
sßanPaBrbs;Gñkeron ³ Gñkeronminmkfñak;eronkñúgsßanPaBsgÁm nig
esdækic©dUcKñaeT. sßanPaBesdækic© sgÁmkic© eynD½r BikarPaB Cati
sasn_ CnCatiPaKtic emeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_ nigsßanPaBRtUvkar
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begIátvismPaB EdlTaMgenHCaktþasRmab;ykmkBicarNaedIm,IelIk
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dcU Kañ eT bfsgÁm. sßanPaBTUeTArbs;Gb;rMKitrYmTaMgsßan
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smÖareron fñak;eron bNÑal½y brikçasala¦ nigFnFanmnusS ¬GñkRKb;
RKg GFikar sMxan;CageKbMputKW RKUbeRgon¦. TaMgGs;enHCasUc©nakrN_
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karcMNayrbs;Gb;rMCamYyplitplsrubkñúgRsuk.
TsSn³viC¢arbs;RKUbeRgon niyamsþg;darCati
nigsisS lT§plEdlRKb;Kña
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beRgon nigeron ³ CaskmµPaBekItmanCak;Esþgkñúgfñak; nigkñúgsalaeron.
skmµPaBKruekaslüfitkñúgskmµPaBeronRbcaMéf¶rbs;sisS. sUc©nakrN_
kñúgskmµPaBbeRgon nigeronrYmman eBlevlacMNaykñúgkareronsURt
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karcUlrYmkñúgskmµPaBshKmn_ lT§plrMBwgTTYl)an nigkardwknaM
suT§Etman\Ti§BlpÞal;eTAelIskmµPaBbeRgon nigeronrbs;sisS.
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sikSa ¬lT§plRblg¦ b:uEnþlT§plenHk¾rMBwgfanwgTTYl)anRbeyaCn_
esdækic© nigsgÁmkic©Gb;rMpgEdr.
r)aykarN_enHviPaK nigeFVIsMeyaKlT§pleénkarRsavRCavCaeRcInTak;
TgnwgplRbeyaCn_TTYl)anBIkarGb;rMRbkbedayKuNPaBl¥ ¬CMBUk 2¦
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KuNPaBpgEdr ¬CMBUk5¦. dUcr)aykarN_mun²Edr r)aykarN_qñaM 2005
vaytémøGMBIPaBeCOnelOnQaneTAseRmceKaledATaMg 6 rbs;karGb;rM
sRmab;TaMgGs;Kña. r)aykarN_qñaMenHykcitþTukdak;elIsUc©nakrN_
KuNPaBtameKaledAnImYy²rbs;karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña ¬CMBUk3¦.
7
© L. FRANEY/RAPHO
CMBUk 2
sarRbeyaCn_énKuNPaBl¥ ³
etIkarRsavRCavR)ab;eyIgGVIxøH?
R)ak;cMNUlekIneLIg
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manPaBxusEbøkEmn etIkarGb;rMd¾l¥RbesIrenHGaceFVI[seRmceTA)an
karkarBar)anRbesIreLIgRbqaMgnwg HIV/AIDS
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karsikSaRbkbedayKuNPaBsRmab;kumarmuncUl
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8
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nigsgÁmkic©EdlmanPsþútagbBa¢ak;y:agc,as;las;. ebIcat;TukBinÞúetsþ
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[eXIjBI\T§iBlénkareronBUEkenAkñúgsalaeTAelIR)ak;cMNUlRbcaMCIvit.
karRsavRCavTaMgLayk¾)anykcitþTukdak;elITMnak;TMngrvagkMeNInFn
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bBa©ÚlTaMgRbB½n§Gb;rM. CMnajKit nigviPaKEdltRmUv[sisSeRCIserIs
edayEp¥kelIB½t’manRKb;RCugeRCaymanTMnak;TMngKñay:agCitsñiT§CamYy
nwgkRmiténkarGb;rM nigGkçrkmµ ]TahrN_ kareRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½y
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d¾sMxan;bMputsRmab;karBarekµgCMTg; nigyuvv½yBIkarcmøgemeraKeday
cat;TukkarGb;rMCa{fñaMbgáareraKsgÁm}. RkahV 2>1 bgðajfa GRtaqøgral
dalén HIV/AIDS eTAtamkRmiténkarGb;rMkñúgtMbn;CnbTénRbeTs
G‘Uháan;da CadMbUgmancMnYnRbhak;RbEhlKña b:uEnþmYyry³eBl eRkaymk
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mankarGb;rMtictYcenAsala. PsþútagenHKWCakarqøúHbBa©aMgBIsßanPaB
qøgraldal HIV/AIDS kñúgRbeTsepSgeTotenAGaRBic.
RkahV 2>1 ³ GRtaeRbva:Lg;eGds_enAtamtMbn;CnbT G‘Uháan;da
tamRbePTGb;rMqñaM 1990-2001 ¬cab;BIGayu 18-29qñaM¦
min)ancUleron
bzmsikSa
GRtaeRbva:Lg;emeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_ ¬°¦
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karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
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karGan ¬PIRLS¦ nigmuxviC¢aepSg²eTot. karRsavRCavCaGnþrCatiepSg²eTot
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karRsavRCavTaMgenaHbgðajfa KuNPaBénkarGb;rMenAGaRBic)anRbQm
muxeTAnwgkarlM)akmYycMnYnkñúgb:unµanqñaMfµI²enH. ]TahrN_ kareRbobeFob
rvagkarsikSaEdleFVIeLIgeday SACMEQ enAqñaM 1995 - 1996 nig qñaM
2000 - 2001 bgðaj[eXIjBIkarqøak;cuHcMnYn 4° énBinÞúetsþGkçrkmµ
fñak;TI 6 edaymanPaBxusKñay:agxøaMgekIteLIgenARbeTsm:aLavI NamIub‘Í
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salaRtUvlubecalenAqñaM 1994¦ FnFansalaeron)anFøak;cuHesÞIrTaMg
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9
 RkahV 2>2 ³ bMErbMrYlBnÞúGkçrkmµrvag SACMEQ Ingi SACMEQ II
kñúgRbeTsGaRBiccMnYn 6 kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆCaeRcIn. ]TahrN_enAGaRBic sisSsala Biess
sisSRsIEdl)anTTYlkarbgðat;beRgonedayRKURsITTYl)anlT§plsikSa
l¥CagsisSRsIEdlbeRgonedayRKURbus.
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exSay nigCYbkarlM)akGacRtUv)anelIkkMBs;mYyEpñkedaysarEtkarEk
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BinÞúmFümkñúgGkçrkmµ

rbs;sala nigFnFansRmab;sikSa ¬CaBiessesovePAsikSa¦.

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knøgeTA[dwgfa TImYy ³ sßanPaBesdækic©
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BIrdæaPi)al)anlubéfcMNaysRmab;cUleronkñúgsalakñúgqñaM 2003.
© THERRY DUDOIT/L’EXPRESS/EDITINGSERVER.COM
rgVaytémøKuNPaBsala ³ ykkarRsavRCavCaxñatKMrU
karBitmYybB¢aak;fa karcMNay)anekIneLIgsRmab;sisSmñak;naM[sisS
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BinÞúetsþmuxviC¢aKNitviTüa nigviTüasaRsþ CaTUeTAFøak;cuHkñúgGMLúgeBl 1
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enATsvtSr_ 1960 karRsavRCavd¾sMxan;mYyenAshrdæGaemrikbgðajfa
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epSg²kñúgsalaeron. karGHGagenHbegáIt[mankarsikSalMGitmYykñúg

10

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enAkñúgbribTBiessmYy edayeRbobeFobCamYynwgRkumsßiteRkamkarRtYt
Binitü. ebIeTaHbIlT§plminGacbBa¢ak;BImUlehtu[)anRKb;RKan;sRmab;
kMNt;BIvisalPaBk¾eday k¾karsikSamYycMnYnbgðajBITMnak;TMngy:agCit
sñiT§rvagFnFansalaeron niglT§plén kareronsURt. enAcugTsvtSr_qñaM
1980 KeRmagGRtasmiT§ikmµpleFobRKU nigsisS ¬STAR¦ enArdæ
taensIu ¬shrdæGaemrik¦)anRsavRCaveTAelIsisScMnYnRbEhl12000
nak;cab;BIfñak;metþyürhUt dl;fñak;TI 3 edaycMNayeBlCag 4 qñaM edIm,I
EsVgyl;GMBI\T§iBlénTMhMfñak;eroneTAelIlT§plénkarsikSarbs;sisS.
lT§plTaMgLay)anbgðajfa karkat;bnßycMnYnsisSkñúgfñak;eronman
\T§iBlviC¢man CaBiesssRmab;sisSmkBIsßanPaBlM)ak nigRkIRk. enA
RbeTseknj:a FnFansalal¥ ¬mðÚbGahar ÉksNæan esovePAsikSa¦
CYyelIkkMBs;karsikSa ebIeTaHbICafñak;eronmancMnYnsisSeRcInk¾eday.
enARbeTshVIlIBIn karBiesaFmYykñúgsalacMnYn 30 bgðajfa karpþl;
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eRcIn. enARbeTs\NÐa kumarkñúgtMbn;GnaFibetyükñúgRkugEdlmin)an
TTYlkarsikSaenAbzmsikSa b:uEnþ)anTTYlkarGb;rMbMb:nBIkmµviFIrbs;
GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)almYy)anTTYllT§pll¥.
karBiesaFEbbenHCYyBRgwgdl;krNIcMeBaHfñak;EdlmanTMhMtUc man
ÉksarsikSaeRcIn karbNþúHbNþalRKUedayGnuvtþpÞal; nigviFIbeRgon
Edlsgát;F¶n;eTAelItRmUvkarrbs;Gñkeron CaBiessenAkñúgRbeTsRkIRk
nigRkumsisS EdlBMusUvmanlT§PaB nigCYbkarlM)ak.
11
 RbB½n§QaneTAseRmcniyamsþg;dax<s;CagenH ³ cMNucsMxan;²rbs;eKalneya)ayCatikñúgRbeTscMnYn 11
RbeTs tYelxKnøwH
RbeTselaPln;
GaRBic R)ak;cMNUlTab
karrIkceRmInxøaMgkøaelIlT§PaB
xagt,Úg cUleronkñúgsalabzmsikSa ³
GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBit 85>6° 2001
ekInBI 71>2° 1990
smPaBeynD½rKitCatYelxseRmc
enAbzmsikSa
karvaytémølT§plénkarsikSabgðaj
[eXIjBIkRmitTabénCMnajCamUldæan
2>2°énplitplkñúgRsuksrubsRmab;Gb;rM
RsIlgÁkar R)ak;cMNUleRkammFüm
GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBit 96>5° 2001
ekInBI 85>6° 1990
4>2°énplitplkñúgRsuksrubsRmab;Gb;rM
kaNada R)ak;cMNUlelImFüm
GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBit = 88>8° 2000
smPaBeynD½rKitCatYelxseRmc
enAbzmsikSa nigmFümsikSa
4°énplitplkñúgRsuksrubsRmab;Gb;rM
KU)a R)ak;cMNUleRkammFüm
GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBit 90>3° 2001
ekInBI 84° 1990
edaysarkarBRgIkkarGb;rMkan;EtxøaMg
eTIbkarseRmcsklkmµGb;rMbzmsikSa nig
smPaBeynD½rKitCatYelxCitQanmkdl;
hVaMgLg; R)ak;cMNUlTab
BRgIk»kascUleron[)aneRcIn ³
GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBit = 58° 2001
ekInBI 47° 1990
smPaBeynD½rKitCatYelx = 0>91
GRtasisSRtYtfñak;x<s;bgÁÜrenAfñak;x<s;
3>2°énplitplkñúgRsuksrubsRmab;Gb;rM
cMNucxøaMg
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salarbs;KNkmµaFikarGPivDÆCnbTrbs;bg;køaEdsbeRgoneRcInGMBIbMNinCIvit nigCMnaj
sresrebIeRbobeFobnwgsalaFmµta cMENkeronGan nigGkçrkmµTTYl)anlT§pldUcKña EtGRta
eLIgfñak;eTAmFümsikSa)aneRcInCag.
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ema:gerontic.
kic©RbwgERbgEdlmanEcgkúñgeKalneya)aykñúgEpnkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña 1993 - 2003
edIm,Ikat;bnßyvismPaBtamtMb; nigkñúgsgÁmtamry³KeRmagFM²dUcCa ³
mUlniFismPaBrbs; FUNDEF sRmab;bnßyKmøatvismPaBénkarpþl;hirBaØvtßúeTA[sala
bzmsikSatamtMbn;
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kmµviFIGaharUbkrN_ Bolsa Escola sRmab;RKYsarRkIRk
kmµviFIelIkkMBs;smtßPaB ³ karbNþúHbNþalRKUedlKµansBaØab½Rttamry³kmµviFIeronBIcm¶ay
kmµviFIsisSbMb:n ³ pþl;»kas[sisSEdlcuHeQµaHcUleronedIm,I[man»kaseronTan;eK
kmµviFIesovePAsikSatamsala
kñúgmYyTsvtSr_eTot begIánfvika[)aneTVdgsRmab;vis½yGb;rM
eCaKC½ykñúglT§plsikSaekIneLIgedaysarkarxitxMykcitþTukdak;eLisalaexSaycMnYn 10°
viFIbeRgonEbbcUlrYm nigEbbskmµkan;EteRbIeRcIn
kñúgmYyqñaM²begIánema:geron[)anBI 990 dl; 1200 ema:g
bec©kviTüaB½t’mansarKmnaKmn_CaKnøwHkñúgkareFVITMenIbkmµGb;rM
taMgBIedImTsvtSr_ 1990 GRtasisSRtYtfñak; nige)aHbg;ecalsalaFøak;cuH
ykcitþTukdak;elIkmµviFIKaMBar nigGb;rMkumartUc
cugTsvtSr_ 1990 ³ begIánR)ak;ExRKU bnßycMnYnsisSkñúgfñak; BRgwgvKÁbMb:nRKU nigEklMGRbB½n§
Epnkar 5 qñaM 2002 - 2007- ykcitþTukdak;elI {PaBl¥RbéBsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña}
karRKb;RKgEbbvimCÄkar nigEp¥kelIbec©kviTüaB½t’mansarKmnaKmn_KWCaviFIsaRsþBaNiC¢kmµ
EdlGacykeTAeRbIkñúgkarvaytémøskmµPaBrbs;salaeron
viFIsaRsþ FAIRE-FAIRE ¬FanaGnuvtþ[)an¦
Eckkargar[GñkGnuvtþtamshKmn_CYyeFVI. ]> viFIsaRsþGnuvtþkñúgkmµviFIGkçrkmµ ³
manmnusScas;cuHeQµaHcUleronRbmaN 1 lannak; ehIyyuvv½yeRkAsala
)ancuHeQµaHcUleronRbmaNCagknøHlannak;.
smaKmnayksalakñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM ³ RkumnayksalatamtMbn;bMpus[mankareronsURt nig
dkbTBiesaFn_BIKñaeTAvijeTAmk

