Integrated Nitrogen Management in Sweet Corn (Zea mays

L. Ssp. Saccharata)

Synopsis
of the proposed investigation
for

Ph.D. in Agronomy

Submitted by

HARPHOOL MEENA

Department of Agronomy
Rajasthan College of Agriculture
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture &Technology
Udaipur
 RAJASTHAN COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur-313 001 (Raj.)
Synopsis for Ph.D. Agronomy research work

1. NAME OF SCHOLAR : HARPHOOL MEENA

2. REGISTRATION NO. : 06-01-01-04-01

DATE OF REGISTRATION 20-08-2005

ENROLMENT NO. 03/182

3. TITLE OF THESIS : Integrated Nitrogen Management in
Sweet corn (Zea mays L. Ssp. Saccharata)
4. NAME OF DEPARTMENT : Department of Agronomy
AND COLLEGE Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur

5. EXPECTED DURATION OF : (January, 2010 to June, 2011)

WORK

6. OBJECTIVES

1. To work out the optimum N level for sweet corn under integrated use of
organic and fertilizer-N sources.
2. To study the effect of poultry manure and Jatropha cake in conjunction with
fertilizer-N on growth, yield and quality of sweet corn.
3. To assess response of the crop to Azotobacter inoculation under integrated
nitrogen management.
4. To study the economic viability of the treatment combinations in terms of net
returns and B:C ratio.

7. IMPORTANCE OF PROPOSED INVESTIGATION

 Maize is an important cereal crop of the world grown on approximately 140 m
ha under diverse agro-climatic conditions. In India, it is grown on 8.26 m ha with the
production and productivity of 19.30 million tonnes and 23.37 q ha -1, respectively
(FAO STAT, 2008). Rajasthan state ranks first in respect of area, where in this crop
occupies an area of 10.50 L ha with the production of 19.54 L tonnes and the average
productivity of 18.60 q ha-1, which is far below the national average (Govt. of Raj.,
2008).
Sweet corn is a special type of corn used for table purpose. It is one of the
most popular vegetables in USA, Europe and other advanced countries of the world.
Approximately 40 per cent of this type of corn is frozen and the rest is canned while
processing. Sweet corn is differentiated from other types by the presence of genes that
have effect on starch synthesis in the endosperm (AICMIP, 2004). Now-a-days, sweet
corn is becoming popular in India and is being cultivated in maize growing areas. The
urban people have great interest in consuming green ears and it is found that sweet
corn is more delicious when it is steamed boiled and consumed. Due to its extra
sweetness and short duration, sweet corn is gaining popularity and already awareness
has been created among the farming community.
Among the plant nutrients, nitrogen is the most important element for plant
growth and development. Nitrogen is an essential constituent of proteins and is
present in many other compounds of physiological importance in plant metabolism
such as nucleotides, phosphatides, alkaloids, enzymes, hormones, vitamins etc.
Besides, the quantity and quality of maize green cob is influenced by nitrogen
fertilization. Sweet corn yield has been found to increase as the amount of nitrogen
increases (Bravo, et al., 1995).
The role of soil organic carbon in maintaining soil fertility and productivity is
well recognized from the time immemorial and its maintenance in the soil is of utmost
concern under modern intensive farming. Amongst the organic manures, poultry
manure and Jatropha oil cake are well known sources, which release nutrients in to
readily available form after microbial decomposition. The results of long-term
addition of organic materials in to the soil have resulted in favourably influencing
physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (AICMIP, 1989). Combination
of organic manures in conjunction with inorganic fertilizers may be beneficial to
maximize the crop productivity and improve soil properties (Gaur and Kumawat,
2000). The Jatropha oil cake contains 4.4% nitrogen, 2.09% phosphorus and 1.68%
potassium. The area under Jatropha is about 12-15 thousand ha with production of
about 10-12 thousand tonnes seed in Rajasthan (Chaplot, 2010).
Inoculation with Azotobacter culture has been found promising in improving
nitrogen status in the soil and resulted in increased crop yield. Azotobacter is able to
fix atmospheric nitrogen through non-symbiotic process. Azotobacter, being a free
living heterotrophic nitrogen fixing bacteria encountered in neutral to alkaline soil
conditions, not only provide nitrogen but produce a variety of growth promoting
substances. Some of these growth-promoting substances are IAA, gibberellins,
vitamin B and anti-fungal substances (Somani, 1987).
Considering the above facts, a field experiment entitled “Integrated Nitrogen
Management in Sweet Corn (Zea mays Saccharata)” is propsed to be conducted at the
Borwat Farm, Agricultural Research Station , Banswara.

8. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

8.1 Effect of N-levels

At Ambikapur (M.P.), application of increasing N levels upto 150 kg

ha-1 resulted in significant increase in maize plant growth (Paliwal et al., 1999). Based
on two years field experimentation at Pantnagar, Shivay et al. (1999) reported
significant increase in plant height, LAI and DMA plant-1 with successive increase in
N levels from 0 to 120 kg ha-1. Miura and Watanabe (1999) reported that application
of nitrogen to sweet corn increased dry matter yield. Mullins et al. (1999) observed
that when sweet corn cv. Silver Queen was supplied with 112 kg N ha -1, greater height
of the plants and dry matter were obtained. In Argentina, Grazia et al.,(2003) reported
significant differences in plant growth and biomass production and increases in yield
by 22.05 % and 46.97 % for 100 and 200 kg N ha -1, respectively over control. On
other hand, P fertilization from o to 80 kg ha-1 recorded significant differences in
growth and biomass production.
Raja (2001) studied the effects of N rate on yield parameters of sweet corn cv.
Madhuri and found that application of nitrogen significantly increased cob length,
girth of cob, number of cobs and number of kernels cob-1. Field experiments
conducted under the auspices of All India Coordinated Maize Improvement Project,
Kolahapur (Maharashtra) on light to medium black soils revealed that increasing rate
of nitrogen application upto 160 kg ha-1 significantly enhanced grain yield of maize.
Application of 160 kg N ha-1 gave increases in grain yield by 43.4, 16.7 and12.8 per
cent over 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha -1, respectively. The number of cobs ha-1 also
increased significantly with application of N rates upto 160 kg ha-1. At Chindwara
(M.P.) sweet corn planted in close rows of 15 cm when fertilized with 120 kg N ha -1
gave 62.22 q ha-1 of grain yield which was higher by 29.5 and 9.1 per cent over 40
and 80 kg N ha-1 (AICMIP, 2004). A field experiment conducted at IARI, New Delhi,
Indicated significant increases in growth and yield with increasing nitrogen levels.
Further, it was noted that for getting higher yield and net return, the sweet corn should
be grown with planting density of 83333 plants ha-1 and fertilized with 120 kg N ha-1
(Kumar, 2009).

In Indonesia, Setiawan (1993) noted that sweet corn variety Hibrida had
sucrose content of 13.88 per cent with application of urea at 320 kg ha-1 while it was
only 10.72 per cent when no urea was applied. Kamalakumari and Singaram (1996)
from Coimbatore (T.N.) reported that 100 per cent NPK + farm yard manure to sweet
corn gave the best grain quality in terms of percentage reducing sugar, total sugar and
total carbohydrates. No fertilizer application significantly reduced grain quality. Yan-
Wang et al. (2002) observed that chemical fertilizers led to the highest total soluble
sugar content in sweet corn seed at Kyushu Okinawa region.

