Chapter (7) Applications of the Definite Integral Calculus

CALCULUS
DENNIS D. BERKEY

CHAPTER 7
APPLICATION OF DEFINIT INTEGRALS

Contents:
• Volume by Disc Method
• Solids with known cross section
• Volume by Cylindrical Shell Method
• Arc length & Surface Area
• Distance and Velocity
• Hydrostatic Pressure
• Work
• Moment & Center of Mass
• Pappus Theorem

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Chapter (7) Applications of the Definite Integral Calculus

(786)
CHAPTER 7
APPLICATION OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
In this chapter, you will encounter variety physical and mathematical problems, all of which share
the property that their solutions arise in the form of definite integrals. In each instance, we will be led
to the solution through a sequence of steps similar to those by which the definite integrals arose as the
solution to the area problems in chapter 6.

7.1-Calculating Volume by Slicing or disc method:

There are certain types of three dimensional objects whose volumes can be calculated as definite
integrals. The problems of calculating the volume of such solids
is idealized mathematically as follows. Let f(x) be continuous
and nonnegative for a ≤ x ≤ b and R denote the region bounded
by the graph of y=f(x), the x-axis, the line x=a and the line x=b.
The volume of the solid obtained by rotating R about the x-axis
is:
n
V = lim ∑ π . f ²( x k )∆x
Region to be rotated
n → ∞ k =1
b
V = ∫ π [ f ( x)]² dx ………… (1)
a

The generated valume can be

found by summing
the volume of these disc slices with
the radius equal r=f(x)
to f(x) and the thickness dx, so the
volumes of these slices are:

dv = π .[ f ( x)]² dx
b
V = ∫ dv = ∫ π .[ f ( x)]².dx dx
a
Example 1:
1
Find the volume of the cone obtained by revolving the region bounded by the graph of f ( x) = x
3
about the x-axis for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
Solution:
1
Using formula (1) with f ( x) = x we have: f(x) =x/3
3
b 3
1
V = ∫ π .( f ( x ))².dx = ∫ π ( x )² dx
a 0
3
1 1
V =[ π .x ³] 03 = π [ 27 − 0] = π
27 27
Since the volume of cone is equal to π unit²

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Chapter (7) Applications of the Definite Integral Calculus

Example 2:
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region
bounded by the graph of f ( x) = x and g ( x) = x ² about the x-
axis.
Solution:

The tow graph cross at point (0, 0) and (1, 1) so the interval
would be 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 .
Using disc method we have:
dv = π ( R ² − r ²)dx = π [ f ²( x) − g ²( x)].dx
1 1
V = ∫ π [( x )² − ( x ²)²].dx = π ∫ ( x − x 4 ).dx
0 0

1 1 3π
V = π [ x ² − x 5 ]01 =
2 5 10
As you may have observed the volume in example 2 could have been
calculated by the integral as a function of y or x=f(y).
R=f(x)
If the region R is bounded by the graph of the continuous function r=g(x)
x=f(y) and the y-axis from y=a to y=b, then the volume of the solid
obtained by rotating R about the y-axis is:
b
V = ∫ π [ f ( y )]² dy ……… (2)
a
dx
Example 3:
The region in the first quadrant bounded by the graph of y=4-x² and the coordinate axes is rotated
about the y-axis. Find the volume of the resulting solid.
4
1
V = ∫ π [ 4 − y ]² dy = π [4 y − y ²]40 = 8π
0
2
Solids of Known Cross Sectional Area:
If A(x) denotes the area of the cross section of S for a ≤ x ≤ b and, if the function A is continuous on
[a, b], the volume V of S is:
b
V = ∫ A( x).dx ……………. (3)
a

Notice that equation (3) generalizes the familiar formula for the volume of a cylinder with base area A
and height h: V=Ah. It also contains formula (1) for the volume of a solid or revolution as a special
case, since for such solids, A(x) =π.f²(x)

Example 4:
The base of a solid is a circle of radius 4cm. All cross sections perpendicular to a particular axis are
squares. Find the volume of this solid.
Solution:

x²+y²=16
y = 16 − x ²

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Chapter (7) Applications of the Definite Integral Calculus