visalPaBsgÁm TaMgLayGMBITMnak;TMngsgÁmCamYykarGb;rMbBa¢ak;fa sisSEdlsßanPaB

karbeRgon nigkareronekIteLIgkñúgbribTsgÁm nigneya)ay. PaBTn;
exSayEpñkRKb;RKgrbs;salaKWRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CamUlehtucMbgénkar
Føak;cuHlT§plénkarsikSa CaBiess salardæenARbeTskMBugGPivDÆ. Gñk
viPaKmYycMnYnCMruj[mankarEkERbkñúgrcnasm<½n§elIkTwkcitþRKUEdl
CameFüa)ayelIkkMBs;lT§plsikSarbs;sisS. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday
k¾PsþútagbgðajBITMnak;TMngBMurwgmaMrvagR)ak;Exx<s; nigRbsiT§PaBbeRgon.
müa:gvijeTot bribTsgÁmrbs;salaeronKWCaktþad¾sMxan;. karRsavRCav
12
RKUsar nigRkummitþPkiþmanKMnitRsedogKña nwgsisSEdlTTYl)ankarelIk
TwkcitþBIsalaxitxMeronsURtxøaMg ehIyTTYl)ankRmiténCMnajviPaKx<s;
CagsisSEdlBüayamminbBa¢ak;BIkarExVgKñarvagKMnitrbs;eKpÞal; nig
KMnitrbs;sala edayskmµPaBCMTas; dUcCakarkat;bnßykarxitxMsikSa
CaedIm. tRmUvkarsRmab;eKalneya)ayGb;rMEdlRtUvbegáIteKaledA
sgÁmc,as;las;KWCacMNucsRmab;BicarNaelIkkMBs;KuNPaBsala
EdlminGacedaHRsayedaymeFüa)aybec©keTsEtÉg)aneLIy.
 r)aykarN_sklelaktamdan 2005
karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
segç b
RbeTs tYelxKnøwH cMNucxøaMg
RbeTselaPln;
GRBic R)ak;cMNUlTabmFüm viFankarkat;bnßyvismPaB nigelIkkMBs;KuNPaB cab;taMgBIrbbpþac;karGa)a:eftdYlrlM 1994
GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBiteRkam 90° karGb;rMedaykatBVkic© 9 qñaM edayTMlak;fvika[)anesIµKñasRmab;RKb;RkumCnCatiTaMgGs;
xagt,Úg smPaBeynD½rKitCatYelx = 0>96 cab;epþImGnuvtþ[manKNkmµakarGPi)alkic©sala
5>5°énplitplkñúgRsuksrubsRmab;Gb;rM cab;epþImkmµviFIsikSafµIkalBIqñaM 1997
ykcitþTukdak;elIkkMBs;PaBsV½ym©as;kar nigTTYlxusRtUvkñúgviC¢aCIv³RKUbeRgon

RsIlgÁkar )ak;cMNUlTabmFüm GRtaRtYtfñak; nige)aHbg;ecalsalaFøak;cuHCaxøaMgkñúgTsvtSr_ 1990

seRmcsklkmµGb;rMbzmsikSa nigsmPaB viFIsaRsþlMGitsRmab;EkTRmg; ¬1981¦ edaymansgÁmsIuvilcUlrYm
eynD½rKitCatYelxenAbzmsikSaEdr ykcitþTukdak;elIRKUbeRgon nigGPivDÆsmtßPaBtamdan nigvaytémø
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eynD½rKitCatYelxenAbzmsikSa kmµviFIbMb:nRKURKb;RKan;
nigmFümsikSapgEdr manRbB½n§KaMRTenAfñak;XMu nigtamsalaxøaMgkøa
5>5°énplitplkñúgRsuksrubsRmab;Gb;rM kartamdanrbs;salapÞal; rbs;Rsuk nigextþpÞal;edIm,ITb;sáat;kMu[manvismPaBekIteLIg
KU)a R)ak;cMNUlelImFüm karGb;rMCasþmÖyuT§saRsþrbs;bdivtþrbs;RbeTsKuy)a
GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBit = 88>8° 2000 nirnþrPaBvinieyaK
smPaBeynD½rKitCatYelxseRmc RKUTTYl)antémø nigkitþiysx<s;
enAbzmsikSa nigmFümsikSa manrgVan;elIkTwkcitþsRmab;sisSBUEk RKUl¥ nigsalal¥
4°énplitplkñúgRsuksrubsRmab;Gb;rM eKalkarN_RbkYtRbECg samKÁI nigshkaredIm,IelIkkMBs;KuNPaB
ynþkarpøas;bþÚrbTBiesaFn_edIm,IeronBIKñaeTAVijeTAmk nigrYmKñaeroberogkmµviFIsikSarYm
hVaMgLg; R)ak;cMNUlx<s; nirnþrPaBvinieyaKsRmab;GPivDÆFnFanmnusS edIm,ICMnYsvibtiþesdækic©kalBITsvtSr_ 1990
seRmcsklkmµGb;rMbzmsikSa nigsmPaB RKUbeRgonmansmtßPaBx<s;
eynD½rKitCatYelxenAbzmsikSaEdr viFIsaRsþKruekaslül¥RKb;RCugeRCay
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saFarN³ R)ak;cMNUlx<s; cat;TukkarGb;rMfa mantYnaTIsMxan;sRmab;GPivDÁesdækic©
seRmcsklkmµGb;rMbzmsikSa nigsmPaB ykcitþTukdak;elIKuNPaBtaMgBITsvtSr_ 1980
rdækUer eynD½rKitCatYelxenAbzmsikSa BRgIkkmµviFIeronBIcm¶ay nigkmµviFIGb;rMmnusScas; edIm,Ibn§Úrbnßysm<aFelIRbB½n§salaeron
nigmFümsikSapgEdr kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalRKUmanry³eBlyUr nigmanrgVan;elIkTwkcitþ
3>6°énplitplkñúgRsuksrubsRmab;Gb;rM manbNþajsßanb½nRsavRCav TTYlhirBaØavtßúpÞal;tamry³Bn§Gb;rM
GRtapleFobsisScuHeQµaHcUleronBitenAbzmsikSa = NEF
sisSsmPaB eynD½rKitCatYelxenAbzmsikSa = GPI
bec©kviTüaB½t’sarKmnaKmn_ = ICT

emeronCabTBiesaFn_BIRbeTs 11 rIÉRbeTskaNadaCab;cMNat;fñak;elx2xagkarGan nigBinÞúsrubx<s;Cag