8.2 Effect of biofertilizer

On clay loam soil of Udaipur (Rajasthan), seed inoculation with Azotobacter

brought about significant increase in yield attributing characters viz., cob length,
grains row-1, 100-grain weight and grain yield of maize (3.58, 5.36, 3.0 and 8.91 per
cent, respectively) over no inoculation (Kulahari et al., 1998). Jain and Sharma (2001)
reported that combined inoculation of Azotobacter and PSB significantly increased
dry matter production of maize at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest by 4.68, 14.10, 9.87
and 15.18 per cent, respectively and LAI by 9.01 per cent over no-inoculation. Patidar
and Mali (2002) reported that inoculation of sorghum with Azotobacter and PSB
increased total N and P uptake by 10.7 and 7.4 per cent, respectively over control
(125.05 and 39.25 kg ha-1). Similarly, Goel and Somani (2002) indicated that total
uptake of NPK increased by 14.72, 17.24 and 10.98 per cent, respectively over control
(117.68, 23.43 and 118.89 kg ha-1, respectively) by combined inoculation with
Azotobacter + PSB, but it was observed at par with Azotobacter inoculation alone.
Sawarkar (2003) reported 3 q ha-1 more grain yield of maize with combined
inoculation of Azotobacter + PSB which was significantly higher over no inoculation.
Afifi et al.(2003) conducted an experiment at NRS, Cairo(Egypt) and noted that
application of NPK alone and in combinations with Azotobacter nigricans and
Rhodotorula glutinis either alone or incombination, with or without 50 % or 75 % of
the recommended dose of NPK had beneficial effects on growth and yield of maize
crop over control and the responses were observed comparable to full dose of NPK.
At four different locations of Tikamgarh (M.P.), seed inoculation of wheat seeds with
20 g Azotobacter + 20 g PSB kg-1 produced significantly higher grain yield (23 per
cent) over the farmer’s practice (Tomar et al., 2005).
At Imphal, Singh, (2006) reported that among the biofertilizers,, Azotobacter
could induce a good response in cereal crops and improved their growth and
development. Azotobacter inoculation enhanced seed germination of rice , maize,
sorghum ,wheat and others. The nitrogen requirement of cereal crops could be
reduced by Azotobacter inoculation.

8.3 Effect of organic sources

Pathak et al. (2002) conducted an experiment at BAU, Ranchi (Bihar) on loam
soils and noted that application of 75 per cent of recommended dose of NPK through
fertilizers and 25 per cent substituted through FYM significantly increased number of
cobs plant-1, cob length, cob girth, 1000 grain weight and grain yield over no FYM in
maize crop. In rainfed eco-system of Kangra (M.P.), application of recommended
nutrients to maize through 50 % vermicompost + 50 % chemical fertilizer produced
significantly higher grain and stover yield (47.61 and 154.17 q ha-1), showing
increases of 7.5 and 7.4 per cent over application of recommended dose through 50 %
chemical fertilizer + 50 % FYM. In contrast, studies at Banswara revealed that
application of nutrient through integrated sources gave significantly lesser yield of
maize than through commercial fertilizer. Similarly at Kangra (M.P.), application of
100 % nutrients through chemical fertilizers significantly improved grain and stover
yield by 20.3 and 20.3 per cent over application of recommended dose through 50 %
chemical fertilizer + 25 % vermicompost + 25 % FYM + Azotobacter and PSB
inoculation in maize based intercropping system (AICMIP, 2004).

Ahmad et al. (2009) conducted an experiment at Waimanalo Research

Station on the island of Hawaii (USA) to study the effect of chicken manure and dairy
manure on biomass and nutrient concentration in sweet corn roots shoots..Results
indicated a significant accumulation of N and C under chicken manure and dairy
manure compared with the control.