A(x) =S²
A( x) = (2 16 − x ² )² = 64 − 4 x ²
The smallest and largest values of x are, respectively, -4 and 4. The volume by equation (4) is
therefore

4 4
V = ∫ A( x)dx = ∫ (64 − 4 x²)dx
−4 −4

4
V = [64 x − x ³] −44
3
1024 dx
V = .cm³
3
S = 2 y = 2 16 − x ²
Exercise 20 P (323):
The base of a solid is a circle of radius 4. Find the volume of the solid if all cross sections
perpendicular to a given axis is equilateral triangles.
Solution:
1 3
h = a ² − ( a )² = a
2 2
1 3.a ² 3 (2 16 − x ² )²
a a
A( x) = a.h = = = 3 (16 − x ²) = 16 3 − 3 x ² h
2 4 4
b 4
V = ∫ A( x)dx = ∫ (16 3 − 3.x ²)dx
a −4

3 3 4
V = [16 3.x − .x ] − 4
3 a = 2 y = 2 16 − x ²
3.(4) 3 3 ( − 4) 3
V = [16 3.(4) − ] − [16 3 (−4) − ]
3 3
V = [110.851 − 36.95] − [−110.851 − (−36.95)]
V = 110.851 − 36.95 + 110.851 − 36.95
V = 147.8 \ unit ².

7.2-Calculating Volumes using Cylindrical Shells Method:

This method is often useful when the region is not adjacent to the axis about which it is to be rotated.

L=2.π.r =2.π.x
W=f(x)

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Chapter (7) Applications of the Definite Integral Calculus

Example 1:
The region bounded by the graph of y = −2 x ² + 8 x − 6 and the x-axis is rotated about the y-axis. Find
the volume of the resulting solid.
Solution:

dv = (2π .r ). f ( x).dx = 2π .x. f ( x).dx

b 3 3
V = ∫ dv = ∫ 2π .x.(−2 x ² + 8 x − 6).dx = 2π ∫ [−2 x ³ + 8 x ² − 6 x].dx
a 1 1

1 8 32π
V = 2π [− x 4 + x ³ − 3 x ²]31 =
2 3 3

Example 2:
Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the region bounded by the graphs of f(x) =x
and g(x) = (x - 2)² about the line x=-1.
Solution:
b 4
V = ∫ dv = ∫ 2π .r.[ f ( x) − g ( x)].dx
a 1
4
V = ∫ 2π .( x + 1).( x − x ² + 4 x − 4).dx
1
4 4
V = 2π ∫ ( x + 1)(− x ² + 5 x − 4).dx = 2π ∫ (− x ³ + 4 x ² + x − 4).dx
1 1

1 4 1 63π
V = 2π [− x 4 + x ³ + x ² − 4 x] 41 = \ unit ²
4 3 2 2

7.3-Arc Length and Surface Area:

The problems of computing the length of a curve in the plane and the surface area of a solid of
revolution are closely related. We treat both problems in this section and then turn to more physical
application of the definite integrals in the remaining section of the chapter.
The arc length problem is to define and calculate the length of the arc of the graph of the function
from the point (a, f (a)) to the point (b, f (b)).
b
L = ∫ dl
a

According the Pythagorean Theorem we have:

dl ² = dx ² + dy ²
dl = dx ² + dy ²
b b
dy ²
L = ∫ dl = ∫ dx ²(1 + ( )
a a
dx ²
b b
dy
L = ∫ [ 1 + ( )² ].dx = ∫ ( 1 + [ f ′( x)]² ).dx........(4)
a
dx a

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Chapter (7) Applications of the Definite Integral Calculus

Example 1:
3
Find the length of the arc of the graph of y = x 2 between points (1, 1) and (4, 8)
Solution:
dy 3 12
= x Which is continuous on the interval [1, 4], so equation (3) applies, we obtain
dx 2
4
3 1
L = ∫ 1 + ( x 2 )² .dx
1
2
4
4
9 4 2  9  2
3