eKbMput)aneTARbeTshVaMgLg;. karsikSaCamFümPaKrbs;sisSkñúg
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rebobedaHRsaybBaðaKuNPaBenARbeTsGPivDÆ nigkMBugGPivDÆ. eyageTA 2002 eday OREALC1/UNESCO. RbeTs 7 epSgeTotGaccat;
tametsþGnþrCati RbeTs 4 kñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMg 11 KW RbeTskaNada TukCaRbeTsmanmhicäta edaysarRbeTsTaMgenHeFVIkarxitxMRbwgERbg
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13
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[mantulüPaBrvagKuNPaB nigbrimaN. RbeTseRbsIul nigCIlIKWCa
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RCavrbs; OREALC/UNESCO . RbeTseRbsIulEdlCaRbeTsman
RbCaCneRcIn)anxitxMRbwgERbgxageKalneya)ayy:agxøaMgkøaedIm,IelIk
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bNþalRKUbeRgonRtUv)anelIkkMBs;. ebIeTaHbICa\T§iBleTAelIlT§plén
karsikSamanPaBsamBaØbMputk¾eday k¾eKalneya)ay nigyuT§saRsþ
mYycMnYnykcitþTukdak;elIEpñkTaMgBIrenH ¬R)ak;Ex nig karbNþúHbNþal¦
dUcmanbgðajenAkñúgtaragEdlmanP¢ab;mkCamYyenH.
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neya)aykñúgry³eBlknøgeTAenH nigmanckçúvis½yéneKalbMNgGb;rM
rwgmaM. RbeTsEdlmanmhicätaTaMg 7 )anCMruj[mankarrIkceRmInBit
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14
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edaysarRbeTsTaMgBIrenHmankmµviFIcMNaytic b:uEnþman\T§iBlviC¢man
xøaMgkøabgÁÜrelIkumar nigRKYsarkumar. enAkñúg
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lT§plRbesIrbMputenAeBlRKUbeRgon nigsisSmanePTdUcKña. karbNþúH
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kMBs;KuNPaB. PsþútagTaMgLaybBa¢ak;fa mnusSRbmaN 80° Edl
cuHeQµaHcUleronkñúgfñak;Gkçrkmµ EdlmankarRKb;RKgl¥ mnusS)aneron
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skmµPaBd¾sVahab;rbs;RKU ³ eRkayBIqøgkat;]bsKÁsgÁmd¾lM)ak LalIta narImñak;mkBIvNѳTabkMBugrIkray
beRgonKNitdl;sisSRsIenAkñúgPUmirbs;Kat;enAXMukUR)a.
CMBUk 3
rgVaytémøGMBIPaBeCOnelOnQaneTA
seRmceKaledAGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
ksnÞasrSn_vaytémø BIEpñkcRmuHénKuNPaBGb;rMenAEtraMgsÞHedaysarkgVH
sþg;da. fVIebItYelxminGacqøúHbBa©aMg[)anRKb;RKan;BIPaBsµúK
sµajéndMeNIrkareronsURtk¾eday k¾snÞsSn_PaKeRcInEdlmansRmab;
eRbIkñúgkarvaytémøKuNPaBKWTak;TgnwgsnÞsSn_KuNvis½y. snÞsSn_
TaMgenaHGacqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjBIkRmitKuNPaBmYy ebIeTaHbICaKuNPaB
BMumanlkçN³eBjeljk¾eday. CMBUkenHelIkmkniyayGMBIdMeNIrkarrIk
ceRmInrYmQaneTAseRmceKaledATaMg 6 énkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
edayykcitþTukdak;elIKuNPaBGb;rM tamry³karqøúHbBa©aMgBIktþamYy
cMnYnTak;Tgnwgsalaeron niglT§plénkarsikSa dUcCakarcMNayR)ak;
rbs;rdæaPi)aleTAelIkarGb;rM GRtapleFobRKU¼sisS kRmitvb,Fm’rbs;
RKUbeRgon ry³eBlénkarsikSakñúgsalarbs;sisS nigBinÞúetsþþ. CarYm
karrIkceRmInkñúgkarseRmceKaledARkugdakamanerobrab;edaysegçb
tamry³snÞsSn_énkarGPivDÆkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña Edlmanbgðaj
kñúgr)aykarN_RtYtBinitükarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;KñaCasklqñaM 2003.
r)aykarN_sklelaktamdan
karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña 2005
segç b
vismPaBeynD½renARKb;kRmitTaMgGs;
KmøatR)aMcMNucniyaBIry³eBlcUleronkñúgsala
rvagRbeTsGñkRk nigGñkman
RKUbeRgon ³ vibtiþxVHsmtßPaB
bBaðasisSeronminsUv)anlT§pll¥manenARKb;kEnøg
snÞsSn_énkarGPivDÆkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
sklkmµGb;rMbzmsikSa ³ karERbRbYlminsmehtupl
karBnüareBlcUleronenAsalaKWCaskmµPaBCYykat;bnßyyWt²éncMnYn
sisSRKb;GayucUleronenAbzmsikSaEdlmin)ancUleronBIcMnYn 106>9
lannak;enAqñaM 1998 eTARbmaNCa 103>5 lannak;enA qñaM 2001.
GRtaénkarFøak;cuHenHBMuTan;manlkçN³RKb;RKan;edIm,IFanaseRmcskl
kmµGb;rMbzmsikSa[)anmun b¤RtwmqñaM 2015 eT. sisSRsIman cMnYn
57° éncMnYnsisSsrub ¬eRcInCag 60° enArdæGar:ab; nig GasIuxagt,Úg
nigxaglic¦ EdlenAkñúgqñaM 1998 manEtcMnYn 59/5°b:ueNÑaH.
15
 RkahV ³ 3>1 GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBit nigGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronsrubenAbzmsikSa enARbeTsEdlmanGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBiteRkam 95°- 2001
sab;sahara:GaRBic
pleFobsisScuHeQµaHcUleron ¬°¦
pleFobsisScUleronsrub pleFobsisScUleronsrub pleFobsisScUleronsrub
RbPB nigkMNt;sMKal; ³ GanCMBUk 3 r)aykarN_Gb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBit ¬NER¦ esÞIrEtkøayeTACasUc©nakrN_mYy
bBa¢ak;BIKuNPaBénkarGb;rMedaysarEtGRtaenHqøúHbBa©aMgBIvisalPaB
EdlkñúgenaHkumarEdlsßitkñúgRkumGayucUleronpøÚvkareFVIkarcuHeQµaHcUl
eron. GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBitminrab;bBa©Úlkumar Edl)ancuHeQµaHcUl
eron b:uEnþsßitenAeRkARkumGayucUleronpøÚvkaredaysarkarcuHeQµaHcUl
eronmun b¤yWty:av b¤k¾RtYtfñak;enaHeT.
PaBxusKñaenAfñak;tMbn;mankRmitx<s;. kñúgRbeTsenAGnutMbn;sahara:
GaRBicCaeRcIn RbeTsenAGar:ab;mYycMnYn nigRbeTs)a:KIsßan GRtacuH
eQµaHcUleronBitKWsßitenARkam 70°. GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBitenAkñúg
RbB½n§Gb;rMkñúgRbeTsCaeRcInenAGWr:ubkNþal nigxagekItsßitenAcenøaHrvag
70° eTA 90°. karcUleronkñúgsalabzmsikSarbs;ekµgRsIenATab
CagekµgRbusy:agxøaMgkñúgRbeTscMnYn 71 kñúgcMeNam RbeTscMnYn 175.
RbeTsTaMgGs; elIkElgEtRbeTsbIb:ueNÑaH EdlmanGRtasmPaB
eynD½rKitCatYelxeRkam 0/90 KWCaRbeTssßitenAGnutMbn;sahara:
GaRBic ¬eBalKWGaRBicxaglic¦ rdæenAGar:ab; GasIuxagt,Úg nigxaglic.
ktþanana dUcCatémøcMNaysRmab;sisScuHeQµaHcUleron nigcm¶ayBI
pÞHeTAsalaCajwkjab;bgá[mankarcuHeQµaHcUleronyWty:av. enAkñúg
GnutMbn;sahar:aénTVIbGaRBic kumarRbmaNCa 20° eTA 40° Edl)an
cUleronfñak;TI 1 manGayueRcInCagGayuRtUvcUleronpøÚvkarcMnYnBIr b¤bIqñaM.
CagenHeTAeTot RbB½n§Gb;rMeBlxøHxitxMTTYlsisSdl;cMnYnkMNt; CaBiess
enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgLayNa EdlmanGRtacuHeQµaHsrub ¬GER¦ sßitenA
2> pleFobtémøeynD½rKitCatYelxrvagRsI nigRbus. snÞsSn_smPaBeynD½rKitCa
tYelxcenøaHBI 0>97 nig 1>03 cg¥úlbgðajBItYelxCitesµIKñarvagePTTaMgBIr.
3> GRtasisScuHeQµaHcUleronsrubCasUc©nakrN_cg¥úlbgðajGMBIsmtßPaBrbs;sala
tamTinñn½ybrivis½y. GRtaenHCapleFobcMnYnsisScuHeQµaHcUleronenAkRmitNamYy
¬]>bzmsikSa¦ edayminRbkan;Gayu eRbobeFobnwgcMnYnsisSsruberonenAkRmitenaH
¬]>GayuBI 6 - 12 qñaM¦.
16
rdæGara:b; GasIukNþal
eRkam 100° ehIyRbeTseRcInCag 40 manGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronsrub
enAeRkam 100° nigGRtacuHeQµaHBitenAeRkam 90° EdlCakarqøúHbBa©aMg
[eXIjBItRmUvkarelIkkMBs;smtßPaBrbs;RbB½n§Gb;rM ¬RkahV 3>1¦.
karbBa©b;karGb;rMenAsalabzmsikSa enARbeTsEdlmancMNUlTab
enAEtCabBaðad¾cMbgmYy. enARbeTs
EdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTab kumarCaeRcIn e)aHbCga;eecRcaInlskumalarRatedUvabygsçMcaitrþ
RtUvbgçMcitþe)aHbg;ecalsalaeday
sarkarcMNay briyakaskñúgfñak;eron karcMNay briyakas
minsmRsb b¤edaysarEttRmUvkar[ k ñúgfñak;eronminsmRsb
CY y rkR)ak; c M N U l sRmab; R KY s ar. rkbR)¤edakay;cMN
sartRmUvkar[CYy
UlsRmab;RKYsar
eTaHbI CaGRtasisSeronbnþBIfñak;TI 1
dl;TI 5 )anekIneLIgenAkñúgRbeTsCa
eRcInkñúgTsvtSr_ 1990 ¬ehIyenA kñúgkrNImYycMnYnmankarekIneLIg
rhUtdl;Cag 10 PaKryBIqñaM 1998 eTAqñaM 2001¦ RbeTs 30 kñúg
cMeNamRbeTs 91 min)anseRmcGRta cuHeQµaHcUleroncMnYn 75°
enHebIeyagtamTinñn½yEdlmanRsab; ehIy manGRtacuHeQµaHcUleron
TabCag 66° enAkñúgRbeTsGnutMbn;sahar:a GaRBiccMnYnBak;kNþal
¬RkahV 3>2¦. karqøak;cuHd¾xøaMgkøakñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn)anqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIj
BIkarFøak;cuHKuNPaBénkarGb;rM.
karGb;rMenAmFümsikSa nigsaklviTüal½y³ lMnaMBIr:amItceg¥ót
kñúgxN³eBlEdlRbeTsCaeRcIn ¬RbmaNCa 144 RbeTs¦)anebþCJaERb
køaykarGb;rMmFümsikSaeTACakatBVkic© sisSbBa©b;salabzmsikSaCa
eRcInCajwkjab;minbnþkareronsURtrhUtdl;mFümsikSaeT CaBiess
sisSbzmsikSakñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ. enAqñaM 2001 GRtacuHeQµaHcUl
eronsrubCamFümkñúgkRmitmFümsikSakñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆKWmanEt
57° EdlcMnYnenHebIeRbobeFobCamYynwgRbeTsGPivDÆmanEtcMnYnBak;
 r)aykarN_sklelaktamdan 2005
karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
segç b

GasIuxagekIt nig)a:sIuPic GasIuxagt,Úg GaemrikLaTIn nigkarIb‘Ín GaemrikxageCIg GWur:ubkNþal nigxagekIt

nigxaglic nigGWur:ubxaglic

GRtasisScuHeQµaH`cUleron ¬°¦
RkahV 3>2 ³ GRtasisSeronbnþrhUtcb;fñak;TI 5 nigcMnYnfñak;EdlmansisSe)aHbg;ecalsalaenAbzmsikSaqñaM 2001
kRmitfañk;EdlmansisSe)aHbg;ecalsalaKitCamFüm