8.3.1 Effect of Poultry manure

A field experiment conducted at Rajendra Nagar, A.P., indicated significant

increase in plant height and dry matter production in rabi maize with application of
poultry manure (Madhavi, et al., 1995). Madhavi et al. (1996) obtained increased
grain yield with application of increasing rate of poultry manure and NPK fertilizers.
Tuivavalagi and Silva (1996) conducted an experiment on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii,
maize cv. Pioneer X 304-C was given inorganic fertilizers at 200 : 200 : 100 : 15 : 5 :
2.5 kg ha-1 of N : P : K : Zn : B and Cu with or without 16.82 t ha -1 of fresh chicken
manure. The addition of chicken manure significantly increased grain yield over alone
inorganic fertilizers. In an experiment at Bello, Colombia, maize cv ICA V.303 sown
on alluvial soil of low organic matter content (3.01 %) was grown without fertilizer or
given 300 kg ha-1 of 10:30:10 NPK or 500 or 1000 kg of poultry, pig or cattle manure
or vermicompost ha-1. After four consecutive harvests on the same plots, the highest
grain yield (4.71 t ha-1) was given by mineral fertilizers compared with 2.62 t ha-1 in
the absence of fertilizers. Of the organic sources, application of 1000 kg pig and
poultry manure ha-1 gave the highest yield 4.49 and 4.54 t ha-1, respectively (Tamayo
et al. 1997). In an experiment at Rostov Oblast, Russia, Agafonov et al. (1999)
reported that the maximum grain yield of 4.38 t ha-1 with application of 10 t
decomposed poultry manure ha-1 followed by yield of 4.35 t ha-1 with 15 t fresh
poultry manure ha-1.
Chandrashekara et al. (2000) conducted a field experiment at Arabhavi,
Karnataka where in four treatments, comprising of three organic manures viz., 10 t
poultry manure ha-1, 2.5 t vermicompost ha-1 and 10 t FYM ha-1 with recommended
rates of nutrients through fertilizers i.e. 150 kg N, 75 kg P and 37.5 kg K ha-1 and one
control, were applied to maize hybrid DMH-1. The application of poultry manure
with recommended rate of fertilizers gave higher grain yield (50.8 q ha -1) than
vermicompost, FYM and control. Application of poultry manure, vermicompost and
FYM tended to increase grain yield by 33, 16 and 14 per cent, respectively over
control. Latha et al. (2001) conducted an experiment in Tamil Nadu to study the
effects of FYM, poultry manure, coir pith and biogas slurry alone or in combination
with 0, 12.5 and 25 kg ZnSo4 ha-1 on maize. The application of poultry manure
resulted in the highest dry matter production at the vegetative and tasselling stages of
crop growth. It also increased yield by 26.6 per cent compared to control.
Ghosh et al. (2003) conducted an experiment on deep vertisols of Bhopal. The
treatments comprised application of different nutrient combinations viz. 0, 75 and 100
% recommended dose of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, 75 % NPK + FYM @ 5
t ha-1, 75% NPK + poultry manure @ 1.5 t ha-1 and 75 % NPK + phosphocompost @
5 t ha-1. The overall application of 75 % NPK + poultry manure 1.5 t ha -1 recorded the
highest grain and straw yield of sorghum compared to rest of the treatments.
Reddy et al. (2004) conducted an experiment at USA (Banglore) to investigate
the effect of direct and residual fertility on maize. Among the residual fertility
treatments, the composted poultry manure recorded significantly higher yield
components and grain yield compare to urban garbage compost and FYM. However,
the composted poultry manure was found on par with sewage sludge and enriched
urban garbage compost.

Amanullah et al., (2007) conducted an experiment with six organic manure

treatments. The results revealed that all the organic manure treatments recorded better
growth, yield and quality of fodder maize compared to the control. Composted
poultry manure (alone or combined with FYM) recorded the highest yield and quality
among all treatments. Channabasavanna et al.,(2007) conducted an experiment at
ARS, Siruguppa (Karnataka) to evaluate poultry manure in combination with
inorganic fertilizers for its effect on maize. The pooled data indicated that application
of poultry manure at 1.0 t ha-1 with 100% NPK (150: 75: 75 kg ha-1) to maize was
optimum which recorded significantly higher seed yield, net return and B:C ratio.

8.3.2 Effect of oil cakes

On clay loam soils of Udaipur (Rajasthan), potato cv. Kufari Chandramuki
was supplied with 10 t ha-1 of FYM, gobar gas spent slurry or 3 t castor cake or 120
kg N ha-1, tuber yield was the highest with castor cake (16.2 t ha-1) followed by
fertilizer N (16.3 t ha-1) (Meena and Gupta, 1996). From Junagarh (Gujarat), Dudhat
et al. (1997) reported that application of FYM, castor cake or chemical fertilizers,
alone or in combination with each other recorded increase in grain yield of wheat. The
highest grain yielding treatments were 5 t castor cake + 120 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 ha-1
(5.17 t ha-1), 5 t castor cake + 60 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 (4.94 t) and 5 t FYM + 120 kg N
+ 60 kg P2O5 (4.72 t). Further, application of FYM alone or in combination with
chemical fertilizers significantly increased the residual status of available N and P in
the soil.
In a field experiment conducted at Pusa (Bihar), treatments comprising of
combinations of three levels of castor cake at 0, 10 and 20 q ha-1 and four levels of
fertilizer-N at 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 to sugarcane crop. The crop responded in
terms of increased cane yield and net profit to application of N at 150 kg ha -1 and
castor cake at 20 q ha-1. Further, integration of castor cake and fertilizer-N
significantly increased the cane yield and net returns compared to their individual
application. (Choudhary and Sinha, 2001).
In an experiment at Harare (Zimbabwe), Tasosa et al. (2001) evaluated composted
cakes of castor and Jatropha in a potted green house experiment with Rodhead
tomato. The rates used were equivalent to 6, 12, 18 or 24 t ha-1. There was no
significant difference in tomato yield with application of press cakes compared to
inorganic fertilizer. No significant yield difference was observed with or without
composting of press cakes.