L = ∫ ( 1 + x ).dx =  . 1 + x  
1
4  9 3  4  
1
8  3 2  13  2 
3

L= 10 −    ≈ 7.634
27 
  4  

Example 2:
19 14
Find the length of the arc of the graph of the equation 6 xy − y 4 − 3 = 0 from ( ,2) to ( ,3)
12 3
1 1
x = f ( y) = y³ +
6 2y
dx 1 1
= y² −
dy 2 2 y²
3
1 1 
3
1 1 1 
L = ∫ 1 +  y ² −  ².dy = ∫ 1 +  y 4 − +  .dy
2 2 2 y²  2 4 2 4y4 
3
 1 4 1 1  3
1 2 1 
L = ∫  y + + .dy =
 ∫2  y +  ².dy
2
4 2 4y4  2 2y2 
3
3
1 1  1 1  13 13 13
L = ∫  y 2 + .dy =  y ³ −
2   = − =
2
2 2y  6 2 y  2 3 12 4
So the arc length is 3.25 unite

Surface Area:
If the function f(x) has a continuous derivative on the interval [a,
b], then the surface area S of the solid of revolution obtained by
revolving about the x-axis is:
Since the formula for the surface area of a frustum of cone with
radii r and R and slant height ℓ is S=π (r+R) ℓ

∆S = π [ f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2 )] ( x 2 − x1 )² + ( f ( x 2 ) − f ( x1 ) ) ²
 f ( x 2 ) − f ( x1 ) 
∆S = π [ f ( x 2 ) + f ( x1 )] 1 +   ².∆x
 x 2 − x1 
∆S = π [ f ( x 2 ) + f ( x1 )] 1 + ( f ′( x) ) ².∆x

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Chapter (7) Applications of the Definite Integral Calculus

S = ∫ ds
b
S = ∫ 2.π . f ( x) 1 + [ f ′( x)]² .dx
a
b
dy
S = ∫ 2.π . y 1 + [ ]² .dx...........(5)
a
dx

Example 3:
Find the surface area of the band of the sphere generated by revolving the arc of the circle x ² + y ² = r ²
about the x-axis on the interval [-a, a]
Here y = r ² − x ² , so
dy −x
=
dx r ² − x²
Using equation (5), we obtain
a
 −x 
S = ∫ (2π r ² − x ² ) 1 +   ².dx
−a  r ² − x ² 
 r ² − x² + x² 
a
S = ∫ 2π r ² − x ²   .dx
−a  r ² − x² 
a
S = ∫ 2π .r.dx = 2π .r.x ]− a = 4π .a.r
a

−a
Exercise 18 P (336):
Find the lateral surface area the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the graph of
12 xy − 3 y 4 = 4 and y-axis on the interval 1 ≤ y ≤ 3 about the y-axis.
Solution:
4 + 3y 4 1 y3
f ( y) = x = = +
12 y 3y 4
dy 1 3y 2 3y 2 1
f ′( y ) =− 2 + = − 2
dx 3y 4 4 3y
b 3
1 y3 3y 2 1
S = 2π ∫ f ( y ) 1 + [ f ′( y )]² .dy = 2π ∫ ( + ) 1+[ − 2 ]² .dy
a 1
3y 4 4 3y
3
1 y3 3y 2 3y 2 1 1
S = 2π ∫ ( + ) 1 + [( )² − 2( )( 2 ) + ( 2 )²].dy
1
3y 4 4 4 3y 3y
3 3
1 y3 3y 2 1 1 1 y3 3y 2 1
S = 2π ∫ ( + ) [( )² + + ( 2 )²].dy = 2π ∫ ( + ) [ + 2 ] ².dy
1
3y 4 4 2 3y 1
3y 4 4 3y
3
1
3
y 3 3y 2 1
3
y 1 3y 5  y² 1 y6 
S = 2π ∫ ( + )( + 2 ).dy =2π ∫ ( + + ).dy = 2π  − + 
1
3y 4 4 3y 1
3 9 y3 16  6 18 y 2 32  1
S ≈ 151.6 \ unit

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Chapter (7) Applications of the Definite Integral Calculus

7.4-Distance and Velocity:

In chapter 3 and 5, saw that the functions describing the position, velocity and acceleration of an
object moving along a line were related by the process of differentiation and indefinite integrals. In
this section we shall show that the distance traveled by such an object from time t=a to time t=b can
be calculated as a definite integral.