GRtasisSenAeronbnþrhUtcb;fñak;TI 5 ¬°¦
taragenHbgðajEtRbeTsEdlmanGRtasisSbnþeroncb;fñak;TI 5 eRkam 80°
RbPB nigkMNt;sMKal; ³ GanCMBUk 3 r)aykarN_Gb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña

kNþalb:ueNÑaH. KmøatenHkan;EtFMeLIgenAkRmitsaklviTüal½yEdl srubekIneLIgCag 2° kñúgRbeTs 80 kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 131 EdlcMnYn

GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronsrubmancMnYn 55°kñúgRbeTsGPivDÆ nigcMnYn 11° enH)anmkBITinñn½yenAkRmitmFümsikSa nigkñúgRbeTs 56 kñúgcMeNam
kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ. rvagBIqñaM 1998 nig 2001 GRtacuHeQµaHcUleron RbeTs 95 enAkRmitsaklviTüal½y. vismPaBeynD½rKitCatYelx
17
 ekIneLIgenARKb;kRmitGb;rMTaMgGs;. Tinñn½yEdlRbmUl)anenAtamkRmit
Gb;rMTaMg 3 kRmitkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ 83 RbeTscMnYnBak;kNþal)an
seRmceCaKC½yelIsmPaBeynD½rKitCatYelxkñúgkarGb;rMbzmsikSa
b:uEnþticCag 1 PaK 5 kñúgkRmitmFümsikSa nigmanEt 4 RbeTsb:ueNÑaH
mansmPaBeynD½renAsaklviTüal½y.
ry³eBlcUleronkñúgsala ³ Kmøat 5 cMNucrvagRbeTsGñkman nigGñkRk
karbUkbBa©ÚlKñaénkarcuHeQµaHcUleronKittamGayuenAkRmitTaMgbIénkar
Gb;rM etImnusSmñak;²GacrMBwgfanwgsßitenAsalaeron)anry³eBlyUr
b:unµan? karKitKUrBIry³eBlenHKWCakarcaM)ac;cMeBaHviFankarrMBwgTuk
énkarcMNayeBlevlakñúgsalaeronEdlKitbBa©ÚlTaMgkarRtYtfñak;
pgEdr. kumarenAkñúgBiPBelak)ancMNayeBlEfmmYyqñaMenAkñúgsala
eronenAGMLúgTsvtSr_ 1990 eLIgrhUtdl; 9/2 qñaMenAbzmsikSa nig
mFümsikSa nig 1/1 qñaM enAeRkaykarGb;rM
kumarmYynak;enAGaRBic mFümsikSaEdlmancMnYnqñaMsrub 10/3 qñaM.
sab;saharaGacman CamFümku m armñ a k; e nAGnu t M b n; s ahara:
sgÇwmTTYl)ankarGb;rM GaRBicnwgTTYlkarsikSaenAsalabzm sikSa
bzmsikSa nigmFüm
nig mFümsikSaticCagkumarenAGWr:ub nig
sikSaBI 5 eTA 6 qñaMeRcIn GaemrikcMnYn 5 eTA 6 qñaM.
Cagkumarmñak;enA
GWur:ubxaglic b¤Gaemrik kar)at;bg;»kasGb;rMF¶n;F¶renAekItmaneLIg
enAGasIuxagt,Úg nigxaglic nigrdæGar:ab;mYy
cMnYnEdlminTan;)anseRmcsklkmµGb;rMbzmsikSaenAeLIy. PaBxus
KñarvagRbeTsEdlmankarrMBwgTukénkarcMNayeBlevlaenAsalax<s;
bMput nigTabbMputKWmancMnYnrhUtdl;5dg. karkMNt;RkumEdlenAEt
Kµan»kascUleronenAsalabzmsikSabnÞab;BImankarBRgIkkarpÁt;
pÁg;énkarGb;rMmFümsikSaKWCaParkic©bnÞan;enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆCa
eRcIn dUcCaRbeTsenAGaemrikLaTIn karab‘Ín GasIuxagekIt nig)a:sIuhVik.
karbgðat;beRgon ³ KWCamuxrbrRbkbedayPaBFujfb;kñúgcitþ
dUc)aneFVIkarkt;sMKal;Cajwkjab;enAkñúgr)aykarN_enHRKUbeRgonman
\T§iBlxøaMgkøabMputeTAelIkareronsURtrbs;sisS. Tinñn½yEdlmanRsab;
bBa¢ak;fa RKUenAsalabzmsikSaPaKeRcInmankgVHxatkRmitvb,Fm’
karbNþúHbNþal nigyl;dwgeRCARCHBIxøwmsarénkarGb;rM CaBiessRKU
beRgonkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ. sþg;dakRmitvb,Fm’CatisRmab;RKUbzm
sikSamancab;BIkarGb;rMkñúgsalaeronBI 12 qñaMdl;17 qñaMkñúgRbeTscMnYn
26 énGnutMbn;sahar:aGaRBic Edl)anRsavRCavenAqñaM 2001. RKU
beRgonticCag 10°enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYntUc)aneqøIytbeTAnwgsþg;da
Gb,brmaénkarGb;rMGnuviTüal½y ehIymanRbeTsCaeRcInmin)aneqøIytb
eTAnwgsþg;daEdl)ankMNt;enAtamsalamFümsikSaeT. Tak;Tgnwgkar
yl;dwgsIuCeRmArbs;RKUbeRgoneTAelIkmµviFIsikSa karRsavRCavfµImYy
kñúgRbeTscMnYn 7 enAGaRBicxagt,Úg)an[dwgfa RKUbeRgonKNitviTüaenA
salabzmsikSamancMeNHdwgEteTAelIelxnBVnþmUldæanb:ueNÑaH ehIy
tamBit RKUTaMgenaHRblgKNitviTüa)anBinÞúTabCagmuxviC¢aepSg.
18
RKUbeRgonsalabzmsikSafµI²mYycMnYnEdlmancMeNHdwgeqøIytbeTAnwg
sþg;daCati)anqøak;cuHenARbeTsCaeRcInkñúgGnutMbn;sahar:aGaRBic.
]TahrN_ RKU30°b:ueNÑaHEdl)anbeRgonenAqñaMdMbUgmancMeNHdwgeqøIytb
eTAnwgsþg;daCatikñúgRbeTsháamebor. cMnYnPaKrykan;Etqøak;cuHteTot
kñúgRbeTsbUtsVaNa ¬10°¦ eLsUfU ¬11°¦ nigqad ¬19°¦ Edlsþg;da
énRbeTsTaMenaHKWkarGb;rMmFümsikSa nigRbeTstUehÁa ¬2°¦ hÁIeno
b‘Ísav ¬15°¦ nigkama:rU:n ¬15°¦ EdlCaTUeTAsþg;daénRbeTsTaMgenHKW
GnuviTüal½y. ninñakarenHGacqøúHbBa©aMgBIkarekIneLIgénkareRCIserIsRKU
beRgon edaymin)anBicarNaeTAelIkRmitvb,Fm’caM)ac;edIm,IeqøIytbeTA
nwgsm<aFEdlekIteLIgedaysarkarcuHeQµaHcUleronenARKb;kRmitGb;rM
mankarekIneLIgeRcIn. elIsenHeTot karEbgEckRKUbeRgonBMumanPaB
esµIKñaenATUTaMgRbeTs edaymantMbn;dac;RsyalmYycMnYn CaFmµtaman
RKUEdlBMumankarbNþúHbNþalx<s;. sßanPaBdUcenaHeFVI[kan;EtGaRkk;
dl;kal³eTs³lM)akmYycMnYn dUcCaRbeTsTaMgLayEdlmanCemøaH b¤
eTIbEtegIbecjBICemøaH.
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RsavRCavRBav²kñúgRbeTsCaeRcInbBa¢ak;fa Gvtþman nigkgVHRKUbeRgonenA
EtCabBaðarauMér:mYydEdl. tRmUvkaredIm,IEfrkSakargarTIBIr kgVHxatkar
EfTaMsþg;daviC¢aCIv³ nigkgVHxatkarKaMRTBIsßab½nGb;rMKWCabuBVehtuTUeTA.
karraldalemeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_KWkMBugEteFVI[Føak;cuHy:agF¶n;F¶rnUv
karpþl;karGb;rMRbkbedayKuNPaB naM[manGvtþmanRKUbeRgon nigman
plb:HBal;dl;karGb;rM. RbeTshámb‘Í)an)a:n;sµanfa RKUbzmsikSa
cMnYn 815 nak;søab;edaysarCMgWeGds_enAqñaM 2001 EdlRtUvCa 54°
énRKUEdl)anTTYlkarbNþúHbNþalenAqñaMenaH. RksYgsuxaPi)alRbeTs
ekny:a)anGHGagfa emeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_)aneFVI[b:HBal;y:agF¶n;F¶r
dl;RbsiT§PaBénvis½yGb;rMEdleFVI[mankarekIneLIgénGRtasøab;kñúg
cMeNamRKUbeRgon nigb:HBal;dl;vis½yGb;rMkñúgGMLúgeBlmYyTsvtSr_
knøgeTAenH. edaysarkarraldalénemraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_kñúgRbeTs
CaeRcIn ¬CaBiessRbeTsenAGWr:ubxagekIt nigGasIu¦ emeraK¼CMgWenHGac
RCabcUleTAvayRbhardl;RbB½n§Gb;rMkan;EtxøaMgkøaeLIg.
pleFobsisS nigRKUbeRgonRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;qøúHbBa©aMgBIKuNPaBGb;rM.
eTaHbICaplb:HBal;eTAelIlT§plénkarGb;rMenAEtCaRbFanbTsRmab;
BiPakSakþI k¾karGegátbgðajfa sisSkñúgfñak;eronénsalabzmsikSakñúg
RbeTskMBugGPivDÆmancMnYneRcIn ¬RKUmñak;beRgonsisS 60 nak;¦ Edl
cMnYnenHminsmRsbdl;kareronsURteLIy. enAkñúgRbeTsEdlmanGRta
pleFobRKU nigsisSx<s;bMputesÞIrEtKµansisScMnYn 1 PaK 3 Edl)an
cUleronbzmsikSa eronrhUtdl;fñak;TI 5. GRtapleFobRKU nigsisSman
karekIneLIgkñúgeBlmYyTsvtSr_knøgeTAenHkñúgRbeTsTaMgLayEdl
GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBitmankarekIneLIg CaBiess enAGnutMbn;sahar:a
GaRBic nigGasIuxagt,Úg nigxaglic. dUcenH cMnYnRKUenACabBaðaecaTmYy
kñúgRbeTsEdlRbB½n§Gb;rMbzmsikSaekIneLIgeRcIn. KuNPaBénkarGb;rM
nwgmanPaBminc,as;las; RbsinebItRmUvkarcUlbRgonrbs;RKUmankar
bn§Úrbnßy b¤bnÞúkkargarrbs;RKUbeRgonmankarekIneLIg.
 r)aykarN_sklelaktamdan 2005
karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
segç b
© X. DESMIER/RAPHO
karpþl;mUlniFi ³ etIrdæaPi)al)anebþCJacitþb:unµan?
karcMNayrbs;rdæaPi)alsRmab;karGb;rMKWCasUc©nakrN_d¾l¥mYybBa¢ak;
BIkarxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;rdæaPi)aledIm,IKuNPaBGb;rM ebIeTaHbICamankgVH
xatTinñn½yBisþarTak;TgnwgGKar nigsmÖarbMBak;kñúgGKar RBmTaMgsmÖar
beRgon nigeronk¾eday. lT§plBIkmµviFIsRmab;vaytémøsisSGnþrCati
¬PISA¦ bgðaj[eXIjfa sisSkñúgRbeTsTaMgLayNaEdleFVIvinieyaK
FnFaneRcIneTAelIkarGb;rMTTYl)anCMnajGkçrkmµl¥RbesIr. TMnak;TMng
enHmanbgðajy:agc,as;las;kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆxøH dUcCaRbeTsTaMg
LayenAGWru:bkNþal nigxagekIt nigRbeTsmYycMnYneTotenAGWr:ubxaglic
EdlmankRmiténkarcMNayTab. lT§plénkarsikSa PISA epSgeTot
bgðajfa FnFanGacman\T§iBlxøaMgeTAelIlT§plénkarGb;rMenAeBlkar
cMNaydMbUgmankRmitTab b:uEnþ\T§iBlenaHRtUvbBaÄb;eTAvijenAeBlman
karekIneLIgénkarcMNay.
karcMNaysaFarN³elIkarGb;rMqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjBIsmamaRténplitpl
kñúgRsuksrubkñúgRbeTsGñkmaneRcInCagRbeTsRkIRk EdlRbeTsGñk matabitaecHGkSreRcIncg;Gb;rMkUn[ecHGkSr ³ «Buk
manTaMgenaH)anseRmceKaledAkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña ¬mFümPaK mYynak;kMBugeronGan nigsresrenARbeTshIÁeno
tMbn; ³ 5/2° enAGaemrikxageCIg nigGWr:ubxaglic¦. enHtRmUv[mankar
BRgIkRbB½n§Gb;rMEdlmankgVHxatFnFanRsab; eBalKWkgVHxaténkarRKb RkahV 3>3 bgðajBIkarERbRbYlénkarcMNayBitR)akdkñúgRbeTsmYy
dNþb;rbs;RbB½n§Gb;rMTaMgenaH ¬mFümPaKtMbn; ³ 3/3° kñúgGnutMbn; cMnYnenAqñaM 1998 nig 2001. CaTUeTA karcMNayBMumankarERbRbYleLIy
sahar:aGaRBic nig3/9° enAGasIuxagekIt nig)a:sIuhVik. KµanB½t’manTak; kñúgRbeTsGPivDÆkñúgeBlenaH b:uEnþRbeTskMBugGPivDÆmYycMnYntUc)an
TgnwgbBaðacMNaykñúgRbeTsGasIuxagt,Úg nigxaglic nigGar:ab;eLIy¦. begáInkarcMNayy:ageRcIn dUcCaRbeTsenAGasIuxagekIt nigGasIu)a:sIhVik
GaemrikLaTIn nigkarIb‘Ín. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday RbeTsFM²mYycMnYn)an
kat;bnßykarcMNayy:agsem,ImEdlrYmmanRbeTs hVIlIBIn ¬cMnYn
24°¦ nig RbeTs\NÐÚensIu ¬cMnYn 8°¦.