At Raipur (Chhattisgarh) , Shrivas et al. (2007) reported that application of

33.33% recommended nitrogen (RN) through non- edible oil cakes, 33.33 % (RN)
through cow dung manure and 33.33 % (RN) through enriched compost recorded
higher plant growth and yield of maize over rest of treatments.

9. PROPOSED PLAN OF WORK

9.1 Experimental details
(i) Test crop : Sweet corn var. Madhuri
(ii) Treatments :
(A) N-levels
(i) 75 % of RD
(ii) 100 % of RD
(iii) 125 % of RD
(B) Azotobacter
(i) No inoculation
(ii) Inoculation with Azotobacter culture (25g per kg seed)
(C) N-sources
(i) 100 % fertilizer-N
(ii) 50 % poultry manure + 50 % fertilizer-N
(iii) 100 % poultry manure
(iv) 50 % Jatropha cake+ 50 % fertilizer-N
(v) 100 % Jatropha cake
Note : Recommended dose (RD): 80 kg N ha-1 ( 40 kg N as basal + 40 kg N at 30-35
DAS )

9.2 Other experimental details

(i) Total number of treatments : 3 x 2 x 5= 30

(ii) Design : Split plot design

Main plot : N-levels & Azotobacter
Sub plot : N-sources
(iii) Replications : 4
(iv) Plot size
Gross plot : 5.0 m x 3.0 m = 15. 0 m2
Net plot : 4.5 m x 3.0 m = 13.5 m2
(v) Season : Spring
(vi) Crop geometry : 60 cm X 20 cm (83333 plants ha-1)

(vii) Irrigation : As and when needed

(viii) Fertilizers : N as per the treatments and basal

application of 40 kg K2O h-1 and 40 kg

P2O5 h-1 through S S P

(ix) Plant protection measures : As and when needed

10. TREATMENT EVALUATION

10.1 Plant population : 20 DAS

10.2 Phenology of the crop
(i) Days to initiation and 50 % silking
(ii) Days to harvest
10.3 Growth studies
(i) Plant height 30, 45 & 60 DAS (cm)
(ii) Dry matter accumulation 30, 45 & 60 DAS (g / plant )
(iii) Leaf Area Index 30, 45 & 60 DAS
(iv) CGR 30 - 45 & 45 - 60 DAS (g m-2 day-1)
(v) NAR 30 - 45 & 45 - 60 DAS g (m leaf area)-2 day-1
10.4 Yield attributes
(i) Cobs plant-1
(ii) Length of cob(cm)
 (iii) Girth of cob (cm)
(iv) Grain rows cob-1
(v) Weight of fresh cob (g) with and without husk
(vi) Barren plants plot-1
10.5 Yield
(i) Green cob yield(kg ha-1)
(ii) Green fodder yield (kg ha-1)
10.6 Chemical analysis
(i) N concentration in plants at harvest
(ii) N uptake by the crop at harvest
10.7 Quality analysis
(i) Total soluble sugars in grain
(ii) Protein content in grain
(iii) Starch content in grain
10.8 Soil analysis
(i) Initial nitrogen status of the soil
(ii) Nitrogen status of the soil at crop harvest
10.9 Economics
(i) Net returns
(ii) B:C ratio
11. FACILITY AVAILABLE
All the facilities both in terms of field experimentation and laboratory analysis
will be made available by the Professor & ZDR, ARS, Banswara.
12. LOCATION
Borwat Farm, Agricultural Research Station, Banswara.

