NGỮ NGHĨA ĐỀ 01

A Fill in each blank with One apropriate

(1) The …. of an expression is its indispensable hard core of meaning ( independent of amy
influence of context or situation of utterance)
(2) A ( n) …… sentence is one that is necessarily true , as a result of the senses of the words in it .
an analytic sentence , therefore , reflects a tacit (unspoken) agreement by speakers of the
language about the sence of the words in it.
(3) A (n) ……. Sentence is one which is not analytic , but may be either true or false , depending
on the way the world is.
(4) A (n) ………. Is a sentence that is neecesssarily false , as a result of the senses of the words in
it
(5) The …….. of a predicate is a list of the typical characteristics or features of things to which
the predicate may be applied
(6) ………. Is the relationship between two predicates that have the same ( partial) sense
(7) A sentence which expresses the same proposition as another sentence is a ………. Of that
sentence.
(8) ………. Is a sense relation between predicates ( or sometimes longer phrases )such that the
meaning of one predicate ( or phrase ) is included in the meaning of the other
(9) A proposition X …… a proposition Y if the truth of Y follows necessarily from the truth of X
(10) A sentence is ….. if it has two ( or more ) paraphrases which are not themselves
paraphrases of each other
(11) A case of …. Is one of an ambiguous word whosse different senses are far apart from
each other and not obviously related to each other in any way with respect to a native speaker’s
intuition
(12) A case of ….. is one where a word has several very closely related senses
(13) An act of ….. is carried out when a speaker utters a declarative sentence , and
undertakes a certain responsibility , or commitment , to the hearer, that a particular state of
affairs , or situation , exists in the world
(14) A(n) ……. Utterance is one that actuallly describes the act that it performs
(15) A(n)……….. utterance is one which makes an asertion but is not performative
(16) A(n)……….. verb is one which , when used in a simple positive presenttensse sentence
, which a 1st person singlular subject , can make the utterance of that sentence performative .
(17) The ,,,,,, act carried out by speaker making an utterance is the act of causing a certain
effect on the hearer and others
(18) The ……. Act is the act viewed in terms of the utterance ‘s significance within a
conventional system of social interaction , it reflect the intention of the speaker in making the
utterance
(19) The …………. Conditions of an illocutionary act are conditions that must be fulfilled
in the situation if the act is to be said to be caried out properly
(20) The …… illocution of an utterance is the illocution most directly indicated by a literal
reading of the grammatical form and vocabulary of the sentence uttered

B Answer the following questions

B1/ what illocutionary acts are performed by the following utterances , assuming normal
circumstances?

( 1) would you like a cup of coffee ?

(2) After you ( said to someone wishing to go through the same door as the speaker )

(3) I’m awfully sorry I wasn’t at the meeting this morning

(4) good evening

(5) good night

B2 what sense relation holds between the predicates in each pair ? write H for Hyponymy , S for
Synonymy , A for Antonymy in your answer sheet

(1) Stubborn –obstinate (6) parent- offspring

(2) Red – scarlet (7) mercury- quicksilver
(3) Legal-illegal (8) purple –violet
(4) Brigand – bandit (9) present – absent
(5) Animal –cow (10) dog - dalmalian

B3 identify the type of antonymy or incompatibility –binary (B) , gradable (G) , converses ( C) ,
or multiple incompatibles (MI) for each pair of words below : write B, G,C or MI in your
answer sheet

(1) Parent/ child (6) dead / alive

(2) Greater than/ less than (7) love / hate
(3) Own / belong to (8) higher / lower
(4) Same / different (9) honest/ dishonest
(5) Hearts , clubs , diamonds , spades (10) North , East, South , West

C Give the definition of the concepts and give examples to illustrate

- Directive Act
- Commissive Act
- Referring Expression

D Did you think it easier to learn words as unique items , or as part of a system involving
various kinds of sense relationships ? that is , is it easier to learn words when we can relate them
in systematic ways or when we learn them separately ? BRIEFLY EXPLAIN

NGỮ NGHĨA ĐỀ 02

I FILL IN EACH BLANK WITH ONE APPROPRIATE WORD

(1) The ….. of an expression is its indispensable hard core of meaning ( independent of any
influence of contexxt situation of utterance )
(2) A(n) ……… sentence is one that which is necesssarily true , as a result of the senses of the
words in it .
 (3) A (n) ……… sentence is one which is not analytic , but may be either true or flase , depending
on the way the world is.
(4) A (n) ……….. is a sentence that is necessarily false , as a result of the senses of the words in
it.
(5) A ……. Expression is any expression used in an utterance to refer to something or someone,
i.e used with a particular referent in mind

II ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

Identiffy the type of antonymy or incompatibility –binary (B) , gradable (G) , converses (C) , multiple
incompatibles ( MI) forr each pair of words below , write B, G,C,MI in your answer sheet

(1)parent/ child (6) dead / alive

(2)Greater than/ less than (7) love / hate

(3)Own / belong to (8) higher / lower

(4) Same / different (9) honest/ dishonest

(5) Hearts , clubs , diamonds , spades (10) North , East, South , West

III CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER A, B,C

1 . which of the following is a correct statement about sense ?

a if two expressions have the same the reference , they always have the same sense

b The sense of an expression is its relationship to semantically equivalent or semantically related

expressions in the same language

c all the words in a language may be used to refer , but only some words have sense

2 Which of the following is a correct description of reference ?

a A relationship between a particular object in the world and exoression used in an utterance tp pick
that object out

b A relationship between expressions and other expressions which have the same meaning

c the set of all objects which can potentially be referred to by an expression ,

3 Analyticity is which of the following ?

A a sense relation between sentences

B a sense property of predicates

C a sense property of sentences

4 How do hearers identify the referent of a referring expression ( other than a proper name )?
A by seeking in the context off the utterance some object to which the predicates in the refferring
expressions apply ?