Distance = speed x time

∆D = v(t ) .∆t
b
D = ∫ v(t ) .dt
a

Example 1:
Starting at rime t=0, a particle moves along a line with velocity v(t ) = 2 + t m/sec. How far does it
travel during the first 4 seconds?
Solution:
As we see that the velocity function is always positive so we don’t need the absolute value sign so,
b
D = ∫ v(t ) .dt → v(t ) = 2 + t ≥ 0
a

( )
4 4
 2  40
D = ∫ 2 + t .dt = 2t + t 3 2  = .meters
0  3 0 3
Example 2:
If an object moves along a line with velocity v(t ) = t 3 − 3t ² + −t + 3 m/sec how far does it travel from
time t=0 to time t=4?
Solution:
v(t ) = t 3 − 3t ² + −t + 3 = (t + 1)(t − 1)(t − 3)
v(t ) ≥ 0 For t ∈ [0,1]
v(t ) ≤ 0 For t ∈ [1,3]
v(t ) ≥ 0 For t ∈ [3,4]

1 3 4
D = ∫ (t 3 − 3t ² + −t + 3).dt + ∫ − (t 3 − 3t ² + −t + 3).dt + ∫ (t 3 − 3t ² + −t + 3).dt
0 1 3
1 3 4
t 4
t²   t t² 4
 t t²  4
D =  − t ³ − + 3t  + − + t ³ + − 3t  +  − t ³ − + 3t 
4 2 0  4 2 1  4 2 3
7  9 7   9 
D =  − 0  +  − (− )  +  4 − (− ) 
4  4 4   4 
D = 12.meters

You may have undoubtedly noted the similarity between the calculation of area and the calculation of
distance. Both are nonnegative quantities, and both are calculated by integrating functions which
themselves are nonnegative.

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Chapter (7) Applications of the Definite Integral Calculus

7.5-Hydrostatic Pressure:
The word hydrostatic refers to properties of still fluids. Our interest here is in the calculating pressures
and forces exerted by water on the walls of containers.
The pressure acting on an object is defined to be the force per unit area acting on that object. The
Pascal's Principle states that the pressure (P) exerted by a fluid of density (γ) on a submerged particle
acts equally in all direction.
P = γ .h
− h1

F = ∫ dF = ∫ PdA = ∫ γ .h.w(h).dh
− h2
b
F = ∫ γ .h.w(h).dh γ =981 N/m³ in SI unit and γ =62.4 lb/ft³ in British unit
a

Example 1:
Figure shows a 40 ft swimming pool with 20 ft wide and a
floor that slopes from a depth of 2 ft at one end and 10 ft to
the other end. Find the hydrostatic force on one side wall of
this pool when it is full of water.

Solution:
The top 2-ft part of this wall is a rectangular of width
w (h) =40 ft
2
F1 = ∫ γ .h.(40)dh = 20.γ .h ² ]0 = 4992 − lb
2

Equation for the base line of the pool is:

1
y = x+2
5
x = 5 y − 10
dA = ( x 2 − x1 ).dy = (40 − x).dy = (40 − (5 y − 10)).dy
dA = (50 − 5 y )dy
b 10 10
F2 = ∫ γ .h.dA = ∫ γ . y.(50 − 5 y )dy = γ .∫ (50 y − 5 y ² ).dy
a 2 2
10
 5 
F2 = γ  25 y ² − y ³  = 46592 − lb
 3 2
F = F1 + F2 = 4992 + 46592 = 51584 − lb

Example 2:
Figure shows a water trough with end panels in the
shape of a semicircle of radius 2ft. Find the hydrostatic
force on one of these end panels when the trough is full
of water.