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Soils and Crops 17 : 38 – 41.
Singh, M. S. 2006. Response of Azotobacter on cereal crops. Agricultural Reviews
27 : 229 – 231.
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Delhi. pp. 402.
Tamayo, V.A., Munoz, A.R. and Diaz, A.C. 1997. Organic fertilizer application to
maize (Zea mays L.). Actualidades corpoica 108 : 19-24.
Tasosa, J., Chiduza, C., Robertson, I. And Manyoua, N. 2001. A comparative
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(Signature of Scholar)
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
RAJASTHAN COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, UDAIPUR
MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR
Minutes of Synopsis Seminar of Mr. Harphool Meena, Ph.D. Agronomy scholar
held in the Department of Agronomy on 15/03/2010 at 11.00 a.m.
Mr. Harphool Meena presented a seminar on the proposed research work to be
carried in the partial fulfillment of Ph.D. The following were present:
1. Dr. G.S. Chouhan, Prof. & Head
2. Dr. A. L. Mali, Prof, Agronomy
3. Dr. P. Singh, Assoc. Prof., Agronomy
4. Dr. D.D. Sharma, Assoc. Prof., Agronomy
5. Dr.R. C. Daddech , Assoc. Prof, Agronomy
6. Dr. Dilip Singh, Assoc. Prof, Agronomy
7. Dr. K,B. Shukla, Assoc. Prof., Plant Physiology
8. Dr. N.K. Jain, Assoc. Prof, Agronomy
9. Dr. H.S. Purohit, Assoc. Prof., Soil Science
At the outset Mr. Harphool Meena presented the proposed title, objectives, plan
of work, methodology and the evaluating parameters of the proposed investigation.
The following suggestions and remarks were made and incorporated in the synopsis.
1. Dr. A. L. Mali suggested to incorporate the words “Integrated nitrogen
management’ in the title of the proposed investigation.
2. Dr.DilipSingh advised to incorporate the Azotobacter culture for seed inoculation.
He also suggested to delete treatment of PSB inoculation in the proposed
investigation as the theme of the research work was on ‘Integrated nitrogen
management’
3. Dr K.B.Shukla suggested the need for study of quality parameters in the crop.to
drop the treatment of Zn application in the crop as this nutrient little effect on
quality parameters of the crop.
After incorporating the above suggestions, the synopsis was recommended in the
present shape.

(G.S.Chouhan) (G.L. Sharma)

Prof. & Head Major Advisor
Deptt. of Agronomy
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
RAJASTHAN COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, UDAIPUR
MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR
CERTIFICATE
The members of Advisory Committee of Mr. Harphool Meena met on 15th
March, 2010 in which the candidate presented in the form of seminar, the synopsis of
his research work entitled “Integrated Nitrogen Management in Sweet Corn (Zea
mays L. Ssp. Saccharata)” to be carried for Ph.D. in AGRONOMY. After
discussion the committee has recommended the synopsis for approval.
S. No. Name & Designation Status P.G. Code No. Signature
1. Dr. G.L. Sharma Major AGRON -R04-308
Asstt. Prof., Agronomy Advisor
2. Dr.G.S. Ameta Co-Major AGRON –R04-25
Prof.(Agronomy) & ZDR, Advisor
ARS,Banswara
3. Dr. V. Nepalia Advisor AGRON -R04-194
Assoc. Prof, Agronomy
4. Dr. K.B. Shukla Advisor PHYS-R04-115
Assoc. Prof. & Head,
Plant Physiology
5. Dr. H. K. Jain, Advisor STAT-R04- 256
Asstt. Prof. Satistics
6. Dr. H.S. Purohit D.R.I. SCHEM-R04-168
Asstt. Prof., Soil Science Nominee
I have examined the above synopsis and recommend that it may be approved.

G.S.Chouhan)
Prof. & Head
Dept. of Agronomy

Undersigned has gone through the synopsis of Mr. Harphool Meena and is fully
satisfied with quantum and quality of proposed work for Ph.D. in Agronomy.

DEAN
Rajasthan College of Agriculture

The synopsis is hereby approved/ not approved/ recommended to be revised.