RkahV 3>3 ³ bMErbMrYlénkarcMNaysrubkñúgvis½yGb;rMtamkarCak;EsþgqñaM 1998 - 2001

°bMErbMrYlénkarcMNaysrubkñúgvis½yGb;rM

RbPB nigkMNt;sMKal; ³ GanCMBUk 3 r)aykarN_Gb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña

19
 karCECknanabnþeFVIeLIgTak;TgnwgkarcMNayelIR)ak;ExRKUbeRgonkñúg
kRmitsmRsbEdlkarcMNayelIR)ak;Ex KWCakarcMNayeRcInbMput
CaBiess kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆEdlCajwkjab; karcMNayelIesovePA
sikSa nigsmÖarbeRgonepSg²eTotkñúgRbeTs
tRmUvkarsnSMFnFan TaMgenaHmancMnYnesÞIrEtmindl; 1° pg.
sRmab;karcMNayelIkar tRmUvkarsnSMFnFansRmab;karcMNayelI
Gb;rMRtUvEtmantulüPaB karGb;rMRtUvEtmantulüPaBCamYynwgtRmUv
CamYynwgtRmUvkarcMNay karcMNayelIRKUbeRgonedIm,ITak;Taj nig
elIRKU beRgonedIm,ITak; rkSaRKUbeRgonEdlmansmtßPaB.
TajnigrkSaRKUbeRgon PaBCaédKUrvagEpñksaFarN³ nigEpñkÉkCn
EdlmansmtßPaB. RtUv)anelIkkMBs;kan;EtxøaMgeLIgedaycat;
TukCameFüa)aymYysRmab;kat;bnßyPaB
minR)akdRbCa nigkgVHxaténkarcMNayfvikardæ. manbBaðaekIteLIgmin
cuHsMrugKñaTak;TgnwgKuNPaB nigsmFm’. shKmn_ manlT§PaBxusKña
kñúgkarTak;TajkarcMNayBIrdæaPi)al nigsMumUlniFiBIEpñkÉkCn.
etIsisSGacsikSaecHdwg)ankRmitNa?
Tinñn½yBIkarvaytémøCati nigGnþrCatibgðajfa kumarkñúgRbeTsCaeRcInBMu
manCMnajmUldæanc,as;las;eLIy. lT§plTabenHmanenARKb;TIkEnøg.
RbeTsEdlsisSmanCMnajmUldæanTabKWCaRbeTsTaMgLayNaEdlman
RbB½n§Gb;rMTn;exSay dUcCakarcuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;sisS nigFnFan
sRmab;karGb;rM. cUrBinitS]TaharN_nanadUcxageRkam³
GaemrikLaTIn karvaytémøCatikñúgRbeTsGaemrikLaTIn 4 bBa¢ak;[
eXIjBIkRmitTabénlT§plénkarGb;rMkñúgcMeNamsisSPaKeRcInenAeBl
eroncb;bzmsikSa. enAkñúgRbeTs nIkar:ahÁ½r ¬2002¦ sisScMnYn 70°
eron)anlT§plGb,brmaelImuxviC¢aPasanigsisSeRcInCag80° eron)an
lT§plGb,brmaelImuxviC¢aKNit.
enAGU‘r:Uháay ¬1999¦ karsikSa jaMGaharpg nigeFVIkic©karpÞHpgenAvUCI RbeTscin
muxviC¢aPasarbs;sisSfñak;TI 6 cMnYn
40° KW {exSay} b¤ {exSaybMput}.
enARbeTsEGlsal;v:aD½r ¬1999¦
sisSfñak;TI 6 cMnYn 40° eron)an
lT§plGb,brmaelImuxviC¢aPasa
KNitviTüa evC¢saRsþ nig sikSa
sgÁm. enAhugDuyr:as; ¬2002¦
kareronsURtelImuxviC¢aPasa nig
KNitsaRsþrbs;sisSfñak;TI 6 cMnYn
90° KWexSay.
20
GaRBic karRsavRCavmYyEdl)aneFVIeLIgedayRkumGgÁkarGaRBicxagt,Úg
sRmab;RtYtBinitüKuNPaBGb;rM ¬1995-98¦ )anvas;sÞg;GMBIlT§PaB
ecHGanrbs;sisSbzmsikSaedayeFVIkareRbobeFobeTAnwgsþg;daEdl
begáIteLIgedayCMnajkarGanfñak;Cati nigRKUbeRgonfñak;TI 6. kñúgcMeNam
RbeTsTaMgR)aMBIrmanRbeTs 4 EdlsisS fñak;TI 6 ticCagBak;kNþal
mansmtßPaBGb,brmaelIkarGan. lT§plTabenHk¾)anbgðajy:ag
c,as;pgEdrkñúgkarRsavRCaveday PASEC ¬1996-2001¦ Edl)aneFVI
eLIgkñúgRbeTsGaRBic 6 niyayPasa)araMg ³ 14° kñúgcMeNamsisSfñak;
TI 5 cMnYn 43°man lT§plTabelImuxviC¢a Pasa)araMg b¤muxviC¢aKNit
viTüa. ]TahrN_ enARbeTsesenháal; sisSCag 40° CYbkarlM)akkñúg
kareronelxTsPaKEdlmanelxBIrxÞg;.
GegáttMbn;cRmuH eyagtamkarvivtþrIkceRmInelIkarRsavRCavBIsmtßPaB
GanGnþrCati ¬PIRLS 2001¦ sisSfñak;TI 4 y:ageRcInkñúgRbeTsmYy
cMnYnmanCMnajGanminTUlMTUlay. kñúgRbeTsEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlmFüm
dUcCa GahSg;TIn eblI kULMb‘Í GIur:g; nigm:ar:uk sisSCagBak;kNþalTTYl
lT§pleRkamkRmitkMNt; 25 PaKry ¬EdlCaBinÞúkMNt;CaGnþrCati¦.
kar RsavRCavmYyrbs; PISA kñúgRbeTs 43 [dwgfa sisSGayu 15 qñaM
cMnYn 18° kñúgRbeTs OECD ¬EdlPaKeRcInmanR)ak;cMNUlx<s;¦ man
cMeNHdwgelIkarGanTabbMput cMENksisSEdlmanGayudUcKñakñúgRbeTs
manR)ak;cMNUlTab nigmFümKWmancMnYn40°.
sisSkñúgtMbn;CnbT nigBIRKYsarEdlmansßanPaBesdækic©sgÁmTab
manlT§plTabCagenHeTAeTot. TMnak;TMngrvagkareronsURtrbs;sisS nig
sßanPaBesdækic©sgÁmEdlCaTUeTARtUv)anvas;sÞg;tamry³kRmitsikSa
rbs;mþay«Bukpþl;B½t’mand¾sMxan;Tak;TgeTAnwglT§plénkareronsURt
rbs;sisS. ]TahrN_ karRsavRCavmYyEdl)aneFVIeLIgkñúgRbeTs 12
eday LLECE )anbgðajfa sisSkñúgRbeTs Kuy)aTTYllT§plelI