Solution:
x² + y ² = 4
x = 4 − y²

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Chapter (7) Applications of the Definite Integral Calculus

F = ∫ γ .h.dA

( )
b 2 2
F = ∫ γ . y.2 x.dy = ∫ γ . y.2. 4 − y ² .dy = 2.γ .∫ y. 4 − y ² .dy
a 0 0

16.γ
2
3 
F = − γ . .(4 − y ² ) 2  = − .γ .(0 − 8) =
2 2
= 332.8 − lb
3 0 3 3

7.6-Work:
When a constant force F moves an object through a distance d, then the work done by the force is:
W=F.d. When the force is not constant then the same formula can be generalized using definite
integral to calculate the work.
b
W = ∫ dw = ∫ F ( x).dx
a

Example 1:
Hooke's Law states that the force required to stretch or compress a spring a distance x units from its
natural length is proportional to that distance that is, F(x) =k.x. since the force varies with distance,
calculate the work done in stretching the 6in beyond its
natural length. (k=20 lb/ft)
Solution:
b
W = ∫ dw = ∫ F ( x).dx
a
1/ 2
W = ∫ 20 x.dx = 10 x²] = 2.5 − ft.lb
1/ 2
0
0
Example 2:
In example 1 section 7.5 find the work required to pump all the water out through a valve located at
the top edge of the pool when the pool is full.
Solution:
W = ∫ dw
∆w = ∆f .h y
∆w = γ .∆v. y = γ .(20)(40).∆y. y = (800.γ ). y.∆y

]
2
W1 = ∫ (800.γ ) y.dy = 400.γ . y 2 = 1600.γ = 99840 − ft.lb
2
0
0

dA = ( x 2 − x1 ).dy = (40 − x).dy = (40 − (5 y − 10)).dy

dv = 20.(50 − 5 y )dy
b 10 10
W2 = ∫ γ . y.dv = ∫ 20.γ . y.(50 − 5 y )dy = 20.γ .∫ (50 y − 5 y ² ).dy
a 2 2
10
 5 
W2 = 20.γ  25 y ² − y ³  = 931840 − lb
 3 2
WT = W1 + W2 = 99840 + 931840 = 1031680 − ft.lb
WT = 515.8 − ft.tons

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Chapter (7) Applications of the Definite Integral Calculus

7.7-Moments and Center of Mass or Center of Gravity:

Many structures and mechanical systems behave as if their masses were concentrated at a single point,
called the center of mass. It is important to know how to locate this point and doing so is basically a
mathematical enterprise. For the moment we deal with one and tow dimensional objects.
We idealized the situation of seesaw by
imaging tow objects of weight w1 and w2
placed on a float weightless rod, the objects
to be located at distances l1 and l2 from the
pivot respectively.
The tendency of the rod to rotate in the
counterclockwise direction is measured by
the torque l1.w1. Similarly the torque l2.w2 measures the tendency of the rod to rotate in the clockwise
direction.
w1 .l1 = w2 .l 2
We can now generalize for equilibrium condition for weights w1, w2, w3,..., wk located at the positions
x1,x2,x3,…,xk respectively.

( x1 − x ).w1 + ( x 2 − x ).w2 + ( x3 − x ).w3 + ... + ( x k − x ).wk = 0

n

∑ (x
k =1
k − x ).wk = 0
n n

∑ x .w − ∑ x.w
k =1
1 1
k =1
k

∑ x .w1 1
x= k =1
n
..............(1)
∑w
k =1
k

So the equation (1) specifies the location of the fulcrum in our idealized balanced problem when the
equilibrium occurs. Hence x is referred to as the center of gravity of the system shown.
If we write the equation (1) in terms of mass mk = wk g we obtain the equation (2) which in turn
referred the equation for center of mass.

Example 1:
A system of weights w1=10 lb, w2=20 lb and w3=10 lb is located along a line at points x1=-6 ft, x2=-2
ft and x3=5 ft respectively, find the center of gravity.

