Unit 3 Trigonometry - 3.1-3.3

Unit 3 DUM 10122 Engineering Mathematics 1
Unit 3: Trigonometry
TRIGONOMETRY
INTRODUCTION
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with the relations between the sides OVERVIEW
and angles of a triangle.
Nowadays, you also can find the trigonometric ratios of any angles by pressing
appropriate buttons on calculator. Until now we have defined the trigonometric function only
for acute angles. However, many application of trigonometry involves angles that are not
acute. Consequently it is necessary to extend the definition of the six trigonometry function
to general angles and you will learn in this topic. Furthermore in this chapter, we will derive
two new formulae, the sine rule and cosine rule to enable us to solve oblique triangle quickly.
We also can calculate the area of triangles of oblique triangles.
CONTENT
CONTENT
3.1. Introduction to Trigonometry

3.2. Trigonometric Ratios
3.3. Graphing Trigonometric Functions
3.4. Trigonometric Equations
3.5. Solution of Triangle
3.5.1. Sine Rule
3.5.2. Cosine Rule
3.5.3. Area of Triangle
1
DUM 10122 Engineering Mathematics 1
After completing the unit, students should be able to:

1. Determine an angle in degree and radian.
UNIT LEARNING 2. Convert the angle in degree to radian and vice versa.
OUTCOMES
3.1 INTRODUCTION OF TRIGONOMETRY
ANGLE
The angle  can be measured in one of two units which are degree and radian. In trigonometry
radians are the most common. It can have a measure which positive (anticlockwise) or
negative (clockwise).
What is 'radian' ? One radian is the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc that is
equal in length to the radius of the circle.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEGREE AND RADIAN
360o = 2π radian
Convert degree to radian and vice versa



180
Degree ° 180 Radian rad



2
Example : Convert degree to radian and radian to degree.
Convert the following angles.
a) 1350 to radian b) 45° 15’ to radian


135° = 135o   15  
0
180 45°15’ =  45 +  
 60
= 2.36 radian   180

= 45.25o 
180
= 0.79 radian
4 d) 2.4 radian to degree

c)  radian to degree
9 180
2.4 radian = 2.4 
4 4 180 
 = 
9 9  = 137.5o
= 80 o
3
TUTORIAL 3.1
1. Express the following angles in radian.
a) 300 b) 1250
c) 500 17’ d) 250.20
2. Express the following radian in degree.
a) 4𝜋 rad 2
b) 𝜋 rad
3
c) 3.12 rad d) 8 rad
4

1. Form the six trigonometric ratios of a given right-angled triangles.
2. Find the values of:
• trigonometric functions
UNIT LEARNING
• inverse trigonometric functions using calculator.
OUTCOMES
3. Solve right-angled triangles to calculate
3.2 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
Hypotenuse c Hypotenuse c ∡B
a Opposite a Adjacent
∡A
b b
Adjacent Opposite
Hypotenuse side : is the longest side of a right angle triangles and

always the side opposite the right angle.
Opposite side : is opposite the reference angle.
Adjacent side : is next to reference angle.
Name the sides of each these right triangles as opposite, adjacent or

hypotenuse with the reference to the state angles.
a. Reference to ∡ A b. Reference to ∡ Q
e a
b
A
Q
g c
f
Hypotenuse : Hypotenuse :
Opposite : Opposite :
Adjacent : Adjacent :
5
c. Reference to ∡ R d. Reference to ∡ y
m
R
p
m
p
d Y
n
Hypotenuse : Hypotenuse :
Opposite : Opposite :
Adjacent : Adjacent :
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
𝑂
𝑆=
𝐻
𝐴
c 𝐶=
a 𝐻
𝑂
𝑇=
A 𝐴
b
The Figure shows a right angled triangle where the reference angle is A, the adjacent side is
b, the opposite side is a and the hypotenuse is c.
The six trigonometric functions are defined in Table below:
Function Symbol Definition of function
Sine of angle A Sin A opposite side a