kareronsURtx<s;bMput nigmþay«Buk)anTTYlkarsikSaxusKñatictYcbMput.
sisSkñúgRbeTsEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlmFümmanlT§plsßiteRkammFüm
PaK OECD EdllT§plTaMgenaHmanTMnak;TMngKñay:agCitsñiT§CamYynwg
sßanPaBesdækic©sgÁmkic© cMENkÉkñúgRbeTsFM²mYycMnYn ¬dUcCaRbeTs
\NÐÚensIu¦ ebIeTaHbICamansßanPaBRKYsarFUrxøaMgk¾eday k¾lT§pleron
sURtrbs;sisSTabCagsisS OECD EdlmansßanPaBRKYsarTn;Tab
bMputedaysarEtdMeNIrkarminl¥énRbB½n§Gb;rMkñúgRbeTsTaMgenaH.
karFanaKuNPaB karBRgIk»kascUleron
etIGRtacuHeQµaHBit nigBinÞúetsþþGacmanTMnak;TMngKñaEdrb¤eT? karenH
TMngCaBMumanTMnak;TMngKñaeLIy. bBaðaKnøwHenaHKWfa etIRbeTsTaMgLay
seRmc)any:agNa ebIeKcg;)anTaMgKuNPaBTaMgbrimaNénkarsikSa
enaH? tMbn;Edlman»kascUleronbzmsikSaenAEtmankarlM)akcMeBaH
RbCaCnmYycMnYn dUcCaenAGnutMbn;sahar:aGaRBic GasIuxagt,Úg nig
xaglic nigrdæGar:ab;mYycMnYntRmUv[begáIteKalneya)aytwgrwgsRmab;
ksagRbB½n§Gb;rMeLIgvij rIÉRbeTsxøHeTottRmUv[ykcitþTukdak;elIEpñk
Cak;lak;mYycMnYnéneKalneya)ayGb;rM CaBiesselIEpñklT§plénkar
eronsURt b¤»kascUlsikSarbs;RkummnusSEdlminsUvman»kas nig
CYbkarlM)ak.
karelIkkMBs;»kas³ karKaMBar nigGb;rMkumartUc
karrIkceRmIneTAelI»kaseRbIR)as;kmµviFIKaMBar nigGb;rMkumartUcmun
bzmsikSa[)ankan;EtTUlMTUlaymankRmityWt²cab;BIqñaM1998.
RbeTs CaeRcInenAGnutMbn;sahar:aGaRBic rdæGar:ab; GasIukNþal nig
GasIuxagt,Úg nigxaglicmanGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronTabenAkRmitmunbzm
sikSakñúgRbeTsRkIRkmYycMnYnEdlmanCMBak;bMNuleRcIn karcUleron
kñúgkmµviFIKaMBar nigGb;rMkumartUc)anFøak;cuHrvagqñaM 1998 nig 2001.
KitCamFüm kumarmñak;enAGaRBicmñak;GacrMBwgfanwgcMNayeBlEtcMnYn
0/3 qñaMsRmab;karKaMBar nigbNþúHbNþalkumarmuneronbzmsikSa
ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwg 1/6 qñaMrbs;ekµgmñak;enAGaemrik LaTIn nigkar:ab‘Í nig
2/2 qñaMrbs;ekµgmñak;enAGWr:ubxagt,Úg nigGaemrikxageCIg. ebIeTaHbICa
PaBxusKñaéneynD½rKitCatYelxBMumanlkçN³TUlMTUlayenAkRmitKaMBar
nigGb;rMkumartUcmancMnYnticCagenAbzmsikSakþI k¾KmøaténkarcUl
eronrbs;kumara nigkumarIenAEtmanTMhMFMkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYnedayrYmTaMg
RbeTsm:Ur:uk nig)a:KIsßan EdlenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgBIrenH GRtacuHeQµaHcUl
eronsrubrbs;kumarIKWmancMnYn 3 PaK 4 énGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronrbs;
kumara b¤GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronsrubticCagenHeTAeTot. kumarmkBIRKYsar
RkIRkbMputTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_eRcInbMputBIkmµviFIKaMBar nigGb;rMkumar
tUc ebIBinitüeTAelIkarKaMBarsuxPaB nigkarGb;rM. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday
k¾Tinñn½ybgðajfa kumarCaeRcInnak;BMu)anTTYlkmµviFIenaHeT. kmµviFIenaH
manlMeGogeTARbCaBlrdærs;enAkñúgTIRbCMuCn nigRKUsarGñkman.
r)aykarN_sklelaktamdan 2005
karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
segç b
karvaytémøKuNPaBénkmµviFIKaMBar kumarkUnRKYsarRkIRknwgTTYl
nigGb;rMkumartUcKWCakarlM)akTaMg )anRbeyaCn_eRcInBIkarpþl;esva
RTwsþI nigkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg ehIy KaMBar nigGb;rMkumartUc.
karenHBMu)anedaHRsay[)anRKb; k m µv iF Ie naHnwgykcitþTukdak;elI
RKan;enAeLIyenAkRmitGnþrCati. karEfTaM Gnam½ysuxPaB nigGb;rM
karRsavRCavPaKeRcInEdleFVIeLIg ehIyebItamTinñn½nbgðajfa
kñúgeKalbMNgvaytémølT§plén kumarTaMgenaHeRcInRtUveK
kareronsURt)anvas;EvgBI\T§iBlén T a t ;ecalmin[TTYlkarGb;rM
karcUleronkñúgkmµviFIKaMBar nigGb;rM
kumartUc eBalKWkarrIkceRmIn niglT§plenAsalabzmsikSa. GRta
pleFobsisS¼RKUenAkRmitKaMBar nigGb;rMkumartUcmankRmitx<s;bMput
enAGnutMbn;sahar:aGaRBic ¬25³1 b¤eRcInCagenHenAkñúgRbeTsesÞIrEt
Bak;kNþal¦ nigmankRmitTabbMputenAGWr:ubkNþal nig xagekIt nigGasIu
kNþal ¬eRkam 15³1 kñúgRbeTs 3énRbeTs 4¦. PsþútagBIRbeTs
manR)ak;cMNUlmFüm nigx<s;bgðajfa buKÁlikenAkRmitmunbzmsikSa
RtUv)aneKcat;Tukfa mankRmitvb,Fm’esµIKñanwgRKUbzmsikSa. pÞúyeTA
vij RKUCaeRcInkñúgRbeTsrkR)ak;cMNUlTabKWCaRKUCab;kic©snüaTTYl)an
R)ak;Extic nigqøgkat;karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³tictYc b¤KµanTal;EtesaH.
Gkçrkmµ ³ katBVkic©lM)akEdlRtUvbMeBjkñúgRbeTs 9
manGnkçrCnmnusSeBjv½yRbmaN 800 lannak;kñúgBiPBelakEdl
RtUvCa 18/3° énRbCaBlrdæeBjv½y. GnkçrCnesÞIrEt 2 PaK 3 Edl
RtUvCa 64° kñúgBiPBelakKWCaRsþI. GnkçrkmµkRmitF¶n;F¶rKWmanenA
GnutMbn; sahar:aGaRBic rdæGar:ab; nigGasIuxagt,Úg nigxaglicEdltMbn;
TaMgenaH manGRtaGkçrkmµEtcMnYnRbmaNCa 60° b:ueNÑaH. GnkçrCneBj
v½yCag 70° rbs;BiPBelak ¬562 lannak;¦ rs;enARbeTs 9 b:ueNÑaHKW
\NÐa ¬34°¦ cin ¬11°¦ bg;køaEds ¬6/5°¦ nig )a:KIsßan ¬6/4°¦. kar
seRmceKaledAGkçrkmµkñúgkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;KñaRtUvBwgEp¥ky:ag
sMxan;elIeKalneya)ayEdl)anGnuvtþkñúgRbeTsTaMgenaH.
kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_ 1990 kRmitGkçrkmµmankarrIkceRmInxøaMgkñúgRbeTs
mYycMnYn. ]TahrN_ enAeRbsIul GRtaGkçrkmµ)anekInBI 80/1°dl; 88°
kñúgry³eBl 1 TsvtSr_ edaymanGRtaGkçrkmµrbs;RsþIcMnYn 88/3°.
CMnajGkçrkmµkñúgcMeNammnusSeBjv½yk¾GacmanTMnak;TMngKñaCamYynwg
karrIkceRmInQaneTAseRmcsklkmµGb;rMbzmsikSaEdr. karRsavRCav
mYyEdl)aneFVIeLIgkñúgRbeTsnIehS Lav nigbUlIvI )anbgðajfa ktþaEdl
naM[kumare)aHbg;ecalsalamankRmitx<s;bMputenAkñúgcMeNammata
EdlmanCMnajGkçrkmµTab. enARbeTsnIehS kumarRKb;GayucUleron
4> viTüasßansßiti UNESCO )an)a:n;sµaneLIgvijGMBIcMnYnGnkçrCnedayeRbITinñn½yfIµcug
eRkay. GRtasµanbc©úb,nñRbEhlticCag 862 lannak;kñúgqñaM 2000 kñúgr)aykarN_
sklelaktamdankarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña 2003¼4. kareRbITinñn½yfIµbNþalmkBI
ktþaeRcInya:g dUcCa Tinñn½y)anmkBICMerOn nigGegátfIµrbs;bNþaRbeTsCaeRcIn. ]> CMerOn
qñaM 2000 rbs;cinpþl;Tinñn½ydl;viTüasßansRmab;KNnacMnYnGnkçrCnmnusScas;enA
RbeTsenH Edl)anfycuHCag 50 lannak;.
21
 bzmsikSacMnYn 70° EdlmanmataminecHGkSrmin)ancUleroneLIy ebI
eRbobeFobCamYykumarEdlmþayecHGan nig sresry:agc,as;las;man
cMnYnEt 30° b:ueNÑaH .
GRtaGkçrkmµkñúgcMeNamyuvv½y ¬Gayu 15-24 qñaM¦ KWCasUc©nakrN_d¾
sMxan;mYybgðajBIkarrIkceRmInrbs;karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña nig
eKaledAGPivDÆn_shSvtSr_ BIeRBaHfasUc©nakrN_enaHqøúHbBa©aMgfa etI
RbB½n§Gb;rMkalBImYyTsvtSr_knøgeTA)anpþl;CMnajGkçrkmµmUldæan)an
l¥kRmitNa. GRtaGkçrkmµkñúgcMeNamyuvv½yKWmancMnYneRcInCag 70°
enAtamtMbn;TaMgGs; ehIyvismPaBeynD½rKitCatYelxsRmab;yuvv½y
RtUv)aneKykcitþTukdak;ticCagvismPaBeynD½rKitCatYelxkñúgcMeNam
mnusSeBjv½y.
bMNinCIvit ³ karxitxMRbwgERbgvaytémønana
eKaledATI 3énRkbx½NÐskmµPaBRkugdakaKWsMedAelIkkMBs;»kascUl
eronsRmab;yuvv½y nigmnusScas;CaBiesssisSEdlmin)anTTYlpl
RbeyaCn_BIkarGb;rMmUldæan b¤sisSEdl)ane)aHbg;ecalsala.
RbeTsLav m:alI en):al; nigesenháal;)ancab;epþImBinitüeKal
neya)ayrYmKñaelIeKaledAenH edaycat;TukfaCakarGPivDÆCMnaj.
RbeTsTaMgenH)ancab;epþImedayeFVIkar)a:n;sµanBItRmUvkar[mankmµviFI
sikSaedayykcitþTukdak;elImUldæanénktþaRbCasaRsþ nigesdækic©
sgÁm ehIy)ansnñidæanfa kmµviFIGb;rMeRkARbB½n§ nigkarbNþúHbNþal
viC¢aCIv³mFümsikSamineqøIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkarrbs;buKÁlmñak;² nigsgÁm
eLIy. CagenHeTAeTot kmµviFI nigPñak;garpþl;karGb;rMeRcInqøúHbB©aMgBI
tRmUvkarepSg² b:uEnþeFVI[karRtYtBinitümankarlM)ak. Tinñn½yGMBI
visalPaB nigRbsiT§PaBénkmµviFITaMgenaHkMrrk)anNas;. Rkbx½NÐRtYt
BinitüsamBaØmYyGacekItmanrUbrageLIg RbsinebIKMnitpþÜcepþImén
RbeTsTaMg 4 enHRtUv)anBRgIk[)anTUlMTUlay.
karvas;EvgBIkarrIkceRmInCaskl ³
snÞsSn_énkarGPivDÆGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
cab;taMgBI)anbgðajenAkñúgr)aykarN_qñaM 2003 snÞsSn_énkarGPivDÆ
Gb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;KñamanbBa©ÚlsnÞsSn_sRmab;eKaledA4éneKaledA
RkugdakaTaMgGs;eBalKW sklkmµGb;rMbzmsikSa GkçrkmµmnusScas;
smPaBeynD½rKitCatYelx nigKuNPaBGb;rM. Tinñn½yTaMgenHminTan;)an
kMNt;sþg;da[)anRKb;RKan;sRmab;dak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkmµviFIKaMBar nigGb;rM
kumartUc ¬eKaledATI 1¦ nigbMNinCIvit ¬eKaledATI3¦ enAeLIyeT.
sUc©nakrN_mYyRtUv)aneKeRCIserIseFVICatMNagéneKaledAnImYy² dUcCa
GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronBittMNag[ sklkmµGb;rMbzmsikSa GRtaGkçrkmµ
kñúgcMeNammnusSGayu 15 qñaM nig elIsBI 15 qñaM sRmab;GkçrkmµCneBj
v½y snÞsSn_énkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;KñaEdlTak;TgnwgeynD½r ¬snÞsSn_
smPaBeynD½rKitCatYelxsRmab;GRtacuHeQµaHcUleronsrubenAbzm
sikSa nigmFümsikSa nigGRtaGkçrkmµkñúgcMeNammnusSeBjv½y¦
22
sRmab;eynD½r nigGRta énkarbnþeronsURtrhUtdl;fñak;TI 5. snÞsSn_enH
eRbIR)as;kñúgRbeTs 127 enAqñaM 20015 ¬cUlemIlkñúgRbGb;¦.
IRbeTsnanasßitenATItaMgNatamsnÞsSn_GPivDÆkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
RbeTs 41 ¬1 PaK 3énRbeTsTaMgGs;¦ EdlRbeTsTaMgenaHsßit
enAGaemrikxageCIg nigGWr:ubxaglic kNþal nigxagekIt)anseRmc
b¤esÞIrEt)anseRmceKaledATaMg 4.
RbeTs 51 mantémøsnÞsSn_énkarGPivDÆGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
cenøaHBI 0/80 nig 0/94. CitBak;kNþalénRbeTsTaMgenHEdlPaK
eRcInsßitenAGaemrikLaTInmankarGn;fyelIeKaledAKuNPaBénkar
Gb;rM. kumarkñúgRbeTsTaMgenaH Edlman»kascUleron e)aHbg;ecal
kareronsURtmunkMNt;mYyEpñkedaysarKuNPaBénkarGb;rMTab.
RbeTs35 mankarlM)akxøaMgkñúgkarFanaseRmceKaledAKuNPaB
Gb;rMEdlmantémøénsnÞsSn_karGPivDÆGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;KñaenAkRmi
t mYyeRkam 0/80. eRkABIenH man 22 RbeTsenAGnutMbn;sahar:a
GaRBic. bBaðaenHk¾ekItmankñúgRbeTs 3 EdlmanRbCaCneRcInEdr KW
RbeTs\NÐa bg;køaEds nig)a:KIsßan. bBaðacRmuHTaMgenHRtUvEtelIk
mkedaHRsay[)anRBm²Kña RbsinebIcg;eFVIkarvas;EvgkarGb;rM
sRmab; TaMgGs;KñasRmab;eKaledAKuNPaBén karGb;rMenH.
karvi P aKni n ñ a karkñ ú g RbeTs74 karbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa karrIk
EdlmanTinñn½ysRmab;snÞsSn_ ceRmInqab;rh½sénkarGb;rMsRmab;
TaMg4kñúgqñaM1998 niig2001 bgðaj TaMgGs;KñaGacekItmaneLIg)an
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skleLIy. 3 PaK 4 énRbeTs
TaMgenaHmantémøénsnÞsSn_énkar
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snÞsSn_énkarGPivDÆGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;KñaTabrYmmanRbeTslIebrIy:a
m:UhSMb‘ík tUehÁa nigeyEm:nmankarekIneLIgtictYcbMputKW 15° ¬ebI
eRbobeFobmFümPaK 2°énsnÞsSn_TaMgmUl¦ cenøaHBI 1998 nig
2001. karenHbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa karrIkceRmInqab;rh½sQaneTAseRmc
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k¾eday [EtmankarebþCJacitþ nigeKalneya)aysmRsb. RbeTs
eyEm:nmankarrIkceRmInxøaMgenAkñúgEpñkTaMgbYnénsnÞsSn_énkarGPivDÆ
karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña. snÞsSn_énkarGPivDÆGb;rMsRmab;TaMg Gs;Kña
kñúgRbeTscMnYn 20 mankarqøak;cuHmYyEpñk KWkarqøak;cuH elIGRtae)aHbg;
kareronsURtdl;fñak;TI 5.
5> témøsnÞsSn_énkarGPivDÆkarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;KñaGacmancenøaHBI 0 - 1.
kalNatémørMkilCit 1 mann½yfa RbeTsenaHCitQanseRmceKaledArbs;xøÜn
ehIykarGb;rMk¾seRmckan;EteRcInEdr.