Solution:

 (−6)(10) + (−2)(20) + (5)(10)  − 50 5

x =   = = − . ft
 (10 + 20 + 10)  40 4

My
Let x and y be the center of gravity of a weight distributed over a surface or arc, then x =
w
Mx
and y = , where Mx and My are the first moments of w about the x-axis and y- axis respectively.
w

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Chapter (7) Applications of the Definite Integral Calculus

Center of mass of a rod:

Imaging a circular rod of length l and uniform cross sectional area A. the density of the rod varies
continuously along the rod. To approximate the center of mass x we position the rod horizontally and
we have:

mk = ρ ( x) A.∆x
n

∑ (x
k =1
k − x ) ρ ( x) A.∆x = 0

Since the limit of this

summation when x
approaches to infinity is the
definition of definite integral
we have:
l

∫ ( x − x ) ρ ( x) A.dx = 0
0
l l

∫ xρ ( x) A.dx − ∫ xρ ( x) A.dx = 0
0 0
l

∫ xρ ( x) A.dx
x= 0
l
.......(2)
∫ ρ ( x) A.dx
0

Equation (2) gives the center of mass for a rod of constant cross-sectional area A and density ρ(x).
Example 2:
A rod 10cm long has uniform cross sectional area A=4cm². Find the center of mass of the rod if
• The density ρ is uniform
• The density ρ(x) varies linearly from 3gr/cm³at one end to 6gr/cm³ at the other.
Solution:
ρ = constant:
l 10 10
1 2 
∫0 xρ ( x ) A.dx ∫0 x. ρ .( 4 ).dx 4 ρ 2 x
 0 50
x= l = 10 = = = 5cm
4 ρ [x ]0
10
10
∫ ρ ( x) A.dx ∫ ρ (4).dx
0 0

This is midpoint of rod because the density is constant

ρ = variable:
We should find an equation for the density of rod using points (0, 3) and (10, 6) to find a linear
equation so we have:
y 2 − y1 y − y1 3
= ⇒ y = ρ ( x) = x + 3
x 2 − x1 x − x1 10
l 10 10 10
3 6 2 
∫ xρ ( x) A.dx ∫ x.( 10
x + 3).(4).dx ∫0 ( 5 x² + 12 x).dx 5
x³ + 6 x²
0 50
x= 0
l
= 0
10
= 10
= 10
= ≈ 5.56cm
3 6 3  9
∫ ρ ( x) A.dx
0
∫ (10 x + 3)(4).dx
0
∫ ( 5 x + 12)
0 5
x ² + 12 x 
0

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Chapter (7) Applications of the Definite Integral Calculus

Exercise 29 P (362):
A right circular cone has radius r=4cm and h=10cm. the density of the material from which the cone is
made is uniform. Find the center of mass of the cone

Solution:
Using the right triangles we have:
4 10
=
y x dA
2
y= x
5
2 4
A( x) = π .r ² = π . y ² = π ( x)² = π .x ²
5 25
l 10 10 10
4 4 1 4
∫0 xρ . A( x ).dx ∫0 25
x. ρ .( x ²).dx ∫0 25
( x ³).dx x
25  0 400
x= l = 10 = 10 = 10
= = 7.5cm
4 4 4  160 / 3
∫0 ρ . A( x).dx ∫0 ρ.( 25 x²).dx ∫0 ( 25 x²).dx 75 x³
0

Centroid:
If the region R is bounded above and bellow by the graphs of the continuous functions f and g for
interval a ≤ x ≤ b , then the coordinates ( x , y ) of the centroid of R are:
b
x[ f ( x) − g ( x)].dx
1 f(x)
A ∫a
x=

R
1
[ f ( x)² − g ( x)²].dx
2A ∫
y= (x, y)
g(x)
Where A is the area of the region R

Example 3:
Find the centroid of the region bounded by the graphs of y = x and y = x ²
Solution:
For the 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 , the region is bounded above by the graph of f ( x) = x and bellow by g ( x) = x ² .
1 1
2 1  1
A = ∫ ( x − x ²).dx = x 3 / 2 − x ³ =
0
3 3 0 3

[ ]
1 1
1 2 1  9
x= ∫
2(1 / 3) 0
x x − x ² .dx = 3 x 5 / 2 − x 4  =
5 4  0 20

[ ]
1 1
3 1 1 
x ² − ( x ² )² .dx =  x ² − x 5  =
1 9
2(1 / 3) ∫0
y=
2 2 5  0 20

The centroid of the region is therefore

 9 9 
(x, y) =  , 
 20 20 

Anis (Date: 30-Aug-2008) page (13)