Director, Resident Instructions

MPUA&T, Udaipur
Poultry Manure :

1. Reddy et al. (2004) conducted an experiment at USA (Banglore) to investigate the

effect of direct and residual fertility on maize. Among the residual fertility
treatments, the composted poultry manure recorded significantly higher yield
components and grain yield compare to urban garbage compost and FYM. However,
the composted poultry manure was found on par with sewage sludge and enriched
urban garbage compost.

2. A field experiment conducted at Agriculture Research Institute, Chillan (Chile).

The use of poultry litter and its residual effect may reduce the amount of fertilizer
nitrogen required by subsequent crop. This study examine the residual effect of
poultry litter (with and without additional mineral fertilizer) on the yield and quality
of silage maize (Hirzel et al.,2007).
3.
Similarley(Amanullah et al., 2007) conducted an experiment with six organic manure
treatments. The results revealed that all the organic manure treatments recorded better
growth , yield and quality of fodder maize compared to the control. Composted
poultry manure (alone or combined with FYM) recorded the highest yield and quality
among all treatments.

4. Channabasavanna et al.,(2007) conducted an experiment at ARS, Siruguppa

(Karnataka) to evaluate poultry manure in combination with inorganic fertilizers for
its effect on maize. The pooled data indicated that application of poultry manure at 1.0
ha-1 ha-1
t with 100% NPK (150: 75: 75 kg ) to maize was optimum which recorded
significantly higher seed yield, net return and B:C ratio.

N – Levels:

1. In Argentina, (Grazia et al.,2003) reported the effect of combining different levels

of P and N fertilization on yield and uniformity of sweet corn, combining three levels
ha-1 ha-1
of N ( 0, 100,and 200 kg ) and P (0, 40 and 80 kg ) was carried out. Significant
difference in plant growth, biomass production and increased yield 22.05 % and 46.97
% for N1 and N2, respectively over control. On other hand significant difference in
growth and biomass production were observed with P fertilization.

2. A field experiment was conducted at IARI, New Delhi, Indicated that significantly
increased growth and yield with increasing nitrogen levels. Therefore, for getting
higher yield and net return, the sweet corn should be grown with planting density of
83333 plants ha-1 and fertilized with 120 kg ha-1(Kumar, 2009).

Organic Manure :

1. Ahmad et al. (2009) conducted an experiment at Waimanalo Research Station on

the island of Hawaii (USA) to study the effect of chicken manure and dairy manure
on biomass and nutrient concentration in sweet corn roots shoots. Four rate of
application (0, 168, 337 and 672 kg N ha-1 total N equivalent). There were significantly
effects of manure application on dry biomass and macro and micro nutrient
concentration in root and shoot tissues.Results of root tissue indicated a significant
accumulation of N and C under chicken manure and dairy manure compared with the
control.

2. In contrast (Panichsakpatana, 2006) to studies at Bangkok(Thailand) revealed that

ha-1
application of 97.3 kg N as ammonium sulphate , caster meal, activated sludge
cake, rice straw compost, effluent from biogas production from pig slurry or 50 %
ammonium sulphate + 50 % manure in sweet corn. The total ear weight with
application of organic manure except rice straw was similar to that obtained with
ammonium sulphate. Tasselling and silking occurred 1 – 3 days earlier with
application of organic manure alone or with ammonium sulphate.

Oil cakes :

1.A field experiment was conducted at Kalyani(Mithun and Mondal, 2006) on baby
corn combined application of organic sources of nutrients 1.5 t neem seed powder or
ha-1 ha-1
1.25 t karanj cake , 7.5 tFYM , commercial formulation of pelleted form of
ha-1 ha-1
organic manures at 0.75 t and organic manure rich with humus at 1.8 t along
with 75 % (RDF) NPK, were effective in increasing the standard maize yield by
(6.20 – 40.53 % ) over the control (100 % RDF ).

2. From Raipur (Chhattisgarh) , Shrivas et al. (2007) reported that the application of
combinations of organic sources of nutrient and a control. Among the different
treatment combinations, the application of 33.33% recommended nitrogen (RN)
through non- edible oil cakes, 33.33 % (RN) through cow dung manure and 33.33 %
(RN) through enriched compost were recorded higher plant growth and yield of maize
over rest of treatments.

