Name: Asif Ali

Father Name: Abdullah

Seat No: 12052149
Program: BS 3rd
Department: English
Subject: English History
Teacher Name: Sir Muhammad Anwar
Gmail: asifaligungow@gmail.com
Date:12_10_2020

Que No #1
Answer:

The Roman conquest of Britain was a gradual process, beginning in AD 43 under

Emperor Claudius and being largely completed by 87 when the Stanegate was
established as the northern frontier.The Roman army was generally recruited in
Italia, Hispania, and Gaul. To cross the English Channel they used the newly
formed Classis Britannica fleet equipped with Mediterranean war galleys,[4]
which were much thicker in wood and more stable on rough waters.

The Romans under their general Aulus Plautius first forced their way inland in
several battles against British tribes, including the Battle of the Medway, the
Battle of the Thames, and in later years the Battle of Caer Caradoc against
Caratacus and the Battle of Mona in Anglesey.[5] Following a general uprising in
AD 60[6][7] in which Boudicca sacked Camulodunum,[8] Verulamium[9] and
Londinium,[9][10] the Romans suppressed the rebellion in the Battle of Watling
Street.[11][12] They went on eventually to push as far north as central Caledonia
in the Battle of Mons Graupius.[13][14] Even after Hadrian's Wall was established
as the border, tribes in Scotland and northern England repeatedly rebelled against
Roman rule and forts continued to be maintained across northern Britain to
protect against these attacks.[British Latin or British Vulgar Latin was the Vulgar
Latin spoken in Great Britain in the Roman and sub-Roman periods. While Britain
formed part of the Roman Empire, Latin became the principal language of the
elite, especially in the more Romanised south and east of the island. However, in
the less Romanised north and west it never substantially replaced the Brittonic
language of the indigenous Britons. In recent years, scholars have debated the
extent to which British Latin was distinguishable from its continental
counterparts, which developed into the Romance languages.After the end of
Roman rule, Latin was displaced as a spoken language by Old English in most of
what became England during the Anglo-Saxon settlement of the fifth and sixth
centuries. It survived in the remaining Celtic regions of western Britain and had
died out by about 700, when it was replaced by the local Brittonic languages.

Que No #2
Answer:
The Anglo-Saxons were comprised of people from Germanic tribes who migrated
to Great Britain from continental Europe; they inhabited the island from 450-
1066.

In the 5th century, Britain fell from Roman rule and established an independent
culture and society.

In the 6th century, Christianity was re-established and Britain began to flourish as
a center for learning and cultural production.

By the 7th century, smaller territories began coalescing into kingdoms, with the
kingdom of Mercia one of the most dominant.

The 9th century saw the rise of the Wessex kingdom, especially with King Alfred
the Great, who fashioned himself “King of the Anglo-Saxons” and oversaw an
increasing unity of the English people and improved the kingdom’s legal system
and military structure and his people’s quality of life.

During the course of the 10th century, the West Saxon kings extended their
power first over Mercia, then over the southern Danelaw, and finally over
Northumbria, thereby imposing a semblance of political unity.

This society continued to develop and thrive until the Norman Conquest in 1066.

The Anglo-Saxon culture was centered around three classes of men: the working
man, the churchman, and the warrior.

English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects

brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo-Saxon migrants
from what is now northwest Germany, southern Denmark and the Netherlands.
The Anglo-Saxons settled in the British Isles from the mid-5th century and came to
dominate the bulk of southern Great Britain. Their language, now called Old
English, originated as a group of Anglo-Frisian dialects which were spoken, at least
by the settlers, in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle
Ages, displacing the Celtic languages (and, possibly, British Latin) that had
previously been dominant. Old English reflected the varied origins of the Anglo-
Saxon kingdoms established in different parts of Britain. The Late West Saxon
dialect eventually became dominant. A significant subsequent influence on the
shaping of Old English came from contact with the North Germanic languages
spoken by the Scandinavian Vikings who conquered and colonized parts of Britain
during the 8th and 9th centuries, which led to much lexical borrowing and
grammatical simplification. The Anglian dialects had a greater influence on Middle
English.

Que No #3
Answer:
The Old English Era stretches from 450 AD to 1150 AD and can be further split
into early stages of Old English and Late English. The old English or Anglo-Saxon
era spans the time span from the earliest written records and documents from
the end of the 7th century to the beginning of the 12th century. Old English was
almost a pure, unmixed language that contained very few foreign elements. A
very curious fact about Old English is the fact that it is closer to modern German
than modern English.