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eKalneya)aysRmab;eFVI[KuNPaBkan;Etl¥RbesIr
© STEFAB BIBESS/PANOS/EDITINGSERVER.COM
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kareFVI[manPaBxusKñaenAkñúgfñak;eron ³ eBlevla
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Nak¾eday k¾rdæaPi)alkñúgRbeTsmanR)ak;cMNUlTab nigRbeTsepSg²
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y:agtic 6° énplitplCatisrub ¬GNP¦ elIvis½yGb;rM ebIeTaHbICa
eFVIdUecñHminFanapþl;KuNPaBGb;rMk¾eday. eTaHbIsßitenAkñúgkRmitvinieyaK
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23
 düa:RkamxageRkambBa¢ak;BIRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aymYykñúgkarelIkkMBs;
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sisSxMRbwgeroneRkamBnøWePøIgTanenARbeTsháaetma:La
© Miguel Dewever Plana/AGENCE VU
24
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Gt;»n nigTaMgenAtammUldæan dUcCa PaBExVgKMnitKñaxagvb,Fm’CaedIm.
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kmµviFIsikSa nigCIvitesdækic© sgÁmkic©kñúgshKmn_ nigfñak;Cati. Tinñn½y
sþIBIkmµviFIsikSafñak;CatiénRbeTs 108 bgðajfa karykcitþTukdak;elI
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muxviC¢aTaMgenaHmankarEkERbxøH CaBiessedaymankardak;bBa©ÚlnUv
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sMxan;rbs;kmµviFIsikSaRKwHKWkarbeRgon[sisSecHGan nigeronGan. GkSr
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mYycMnYnbgðajfa eBlevlaCaeRcInEdl)anerobcMsRmab;beRgonRtUv)an
)at;bg;edaysarGvtþmanrbs;RKU nigsisS kgVHxatbnÞb;eron kgVHxat
smÖareronsURt nigvin½ysalaminl¥. eTaHbICary³eBl 100 em:agkñúg
mYyqñaMRtUvTTYl)ankarÉkPaBy:agTUlMTUlayfa CaeBlevlaRKwHsRmab;
kareron nigbeRgonk¾eday k¾manRbeTstictYcb:ueNÑaH)anTTYleCaKC½y
elIkareRbIR)as;eBlevlaenH. karRKb;RKgsalaeron)anl¥ nigyuT§saRsþ
beRgonmanRbsiT§PaBGacCYy[seRmcninñakarenH.
viFIsaRsþcitþKruekaslüCYysisS[eron)anl¥RbesIr
enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn rebob nigviFIsaRsþbeRgonEdlRKUykeTAeRbICaTUeTA
min)anCYysisS[eron)anRbesIreLIy. GñkCMnajGb;rMCaeRcInÉkPaBfa
KruekaslüykRKUCaeKalmCÄmNÐl eday[sisSmanmuxgarCaGñkTTYl
suT§saFBMuRbesIrsRmab;kareronsURtrbs;sisSeLIy b:uEnþviFIsaRsþenH
RtUv)anGnuvtþenAkñúgbnÞb;erony:ageRcInenAGnutMbn;sahar:aGaRBic nig
kEnøgepSg²eTot. kmµviFIsikSasMxan;²TaMgLayeKRbTHeXIjenAkñúgtMbn;
25
 TaMgGs;CMrujelIkTwkcitþ[eRbIKruekaslüyksisSCaeeKalmCÄmNÐl
viFIeronsURtedaykarcUlrYm nigGPivDÆn_CMnajKitviPaK nigCMnajedaH
RsaybBaða. ]TahrN_énkmµviFITaMgenaHrYmmankmµviFI Escula Nueva
enARbeTskULMb‘Í kmµviFIsala-shKmn_enARbeTseGhSIb kmµviFI
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nigdMeNIrkaredayKN³kmµkarGPivDÆCnbTbg;køaEds. karRbwgERbgEk
sRmYledIm,IeRbIR)as;viFIsaRsþfµIenH)ankøayeTACaEpñkts‘UmYyelIkarEk
lMGKruekaslüenAGnutMbn;sahar:aGaRBic b:uEnþBMuTan;mankarsnñidæan
lT§plenAeLIy ehIymankarcMNayx<s;.
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{beRgonedaykarcUlrYm} manGñkGb;rMCaeRcInnak;KaMRTdl;karbeRgon
edaymanrcnasm<½n§RtwmRtUv eBalKWkarbeRgonEdlmandak;bBa©ÚlKña
nUvkarENnaMpÞal; karGnuvtþedaymankarENnaMCamun nigkareroneday
m©as;kar. CaFmµta RKUbgðajxøwmsaremeronmYycMnYn ¬edayeFVIy:agNa[
sisSyl;BIxøwmsaremeronenaHsin¦ ehIybMpus[sisSeronEsVgyl;.
PsþútagCaeRcInbgðajfa karbeRgonedaymanrcnasm<½n§enHTTYl)an
lT§plRbesIrCagviFIsaRsþbeRgonedaykarcUlrYmsRmab;kumarEdlman
sßanPaBlM)ak kumarEdlmankarlM)akkñúgkareronsURt nigkumareronkñúg
fñak;EdlmansisSeRcIn. viFIenHk¾enAEtGacbegáIt[manbriyakaseron
sURtyksisSCaeKalmCÄmNÐlEdr eBalKWsisSenAEtman»kasRsav
RCav nigEsVgyl;edayxøÜnÉg.
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cm¶ay fñak;eroncl½t nigkarbeRgonedaymanfñak;cRmuH. kmµviFIsikSa
eTotesatRtUvEtEksRmYleTAtamsßanPaBCak;Esþg ehIyRKUbeRgonKYr
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eKalneya)ayPasa
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man {PasakñúgRsuk} CaPasakMeNIt. enAkñúgkrNICaeRcIn kareRCIserIs
PasasRmab;eRbIenAkñúgsalaeronKWmansar³sMxan;bMputsRmab;CYy
Psþútagbgðajfa karcab; elI kkMBs;KuNPaBénkarbeRgon nigeron.
epþImbeRgonedayeRbIPasa Psþ útagRsavRCavbgðajfa karcab;epþIm
kMeNItrbs;GñkeronCYyelIk beRgo nedayeRbIPasakMeNItrbs;Gñkeron
kMBs; lT§plénkareronsURt tic kat;kkMbBnßs;ylGRtaRtY
CYy elI T§plénkareronsURt cMNay
cMNaytic kat;bnßyGRta ecalsala. viFIstaRsþ fñak; nigGRtae)aHbg;
KMrUEdlTTYl)an
RtYtfñak; nigGRtae)aH eCaKC½ y bM p u t enaHKW f a bnÞ ab;BI)ancMNay
bg;ecalkarsikSa eBlsikSadMbUgenAsalaCaeRcInqñaMrYcmk
KYrbBa©ÚlPasaTIBIrCabeNþIr². RbeTs
hSmb‘Í)anbegáItviFIsaRsþKMrUeTVPasa ehIyeBlenH)anRbkan;P¢ab;y:ag
hµt;ct;kñúgkarEkTRmg;Gb;rMedIm,IelIkkMBs;KuNPaB. RbeTs)a:BYrjÚKIenor
eRbIR)as;Cag 434 PasasRmab;beRgonenAfñak;dMbUg²kñúgcMeNamPasa
cRmuHrbs;RbCaCnRbmaN 830 Pasa. rebobvar³EkTRmg;;vis½yGb;rMqñaM
1995 )anERbkøayPasaniyayeTACaPasasRmab;beRgonenAqñaMTI 1 nigTI
2 ehIyPasaGg;eKøsRtUvbBa©ÚlenAcugqñaMTI3. karbeRgonedayeRbI
26
R)as;PasaepSg²KñaKWCaCeRmIseKalneya)aymYyEdlman\T§iBleTA
elIkmµviFIsikSa xøwmsarénmuxviC¢a nigviFIsaRsþcitþKruekaslü. tulüPaB
PasacaM)ac;RtUveFVIeLIgrvagPasaEdlCYy[GñkeroneRbIR)as;Pasakñúg
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27
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mankRmitRTBüFnxus²Kña karBRgwgkarTTYlxusRtUv nigkarRbyuT§
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rdæaPi)alRbkan;lT§iRbCaFietyüenAGaemrikLaTIn)aneFVI[mankarEklMG
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témø nigkarEsVgrkFnFan. RkmsIlFm’mYycMnYnRKbdNþb;eTAelIRbB½n§
Gb;rMTaMgmUl nigRkmsIlFm’mYycMnYneTotTak;TgEteTAelIRKUbeRgon.
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BRgwgRkmsIlFm’man[RbsiT§PaB RtUvbegáIt[mankic©shkarCamYy
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lT§plRblgx<s;dl;sisSexSay nigbkSBYkniymkñúgkareRCIserIsRKU.
viFankar nigviFIsaRsþEdlmanRbsiT§PaBsRmab;bM)at;GMeBIBukrlYyman
karGnuvtþc,ab; ¬edaymanbBa©ÚlTaMgkarBRgwgsmtßPaB tamsßab½nedIm,I
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CMuvijBiPBelakenH. KMnitBak;B½n§sMxan;rYmman karyl;dwgGMBItRmUvkar
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lT§plx<s;énkarbeRgon nigeron dUcCa xøwmsaremeronBak;B½n§ eBlevla
eronsURtRKb;RKan; viFIsaRsþbeRgonkñúgfñak;edayyksisSCaeKalmCÄ
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KaMRT nigelIkTwkcitþBIqnÞ³neya)ayrwgmaM nigBIFnFanRKb;RKan;.
29
 CMBUk 5
eqøIytbnwgkarebþCJaCaGnþrCatirbs;eyIgTaMgGs;Kña
© Agnad Nasood/REUTERS

