Index 537

Slope motor, 118, 435, 452, 483–485

force, 138 relationships for, 22, 33, 34, 51, 52, 92
maximum, 198, 234 Torque converter
maximum speed on, 197, 476 application, 315
percent, 139 basic construction, 316
performance on, 197 operating principle, 316
variable, 202 torque amplification, 316
SOC, see State of charge Torque generators, 115
Solutions Torque-speed characteristics
closed form, 147, 160, 162 electric motor, 118
numerical, 150, 156, 167 engine, 83
Spark ignition engine Traction
cycle, 17, 19 coefficient of adhesion, 125
four-stroke, 14 diagram, 127
operating principles, 14, 17, 30 equation, 122, 145, 163, 170
two-stroke, 15 force, see Tractive force
Specific fuel consumption limit, 146
brake, 22, 342 Tractive force
definition, 22 definition, 122
maps, 343 diagram, 127, 145, 172
Specific power, 218 mathematical relations for, 122
SPH (series-parallel hybrid), 429 vs speed, 145, 172, 178
Spring Tractive power, 182
clutch, 277 Transmission
in bond graph, 513 automatic (AT), 314
State of charge (SOC) automated manual (AMT), 318
definition, 457 clutch, 265
determination, 461 continuously variable transmission (CVT), 322
high, 465 efficiency, 229, 318, 367, 378, 430
low, 465 epicyclic gear set, 258
size of battery, 486, 495 gear ratio, 229
Stroke, engines gear shift strategy, 371
two, 15, 79 hydraulic, 330
four, 14, 32, 34, 70, 79 manual, 263
Supercharging multi-gear, 373
effects, 18, 32 selection of gear ratios, 229
synchromesh, 264
Tank-to-wheels, 2 Turbocharging, see Supercharging
Thermodynamics, 18–39 Twin clutch transmission, see Double clutch
engine processes, 19 transmission
ideal gas, 20 Tyre
Throttle opening bias-ply, 132
flow through, 88 deformation, 123, 130–132
geometry, 88 wheel dynamics, 195
engine torque, 89–90 load, 123
THS (Toyota hybrid system), 430 radial-ply, 132
Time history rolling, 120, 130
acceleration, 143, 166, 187 rolling radius, 143
pedal inputs, 184 rolling resistance, 129
power, 183 slip, 195
speed, 150, 166, 196 skid, 119, 125
Time of travel, 155, 163 traction, 118–129
Torque Tyre force generation
brake, 22, 34 SAE coordinate system, 122
engine, 22, 33–36, 49–69, 72–80 tractive force, 118–129