Chapter (7) Applications of the Definite Integral Calculus

x² y ²
Example 4: Find the centroid of the quarter of an ellipse with the equation + = 1 laying in the
16 4
first quadrant. 1
Solution: y= 16 − x ²
2
Since R is the quadrant of an ellipse we have:
1 1
A = π .a.b = π (4)(2) = 2π
4 4 (x, y)
−1 2
4 4
1 1  
x= ∫ x 16 − x ² .dx =
(2π ) 0  2 

4π  3
(16 − x ²) 3 / 2  ≈ 3.4
0
4 4 4
1  1  1 1  1  1 3
y= ∫  ( 16 − x ² )² .dx =
2(2π ) 0  2 
∫  (16 − x ²) .dx =
2(2π ) 0  4  16π 16 x − 3 x  = 0.85
 0

Exercise 33 P (363):
Find the centroid of the region bounded above by the graph of f(x) =4-x² and bellow by the graph of
the function g(x) = − x − 2 −2≤ x≤0
x−2 0≤ x ≤ 2
Solution:
2 2 2
 1 
A = 2∫ ((4 − x ²) − ( x − 2) )dx = 2∫ (6 − x − x ²)dx = 26 x − x ² − x ³
1
0 0  2 3 0
44
A=
3 (x, y)
x=0
0 2

y=
1
∫ (( 4 − x ²)² − ( − x − 2 )² ).dx + ∫ ((4 − x ²)² − ( x − 2)² ).dx 
2(44 / 3) − 2 0 
3  
0 2
y= ∫ − − + + ∫ ( x 4 − 9 x ² + 4 x + 12
4
( x 9 x ² 4 x 12 ) dx
88  −2 0 
3  1 5   3 
0 2
 1 5 72 72  432
y=  x − 3 x ³ − 2 x ² + 12 x  +  x − 3 x ³ + 2 x ² + 12 x   =  − (− ) +  = ≈ 0.98
88  5  −2  5  0  88  5 5  440

Example 6:
Find the centroid of the region R common to both the circle
x ² + y ² = 9 and the circle ( x − 2)² + y ² = 9
Solution:

Points of intersection of these circles are: (x, y)

(1,2 2 ) , (1,−2 2 ) . Since both circles have centers on x-axis,
the region R is symmetric with respect to the x-axis. Since
the circles have the same radius r=3, the region is also
symmetric with respect to the vertical line x=1. The centroid
must therefore lie on both lines x=1 and y=0, that is:
( x , y ) = (1,0 )

Anis (Date: 30-Aug-2008) page (14)

Chapter (7) Applications of the Definite Integral Calculus

7.8-The Theorem of Pappus:

Let R be a region lying in a plan and let l be a line not intersecting R. the volume V of the solid
obtained by revolving the region R about the line l is given by the equation V = c.A where A is the area
and c is the circumference of the circle swept out by the centroid of R as R revolves about the line l.

Example 1:
Find the volume of the tours obtained by revolving the circle ( x − 2)² + y ² = 1 about the y-axis.
Solution:
Applying the method of cylindrical shells gives the
volume as

( ( ))
5
V = ∫ 2πx 2 1 − ( x − 4)² .dx
2
And we have not yet developed a technique which will
allows us to find an antiderivative for this integrand.
But it is easy to see that
• The area of the circle is A = π (1)² = π
• The centroid of the circle is ( x , y ) = (2,0)
• As the circle revolves around the y-axis, the
centroid sweeps out a circle of radius
2π .x = 4π
Therefore the volume by theorem is
V = c. A = (4π )(π ) = 4π ²

The theorem of Pappus can also aid in certain calculations of hydrostatic pressure.
F = γ . A.h ; This equation states that to calculate the hydrostatic force on a vertical face of a
submerged object. We may regard the face as lying horizontally at the depth of its centroid.

Example 2: A submarine has a circular window r=6in. find the hydrostatic force on the window when
the top of window is 20 ft bellow the water level.

Solution:
6
h = 20 + ( ) = 20.5 − ft
12
6
A = π ( )² = 0.25π − ft ²
12
F = γ . A.h = (62.4)(0.25π )(20.5) ≈ 1005 − lb

Anis (Date: 30-Aug-2008) page (15)