sßanPaBénkarpþl;CMnYy ³ enAtictYcNas; sßabnaRbB½n§Gb;rMeLIgvij KWCamUldæanRKwHsRmab;ksag

vaytémøRbsiT§PaBénkareRbIR)as;CMnYy
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mannirnþrPaB EdlhYsBIsmtßPaBrbs;RbeTsmYycMnYnFM. CMBUkenH
niyayTak;TgnwgbBaðaCMnYy viPaKBIkarRbwgERbgedIm,IBRgwgkic©shkar
rvagGñkpþl;CMnYy nigrdæaPi)al nigtamdanBinitüPsþútagénRbsiT§PaBkñúg
kareRbIR)as;CMnYysRmab;karGb;rM.

30

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CMnYysRmab;GPivDÆn_mankarekIneT,Igvij edaymankarEbgEcksrubCit
6 ekadiduløaGaemrikenAqñaM2002. enHKWCacMnYnd¾eRcInCageKKitcab;taMg
BIqñaM 1992 mk. karekIneT,IgvijenHbgðajBIkarekIneT,Igénkarpþl;CMnYy
eTVPaKI nigRbEhlCaGacedaysarkarsnüaEdleK)aneFIVenAÉsnñisIT
GnþrCatisþIBIhirBaØvtßúsRmab;karGPivDÆenAqñaM 2002 enAm:ugetrI. Rbsin
CaeKGacbMeBj)annUvral;karsnüaTMagGs;EdleK)aneFIVenAm:ugetrI
CMnYyGaceT,IgrhUtdl; 16 ekadiduløaGaemrik – eBalKW RbEhl 30°
enARtwmqñaM 2006. eTaHbICaCMnYyhak;dUcCaeRcInsn§wksn§ab;k¾eday
k¾cMnYnenHenAEtticCagcMnYnEdleKKitTukedIm,IseRmceKaledAGb;rMTaMg
6 EdlmancMnYnRbEhlCa 50 ekadikñúgmYyqñaM. KµankarFanaNamYy
eTfa nwgmanfvikabEnßmsRmab;eKaledAGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusSdUcCa
karGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;KñaCaedIm.
CMnYyeTVPaKI ³ sBaØaénkarekIneT,Ig
CMnYyeTVPaKIkMBugEtekIneT,Ig7 ³ enAqñaM 2002 cMnYnekIneT,IgelIsBI 4
ekadiduløaGaemrik. enHKWCakarekIneT,IgelIkTI 1 cab;taMgBI qñaM 1999 mk
¬emIlRkahV 5>1¦. cMnYnenHtMNag[RbEhl 9° énCMnYyGPivDÆn¾pøÚvkar
srub. eKsg,wmfa cMENkenHnwgmankarekIneT,Ig ebItamkarsnüaEdl
eK)aneFIVenAkñúgvis½yGb;rMcab;taMgBIkic©RbCMudakamk. enAqñaM 2001 nig
2002 RbeTscMnYn 88 ebþCJapþl;y:agehacNas;k¾ 100 landuløaEdr
dl;vis½yGb;rMTaMgGs;bBa©ÚlKñaeTAmanRbEhlcMnYn 85° énCMnYyGb;rM
eTVPaKI. CMnYyGb;rMeTVPaKITaMgGs;eRcInpþl;eTAGnutMbn;GaRBicsahara:
¬30°¦ GasIubUBa’ nig):asIuPik ¬27°¦ nigrdæGar:ab; ¬18°¦.
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k¾eday edaysarEtninñakarcMeBaHCMnYyEdlKaMRTfvikaTUeTA nigKeRmag
EdlmansRmab;eRcInCagmYyvis½yk¾eday. RbeTsnUEvlesT,g;pþl;
GaTiPaBcMnYn 3>5 dgeRcInCagmFümrbs;RbeTs OECD-DAC.
shrdæGaemrikpþl;GaTiPaBticcMeBaHkarGb;rMenAkñúgkBa©b;pþl;CMnYy
rbs;xøÜn. kñúgcMeNamRbeTspþl;CMnYyFM²TaMg 8 )araMg GaløWm:g; kaNada
nigeGs,ajpþl;GaTiPaBdl;karGb;rM ebIKittamkarvas;EvgEbbenH.
7> karKNnaenHminKitbBa©ÚlmUlniFipþl;edayPñak;garpþl;CMnYytamry³kmµviFICMnYy
TUeTAeT nigCMnYyBhuPaKIeT. CMnYyxøHpþl;[vis½yGb;rM. RbB½n§sresrr)aykarN_rbs;
OECD-DAC minrab;bBa©ÚlCMnYykñúgkmµviFICMnYyTUeTA nigCMnYyeTVPaKIsRmab;Gb;rMeT.
8> RbeTskaNada )araMg GaLWm:g; Cb:un hULg; eGs<a:j cRkPBGg;eKøs nigGaemrik.
9> sUc©nakrN_enHcg¥úlbgðajGMBIcMENkfvikaCMnYy Edlm©as;GMeNaynImYy²pþl;[
sRmab;vis½yGb;rMéncMENkrbs; OECD-DAC. témøelI 1 mann½yfa m©as;GMeNay
pþl;sarRbeyaCn_dl;vis½yGb;rMeRcInCagFmµtasRmab;RKb;Pñak;garpþl;GMeNayTaMgGs;
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RkahV 5>1 ³ CMnYyeTVPaKIEdl)ansnüasRmab;karGb;rM 1999 - 2002
°én ODA srub
RbPB ³ CMBUk 4 r)aykarN_Gb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña
RbsinCaeKGacbMeBj
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CMnYyeTVPaKITaMgGs;dl;karGb;rMenAqñaM 2001- TMagGs;EdleK)aneFIV
2002. kñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMg 8 nUEvlesT,g; enAm:ugetrI CMnYyGac
cRkPBGg;eKøs nigshrdæGaemrikEbgEck eT,IgrhUtdl; 16ekadi
fvikacMnYn 70°énkarpþl;CMnYyGnþrCatirbs;eK duløaGaemrik – eBalKW
dl;karGb;rMmUldæan enAeBlEdlGñkpþl;CMnYy RbEhl 30 PaKry
FMTaMg 3 KW )araMg Cb:un nigGaløWm:g;hak;dUcCa enARtwmqñaM 2006
cab;GarmµN¾elIkarGb;rMeRkaymFümsikSavij.
Pñak;garCMnyyBhuPaKI ³ BMumankarERbRbYleRcIneT
Pñak;garBhuPaKI – elIkElgEtFnaKarBiPBelakecj – EbgEckfvika
cMnYn 0>66 ekadiduløaGaemriksRmab;qñaMsikSa 2001-2002 dl;vis½y
Gb;rM. cMnYnenHKW)anEtcMnYn 17° énCMnYyeTVPaKIsrubTaMgGs; nigcMnYn
enHticCagcMnYnkalBIqñaMsikSa 1999-2000 EdlmancMnYn 0>8 ekadi
duløa. eTaHbICaKN³kmµkarGWr:ubenAEtbnþCaGñknaMmuxenAkñúgkarpþl;CMnYy
dl;vis½yGb;rM)anFøak;cuH 1° EdlenAsl;Et 4° énCMnYyshKmn¾GWr:ub
srubTaMgGs;.
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Gb;rM. karpþl;R)ak;km©Idl;karGb;rM)anekIeT,IgBI 3° enAcugTsvtSr_ 1960
dl;7° enATsvtSr_ 1990 muneBlcuHbnþicvijdl; 6° enAedImTsvtSr_
2000. enAkñúgGMT,úgTsvtSr_ 1990 smPaBénkarpþl;R)ak;km©Idl;kar
Gb;rMmankarpøas;bþÚr ³ karGb;rMmUldæanenAEtCaEpñkd¾sMxan;CageKbg¥s;
eTaHbICaCMnYydl;karGb;rMTUeTAmankarekIneT,IgKYr[kt;sMKal;k¾eday10.
10> FanaKarBiPBelak[niymn½yGb;rMmUldæanfa cab;BImetþyü bzmsikSa Gb;rMeRkA
RbB½n§ nigGkçrkmµmnusScas;. Gb;rMcMeNHTUeTAKitTaMg KeRmagGb;rMRKb;TaMgGs;.
31
 bEnßmelIkarsnüa
CMnYyeTVPaKI nigBhuPaKIdl;karGb;rMmUldæanmancMnYn 1>54 ekadienAkñúg
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sikSamansar³sMxan;Nas;. karBiteTA kareRbIR)as;CMnYy[)anRtwmRtUv
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GMeNayTaMgGs;minÉkPaBKñaTaMgRsug ehIyCMnYyrbs;m©as;GMeNaynImYyGacxusKña
32
kñúgcMeNamRbeTscMnYn 138 EdleK)aneFIVkarsÞabsÞg;manRbeTscMnYn
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33
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34
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35
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skmµPaBepSgeTot.

36
 r)aykarN_sklelaktamdan 2005
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