The most important feature of Old English is its pronunciation of words that are
different from those that exist today. In the words of A.C.Baugh. Typically, the
pronunciation of old English words varies somewhat from that of their current
counterpart,

Long vowels, in particular, have changed considerably. Therefore, the old English
word "stan" is the same word as the modern word "stone," but the vowel is
different. In the old English script, there are seven vowel symbols - a, e, i, o, u and
y, and the digraph 'ae' is called 'ash'.

The second characteristic feature of Old English is its syntax, which is the most
basic and distinguishes it from Modern English. It essentially an inflected language
but it is not so heavily inflected like the classical languages such as Sanskrit, Latin
and Greek. Old English primarily illustrates the association of words in a sentence
by means of their inflexions.

Another aspect of Old English is that there is sex in adjectives like nouns. The
adjective takes the noun 's gender with which it is associated.

Old English was the purest, unmixed English. With the exception of five hundred
loaned words, his vocabulary consisted of about thirty thousand inherited words
from the standard Teutonic stock, leaving out a few Latin words concerning the
Church and its rituals and the sprinkling of Celtic and Old Norse words.

Many of these thousands of words have undergone a variety of historical and

linguistic tragedies and are still being used everyday, but their meanings, roles
and forms may have been changed. At that point, these words shed light on the
state of life, profession, culture and society of the English race.

The Old English writers favoured coining compound words and derivatives from
native words. This resourcefulness characterises Old English.

So, the vocabulary of Old English is pure and unmixed. And they're also capable of
sharing fresh ideas.

Que No #4
Answer:
EVENTS AND INCIDENTS FROM 1066 TO 1200:

1066 Norman Conquest Of England:

At the battle of Hastings, Duke William of Normandy defeats harded Godvinson
and establishes his rule over England.

1077- Walk To Canossa:

A meeting between Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII,
consitone of the most dramatic moments in the Middle Ages and in relations
between cgurch and state.

1084- Zizhi Tongjian Published :

After 19 years of work, this chronicle of Chinese history is completed.one of the

most ambitious work of history ever ereated, it covers almost 1,400 years and
was published in 294 volume.

1095- First Crusade Is Launched :

At the council of Clement, Pope urban II calls upon Christian to undertake in

support of thr Byzantine Empire against the seljuk Turks. It would lead to the
Conquest of Jerusalem four years later and a concernted effort by western
Europeans to take control of the near east.

1098- Cistercians Founded:

Robert, Abbot of Mehesms established a new religious order in citeawx .The

cristercians offered a different kind of monastic refom that would be popular in
medieval Europe.

1135-Gothic Buildings emerge:

A new architectural style that would flourish in medieval Europe, it has it’s
beginning with the work done by French aboutsuger and his work on the Basilica
of ST Denis in Paris.

1170-80 Maimonides writes Mishnch Torah:

The Jewish philosopher Moses been Maimon writes this 14 volume work on
Judaism becoming one of the key books on the religion.

1066 Norman Conquest Of England:

At the battle of Hastings, Duke William of Normandy defeats harded Godvinson

and establishes his rule over England.

1077- Walk To Canossa:

A meeting between Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII,
consitone of the most dramatic moments in the Middle Ages and in relations
between cgurch and state.

1084- Zizhi Tongjian Published :

After 19 years of work, this chronicle of Chinese history is completed.one of the

most ambitious work of history ever ereated, it covers almost 1,400 years and
was published in 294 volume.

1095- First Crusade Is Launched :

At the council of Clement, Pope urban II calls upon Christian to undertake in

support of thr Byzantine Empire against the seljuk Turks. It would lead to the
Conquest of Jerusalem four years later and a concernted effort by western
Europeans to take control of the near east.

1098- Cistercians Founded:

Robert, Abbot of Mehesms established a new religious order in citeawx .The

cristercians offered a different kind of monastic refom that would be popular in
medieval Europe.

1135-Gothic Buildings emerge:

A new architectural style that would flourish in medieval Europe, it has it’s
beginning with the work done by French aboutsuger and his work on the Basilica
of ST Denis in Paris.

1170-80 Maimonides writes Mishnch Torah:

The Jewish philosopher Moses been Maimon writes this 14 volume work on
Judaism,

becoming one of the key books on the religion.

Que No #5
Answer:

The Norman conquest of England (in Britain, often called the Norman Conquest or
the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an
army made up of Norman, Bretons, Flemish and French knights, all led by the Duk
e of Normandy later styled William the Conqueror.

William's claim to the English throne derived from his familial relationship with
the childless Anglo-Saxon king Edward the Confessor, who may have encouraged
William's hopes for the throne. Edward died in January 1066 and was succeeded
by his brother-in-law Harold Godwinson. The Norwegian king Harald Hardrada
invaded northern England in September 1066 and was victorious at the Battle of
Fulford, but Godwinson's army defeated and killed Hardrada at the Battle of
Stamford Bridge on 25 September. Within days, William landed in southern
England. Harold marched south to oppose him, leaving a significant portion of his
army in the north. Harold's army confronted William's invaders on 14 October at
the Battle of Hastings; William's force defeated Harold, who was killed in the
engagement.