Sin A = =
hypotenuse 𝑐
Cosine of angle A Cos A adjacent side 𝑏

Cos A = =
hypotenuse 𝑐
Tangent of angle A Tan A opposite side 𝑎

Tan A = =
adjacent side 𝑏
Cotangent of angle A 1 adjacent side 𝑏

Cot A = Cot A = =
tan 𝐴 opposite side 𝑎
Secant of angle A 1 hypotenuse 𝑐

Sec A = Sec A = =
cos A adjacent side 𝑏
Cosecant of angle A 1 hypotenuse 𝑐

Csc A = Csc A = =
sinA opposite side 𝑎
6
Example :
Evaluate the trigonometric functions based on the figure below.
P
Q 3 R
a) side PR b) sin P c) tan R d) cos R
e) sec R f) csc P g) cot P h) csc R
Example:
Use calculator to evaluate the trigonometric functions.
a) sin 120 b) cos 2430
c) cot 312.50 d) sec 1300
7
Example:
Determine the value of angle in each of the following given functions.
a) Sin A = 0.7936 b) Cos A = 0.31236

A = Sin-1 0.7956 = 52.520
c) Tan A = 4.9781 d) Sec A = 3.6531

1
= 3.6531
cos A
cos A = 0.2737
A = 74.12o
e) Cot A = 4.8673 f) Csc A = 2.039
8
Example :
Determine the unknown angles or sides of the right angled triangles.
a) Determine ∡ B
3.9cm
4.9cm B
p
72.30
S
q
16.6 cm
b) Determine:
i) ∡S
ii) Side p
iii) Side q
9
TUTORIAL 3.2
1. Find the trigonometric ratio of the following angles
a) sin 360 b) cot 1240
c) cos 530 d) sec 2560
e) tan 162.20 f) csc 3130
2. Determine the value of angle for each of following given functions
a) cos B = 0.5 b) sec x = 2
c) cos B = 0.37604 d) sec x = 4.0657
e) tan D = 0.6945 f) csc y = 2
g) sin E = 0.8304 h) cot θ = 0.1798
i) sin E = 0.5 j) cot θ = 1
10
3. Find the value of:

A
12
B 5 C
a) side AC b) Sec C
c) Sin A d) Csc A
e) Tan A f) Cot A
g) Cos C h) Csc C
4. Use calculator to evaluate the trigonometric ratio below
Ө 77.200 125.300 202.300 313.700
sin Ө
cos Ө
tan Ө
csc Ө
sec Ө
cot Ө
11
5. Solve the right angled triangle
a) Determine ∡ B from.
B
6.8 cm
5.8 cm
b) Determine ∡ x, ∡ y, m
5.3 cm
y
x
6.5 cm
c) Determine side r, p and ∡ θ
p
r
180
9.5 cm
12

1. Sketch the graph of trigonometric functions.
UNIT LEARNING
OUTCOMES
3.3 GRAPHING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Graph y = a sin θ for 0  θ < 2 π
Ө 00 900 1800 2700 3600

(in degree)
Ө 0 1   3  2
2 2
(in radian)
sin 0 a 0 -a 0
Based on table, the graph y = sin x ; for 0o  x  360o
θ
0 1   3  2π
2 2
-a
• The shape of the graph of y =

sin x from x = 00 to x = 3600 is
repeated for each complete
cycle.
• The function y = sin x is
periodic with the period of
3600.
• The maximum and minimum
values of the function y = sin x
are 1 and -1 respectively. This
value is also called as
amplitude.
13
Graph y = a cos θ for 0  θ < 2 π
Ө 00 900 1800 2700 3600

(in degree)
Ө 0 1   3  2
2 2
(in radian)
Cos a 0 -a 0 a
Based on table, the graph y = cos x ; for 0o  x  360o
ay
0 2Π
-a
▪ The shape of the graph of y = cos x

from x = 0 o to x = 360 o is repeated
for each complete cycle.
▪ The function y = cos x is periodic
with a period of 360o.
▪ The maximum and minimum value
of the function y = cos x are 1 & -1
respectively.
14
Graph y = a tan θ for 0  θ < 2 π
Ө 00 900 1800 2700 3600