3. A field experiment was conducted at ARS, Nellore(A. P.) by ( Reddy and Kumar,
2007) the combinations of 50 % N through urea and 50 % N through different organic
sources(FYM,Poultry manure and Neem cake) produce significantly higher plant
growth and grain yield as well as straw yield of rice.

Azotobacter:
At Imphal, (Singh, 2006) that reported among the biofertilizer, Azotobacter it could
induce agood response in cereal crops and improve their growth and development.
Azotobacter inoculation enhanced seed germination of rice , maize, sorghum ,wheat
and others. The nitrogen requirement of cereal crops could be reduce by Azotobacter
inoculation.

Afifi et al.(2003) conducted an experiment at NRS, Cairo(Egypt) application of

NPK alone and in combinations with Azotobacter or without 50 % or 75 % of the
recommended dose of NPK against the effect of full dose of NPK were recorded
higher plant growth and yield of maize increase (6.55 %) over control.

Grazia, J., Tittonel, P.A., Germinara, D. and Chiesa, A. 2003. Effect of phophorus
and nitrogen fertilization in sweet corn (Zea Mays L. Ssp. Saccharata ). Spanish
Journal ofAgricultural Research 1 : 103 – 107.
.2. Kumar, A . 2009. Effect of different planting densities and nitrogen levels on yield
and quality of sweet corn (Zea Mays L. Ssp. Saccharata ). Indian Journal of
Agricultural Science 79 : 351 – 355.

.3. Amjad A. Ahmad, Ali Fares, Shivapatham Paramasivam, Moustaf A. Elrashidi,

Reza M. Savabi, 2009. Influenced root and shoot biomass and nutrient concentration
by organic amendments in sweet corn (Zea Mays L. Ssp. Saccharata ). Journal of
Enviromental Science and Health, Part B 44: 742 – 754.

4. Panichsakpatana, S. 2006. Efficiency of some selected organic wastage as nitrogen

sources for sweet corn (Zea Mays L. Ssp. Saccharata ) . Kasetsart Journal of Natural
Science.

5. Mithun, Saha and Monal, S. S. 2006. Integrated nutrient management in baby corn
(Zea Mays L). Indian Journal of Agronomy 5 : 202 – 205.

.6. Shrivas, S.K . , Dash, A. C. and Urkurkar, J. S. 2007. Effect of organic sources of
nutrient on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Soils and
Crops 17 : 38 – 41.

7. Reddy, K. S. and Kumar, D.S. 2007. Integrated nitrogen management in low land
rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Research, ANGRAU, 35 : 1 – 6.

.8. Afifi, M. H. , Manal, F. M. and Gomaa, A. M. 2003. Effect of biofertilizer under

different levels of chemical fertilizers on maize (Zea Mays L). Annals of Agricultural
Science, Moshtonor 41: 1411 – 1420.

.9. Singh, M. S. 2006. Response of Azotobacter on cereal crops. Agricultural Reviews

27 : 229 – 231.

.10. Reddy, S. S., Shivaraj, B., Reddy, V. C. and Ananda, M. G. 2004. Effect of direct
and residual fertilization on maize (Zea Mays L). Karnataka, Journal ofAgricultural
Sciences 17 : 676 – 681.
11. Hirzel,J., Walter, I., Undureage, P. and Cartagana, M.2007. Residual effect of
poultry litter on silage maize (Zea Mays L). Soil science and plant nutrients 53: 480 –
488.

.12. Amanullah, M. M. ,Alagesan, A., Pazhanivelan, S. and Vaiyapuri, K. 2007.

Effect of organic manure on yield and quality of fodder maize (Zea Mays L).
Research on crops 8: 95 – 98.

.13. Channabasavanna, A. S., Hedge, M. and Biradar, D. P. 2007. Effect of poultry

manure in combination with inorganic fertilizers on productivity of maize (Zea Mays
L). Research on crops 8: 95 - 98.

.14. Chaplote,P.C.,2010. Ist International Conference Proceding Report, On new

frontiers in biofuels ,held at New Delhi.pp. 141.