SKELETAL

SYSTEM
VILLAHERMOSA, APRIL D.
VIRAY, JESSICA A.
BS BIOLOGY 1-1

MA'AM FE A. JACINTO
The Skeletal System is your body's central framework. It consists of
bones, connective tissue, including cartilage, tendons, and
ligaments. It is also called the muscoskeletal system.

Functions
Allows movements

Protects and supports organs

Produces blood cells

Stores minerals
 Two Sections of the Skeletal System
Appendicular Axial
Includes bones of Forms the vertical,
the upper and central axis of the
lower limbs, and body, and includes
the pectoral and all bones of the
pelvic girdles that head, neck, chest
attach each limb to and back.The axial
the axial skeleton. skeleton of an adult
The appendicular has 80 bones.
skeleton of an adult
has 126 bones.
 Axial Skeleton
- functions to support the organ of the dorsal and
ventral cavities. It also serves as a surface for the
attachment of the appendicular skeleton.

Skull (29) - cranial (8), facial bones (14),

auditory ossicles(6), hyoid bone

Thoracic Cage (25) - ribs (24), sternum

Vertebral Column (26) - cervical vertebrae

(7), thoracic vertebrae(12), lumbar vertebrae
(5), sacrum, coccyx
 APPENDICULAR
SKELETON
-functions in locomotion

Pectoral Girdle (4) - Clavicle (2) , Scapula (2)

Arm and Forearm (6) - Humerus (2), Ulna (2),
Radius (2)
Hands (54) - Carpals (16), Metacarpals (10),
Phalanges (28)
Pelvic Girdle (2) - left and right hip bone
Legs (8) - Femur (2), Tibia (2), Patella(2),
Fibula(2)
Feet (52) - Tarsals (14), Metatarsals(10),
Phalanges(28)
 Bones of the
Upper and Lower
Limb
Five Types of Bones
1. Flat Bones
Flat plates of bone capable of providing
protection to the body's vital organs and being a
base for muscular attachment.

2. Short Bones
Short bones are about as long as they are wide.
they provide stability, and some movement.
3. Sesamoid Bones
Small, round bone present in a tendon to
reinforce and decrease stress on that
tendon.

4. Irregular Bones
The complex variation of its structures
help protect internal organs.
5. Long Bones

Appears longer than they are wide.

Functions to support the weight of the
body and facilitate movement.
 Two Regions of a Long Bone

Epiphysis - wider section at the end filled internally

with spongy bone.
Red bone marrow fills the spongy bone.

Diaphysis - a hollow, tubular shaft that runs between

the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
Medullary cavity -found inside the diaphysis
filled with yellow bone marrow.

Metaphysis - It contains the epiphyseal plate which

contains the site of long bone elongation.
Internal Structure of Bones

Compact Bone

Also called the cortical bone.

The stronger and denser of two
types of osseus tissue. It
makes up the outer cortex and
is in immediate contact with
the periosteum.
Osteon - structural unit of compact
bone consisting of concentric bone
layers called lamellae.

Lamellae - filled with collagen fibers

that run in the same direction in each
of the concentric tubes. However,
alternating patterns run in a
neighboring lamellae to resist torsion
stress.
Central Canal - Haversian canal. Tubes that
house blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic
vessels to travel along the osteon.
Perforating Canal - Volkmann's canals.
Interconnects Haversian canal with the
periosteum and connects adjacent
osteons.
 Spongy Bone
Also called cancellous bone. Fills
the interior cavity of bones
consisting of mineralized bars
called lacunae.

Trabeculae - provide structural

support to the spongy bone.
 Linings of Bones

Periosteum - lines the outer surface of
bones except at the surface of long
bones. Nourishes and provides sites
for attachment of ligaments and
tendons.
Endosteum - covers the inner surface of the
bones. Important in growth repair and
remodeling of bones.
 Bone Marrows

Yellow Bone Marrow - contains fat and Red Bone Marrow - a mesh of networks
is found inside compact bones. It that contains hematopoietic stem cells.
produces fat cells, cartilage, and bones. Found in flat bones, vertebrae, and
spongy epiphysis of long bones.
Bone Cells
Osteocyte - former
osteoblasts that Osteoblast - Osteogenic - the Osteoclast -
have been trapped cells that form only bone cells responsible for
inside the matrix a new bone. that divide. the breakdown of
they formed called Develops into bone tissue.
lacunae. Maintains osteoblasts.
mineral
concentration.
Four Types of Bone Cells
 Blood and Nerve Supply
Although bones are very hard organs, also
have a dense network of blood vessels
inside them where the bone marrow is
located and on the outside that is
covered by the periosteum.

Foramen - an opening that allows the

passage of nerves, blood vessels, and
other structures to connect one part of
the body with another.
Bone Growth and Development

Ossification
or osteogenesis, is the process of
bone formation by osteoblasts.
 Intramembranous Ossification
The making of bone between connective tissue membranes.

Mesenchymal cells - multipotent

cells that develop into connective
tissue, blood vessels, and
lymphatic tissue.

Osteoid - uncalcified matrix

secreted by osteoblast which
calcifies within a few days thereby
entrapping osteoblasts within.
 Endochondral Ossification
The process of making bone within cartilage.

Chondrocytes - cells responsible

for cartilage formation.

Bones will continue to grow in

length as long as cartilage
between the epiphysis and
diaphysis is present.
 Muscoskeletal System
Tendons - fibrous connective tissue joining
muscle to bone. It helps the muscles move the
bones and joints.

Ligaments - elastic strings of fibrous connective

tissue that attaches the bones tp other bones.
holds the bones in places and stabilizes the
joints.

Cartilage - a flexible connective tissue that keeps

joint motion fluid coating the surfaces of the
bones in the joints and cushioning impact.
 Joints

A part of the body where

two or more bones meet
to allow movement.
 Three Types of Joints
Categorized by the movement they allow.

Synarthroses
(Immovable) - Amphiarthroses Diarthroses (Freely
fixed or fibrous (Slightly Moveable) - Moveable) - synovial
joints. No Cartilaginous joints. joints. Enable parts to
movement. Allows limited smoothly move against
movement. each other.
 Types of Freely Moveable Joints

Hinge - allows
extension and Gliding - plane joint.
retraction of an Ball and Socket -
Permits sliding over
allows radial
appendage one another.
movement
Saddle - enables Pivot - Condyloid - allows
back and forth, characterized by biaxial movement -
and side to side one bone that can i.e. forward and
movement, but swivel in a ring backward, side to
does not allow formed from a side, but no
rotation. second bone. rotation.
Summary
Two Sections of the Skeletal Types of Bones Two Regions of a Long Bone
System Flat Epiphysis
Axial - 80 bones. Head, neck, Short Diaphysis
chest, back Sesamoid
Appendicular - 126. Appendages, Irregular
girdles Long
Bone Growth and
Internal Structures of Bones Bone Cells
Development
Compact Osteocytes - maintain mineral
Spongy concentration Intramembranous Ossification -
Osteoblasts - bone formation bone-making between connective
Osteoclasts - bone resorption tissue membrane
Osteogenic - develops into Endochondral Ossification - bone-
osteoblasts making within cartilage
TT H
HAAN
NKK YY OO U
U !!!