(in degree)
Ө 0 1   3  2
2 2
(in radian)
Tan 0  0  0
Based on table, Sketch the graph y = tan x ; for 0o  x  360o
▪ The shape of the graph of y = tan x from x = 00

to x = 1800 is repeated for each complete cycle.
▪ The function y = tan x is periodic with a period
of 1800.
▪ The function y = tan x does not have any
maximum or minimum values.
15
Example :
Sketch the graph of the trigonometric equation given
a) b)
a) y = sin 2Ө 0  Ө  2π
1 1 3 7
Ө 0 4
𝜋   2
𝜋 𝜋 2
2 4
sin 2Ө
π 2π
-1
b) y = cos 2Ө 0Өπ
1
Ө 0  
2
cos 2Ө
π 2π
16
c) y = 3 sin 2Ө 0°  Ө  360°
Ө 0° 90° 180° 270° 360°
3 sin 2Ө
d) y = a)
2 cosb)2x 0°  x  180°
X 0 90° 180°
2 cos 2x
17
TUTORIAL 3.3
1. Sketch each of the following trigonometric functions in 0 °  x  3600
(a) y = 2 sin x
1
(b) y= cos x
2
(c) y = 3 cos 2x
18
2. Sketch each of the following trigonometric functions in 0 °  x  2 π
(a) y = 4 sin 4x
(b) y = 2 cos 3x
1
(c) y= sin 3x
2
19
20

Unit 3 Trigonometry - 3.1-3.3

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Unit 3 DUM 10122 Engineering Mathematics 1

3.1. Introduction to Trigonometry

After completing the unit, students should be able to:

3.1 INTRODUCTION OF TRIGONOMETRY

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEGREE AND RADIAN

Convert degree to radian and vice versa

Degree ° 180 Radian rad

Example : Convert degree to radian and radian to degree.

Convert the following angles.

a) 1350 to radian b) 45° 15’ to radian

4 d) 2.4 radian to degree

1. Express the following angles in radian.

c) 500 17’ d) 250.20

2. Express the following radian in degree.

c) 3.12 rad d) 8 rad

After completing the unit, students should be able to:

3.2 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

Hypotenuse side : is the longest side of a right angle triangles and

Name the sides of each these right triangles as opposite, adjacent or

The six trigonometric functions are defined in Table below:

Function Symbol Definition of function

Sine of angle A Sin A opposite side a

Cosine of angle A Cos A adjacent side 𝑏

Tangent of angle A Tan A opposite side 𝑎

Cotangent of angle A 1 adjacent side 𝑏

Secant of angle A 1 hypotenuse 𝑐

Cosecant of angle A 1 hypotenuse 𝑐

a) side PR b) sin P c) tan R d) cos R

e) sec R f) csc P g) cot P h) csc R

c) cot 312.50 d) sec 1300

a) Sin A = 0.7936 b) Cos A = 0.31236

c) Tan A = 4.9781 d) Sec A = 3.6531

e) Cot A = 4.8673 f) Csc A = 2.039

1. Find the trigonometric ratio of the following angles

a) sin 360 b) cot 1240

c) cos 530 d) sec 2560

e) tan 162.20 f) csc 3130

2. Determine the value of angle for each of following given functions

a) cos B = 0.5 b) sec x = 2

c) cos B = 0.37604 d) sec x = 4.0657

e) tan D = 0.6945 f) csc y = 2

g) sin E = 0.8304 h) cot θ = 0.1798

i) sin E = 0.5 j) cot θ = 1

3. Find the value of:

4. Use calculator to evaluate the trigonometric ratio below

Ө 77.200 125.300 202.300 313.700

5. Solve the right angled triangle

c) Determine side r, p and ∡ θ

After completing the unit, students should be able to:

3.3 GRAPHING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Graph y = a sin θ for 0  θ < 2 π

Ө 00 900 1800 2700 3600

Based on table, the graph y = sin x ; for 0o  x  360o

• The shape of the graph of y =

Graph y = a cos θ for 0  θ < 2 π

Ө 00 900 1800 2700 3600

Based on table, the graph y = cos x ; for 0o  x  360o

▪ The shape of the graph of y = cos x

Graph y = a tan θ for 0  θ < 2 π

Ө 00 900 1800 2700 3600

Based on table, Sketch the graph y = tan x ; for 0o  x  360o

▪ The shape of the graph of y = tan x from x = 00