B by sharing with the speaker a conventional system according to which each possible referring
expressions has a single agreed referent ?

IV indicate if each of the following statement T/F

1 whether a sentence contains any referring expressions or not depends on the time and place at which
the sentence occurs

2 the same expression can be used to refer to different things

3 one cane entertain proposition in the mind regardless of whether they are true or false / e.g by
thinking them, or believing them

4. a proposition can be grammatical or not

5 Hot and cold are binary antonyms

6 a man in ‘ a man was in here looking for you lastnight’ is a referring expression

7 the expression ‘ my book’ has variable reference

8 a certain American in ‘ Mrs .Hoa married a certain american’ is a not referring expression

9 it is ‘ everyman who owns a donkey beats it ‘ is a referring expression

10 john could be used as a referring expression

V Examine the sentence : Analytic(A) , Synthetic (S), Contradictory (C)

1 Spinster are married

2 Jane is John’s sister

3 The girl is his own father’s daughter

4 if it breaks , it breaks

5 Richard is older than himself

6 Miss Nhung is a teacher of Reading

7 Our teachers are very nice

8 The moon goes around the earth

9 All tigers are animals

10 Water is fluid

DE 03:

T/F
 1. A single proposition can be expressed by using different sentence.

2. A sentence is tied to a particular time and place.

3. He rolled up the carpet and He rolled the carpet up are the same sentence.

4. The same expression can be referring expression are not, depending on the context.

5. ‘he' in ‘ If anyone who marries Nancy, he's in for a bad time is a refering expression.

6. 'Her mother is my aunt' is an equative sentence.

7. 'large' and ‘city' in Cairo is a large city are the predicates.

8. The predicators may be adjective, verb, noun and preposition.

9. ‘saw' in He saw a mouse under the table is a two-place predicate

10. My younger sister is much different from me is an analytic sentence.

11. A PARAPHRASE of a sentence is a sentence which expresses the same proposition as that
sentence.

12. A referring expression is any expression used in a sentence to refer to something or someone.

13. top and bottom are gradable antonyms.

14. John is under the table is a contradiction of The fable is under John, so under is a symmetric
predicate.

15. Synonymy is to hyponymy as entailment is to paraphrase.

16. as tall as is a reflexive predicate in Tom is as tall as himself.

17. Tom is taller than Peter, Peter is taller than Mike, so Tom is taler than Mike. Therefore, taller
than is an intrainsitive predicate.

18. ' identical to' expresses equivalent relation.

19. 'my watch’ in My watch is being repaired is the AGENT of the sentence.

20. The position of ‘thick snow' in The mountain is covered with thick snow is that of
complement.

Fill the gaps with a suitable word or phrase: (2.0m)

1. Any expression that can be used to refer to any entity in the real world or in any imaginary world
will be called …………………..

2. The…………….. of a referring expression is the thing picked out by the use of that expression on a
particular occasion of utterance.

3. Hyponymy and synonymy are sense relations between ………….

4. Given a two-place predicate P, if the sentence XPY is the contradictory of the sentence YPX, then P
is an………….predicate.

5. Given a two-place predicate P, if for any trio of referring expressionş X. Y and Z. The compound
sentence XPY and YPZ entails the sentence XPZ. then P is…………….

6. cheap and expensive are…………………… antonyms.

7. if a word has several very closely related senses it is a case of………………

II Each of the following statements is True (T) or False (F)

1. Superordinate may be nouns, adjectives and verby

2. A polvsemous word has two or more distinct but unrelated meanings.

3. The same expression can be used to refer to different things. Thus one expression in langgege can
have variable reference.

4. All contradictions are paraphrases of each other

5. One can entertain propositions in the mind regardless of whether they are true or false e.g. by
thinking them, or believing them.

PART B:

I- Each of the following statements is True T) or False (F)

1. True and false are gradable antonyms

2. Is listening to his song is the predicator of the sentence Peter is listening to his song.

3. All of us will become teachers is an analytic sentence.

4. That bowl in That bowl is broken by Alice is the Agent

5. He bought all flowers entails He bought all tulips.

II- Answer the questions

1. .Examine the sentences below and stale whether each of them is analytic (A), synthetic (S), or
contradictory (C).

a, Stakes are not reptiles

b, The boy is his own fasher's son.

c, Water is fluid

d,'Allce is John's sister

e. If it breaks, it breaks.
2. Is the following sentence ambiguous? If it is, give two paraphrages which are not paraphrases of
each other. * He saw her duck."

I- What illocutionary acts are performed by the following utterances

1- "Would you like a cup of tea?

2. "I am sorry for being late"

3."Good moming”

4. "I am grateful to you for all what you have done for me"

5." Goodbye"

PART C: Discuss " Properties of Predicates"