Although William's main rivals were gone, he still faced rebellions over the
following years and was not secure on his throne until after 1072. The lands of the
resisting English elite were confiscated; some of the elite fled into exile. To control
his new kingdom, William granted lands to his followers and built castles
commanding military strongpoints throughout the land with the Domesday Book,
a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales
being completed by 1086. Other effects of the conquest included the court and
government, the introduction of the Norman language as the language of the
elites, and changes in the composition of the upper classes, as William enfeoffed
lands to be held directly from the king. More gradual changes affected the
agricultural classes and village life: the main change appears to have been the
formal elimination of slavery, which may or may not have been linked to the
invasion. There was little alteration in the structure of government, as the new
Norman administrators took over many of the forms of Anglo-Saxon government.

Abstract
Chaucer was born around 1343 and died in 1400. He was a prolific poet with a
high reputation among his contemporaries. He probably started work on that
vastly ambitious project, the Canterbury Tales, quite late in his literary career, in
the 1380s, and was still working on it at the time of his death. Before then he had
produced a variety of works. He had translated into English two of the most
influential texts in the later Middle Ages: the Romance of the Rose, a thirteenth-
century French love allegory, and Boethius’s Consolation of Philosophy, written in
the sixth century when its author was facing execution. Chaucer had also written
a number of great poems in English, including Troilus and Criseyde, one of the
most moving love stories in our language. Although he wrote in English for an
audience which considered French to be the fashionable language for poetry he
was acclaimed as a great writer, and used as a model by a number of poets in the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Since then, important writers in every period
have admired him, and many have felt him to be worth translating.

Que No #6
Answer:
Foreign influences on old English

The language which has been described in the preceding chapter was not merely
the product of the dialects brought to England by the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles.
These formed its basis, the sole basis of its grammar and the source of by far the
largest part of its vocabulary. But there were other elements which entered into
it. In the course of the first seven hundred years of its existence in England it was
brought into contact with three other languages, the languages of the Celts, the
Romans, and the Scandinavians. From each of these contacts it shows certain
effects, especially additions to its vocabulary. The nature of these contacts and
the changes that were effected by them will form the subject of this chapter.
The Celtic Influence

Nothing would seem more reasonable than expect that the conquest of the Celtic
population of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons and the subsequent mixture of the two
peoples should have resulted in a corresponding mixture of their languages; that
consequently we should find in the Old English vocabulary numerous instances of
words which the Anglo-Saxons heard in the speech of the native population and
adopted. For it is apparent that the Celts were by no means exterminated except
in certain areas, and that in most of England large numbers of them were
gradually absorbed by the new inhabitants. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports
that at Andredesceaster or Pevensey a deadly struggle occurred between the
native population and the newcomers and that not a single Briton was left alive.
The evidence of the place-names in this region lends support to the statement.
But this was probably an exceptional case. In the east and southeast, where the
Germanic conquest was fully accomplished at a fairly early date, it is probable
that there were fewer survivals of a Celtic population than elsewhere. Large
numbers of the defeated fled to the west. Here it is apparent that a considerable
Celtic-speaking population survived until fairly late times. Some such situation is
suggested by a whole cluster of Celtic place-names in the northeastern corner of
Dorsetshire.It is altogether likely that many Celts were held as slaves by the
conquerors and that many of the Anglo-Saxons married Celtic women. In at least
of the island, contact between the two peoples must have been constant and in
some districts intimate for several generation.

Celtic place name

When we come, however, to seek the evidence for this contact in the English
language, investigation yields very meager results. Such evidence as there is
survives chiefly in place-names. 2 The kingdom of Kent, for example, owes its
name to the Celtic word Canti or Cantion, the meaning of which is unknown, while
the two ancient Northumbrian kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia derive their
designations from Celtic tribal names. Other districts, especially in the west and
southwest, preserve in their present-day names traces of their earlier Celtic
designations.
Other Celtic Loan-words

those which the Anglo-Saxons learned through everyday contact with the natives,
and (2) those which were introduced by the Irish missionaries in the north. The
former were transmitted orally and were of popular character; the latter were
connected with religious activities and were more or less learned. The popular
words include binn (basket, crib), bratt (cloak), and brocc (brock or badger); a
group of words for geographical features which had not played much part in the
experience of the Anglo-Saxons in their continental home— crag, luh (lake), cumb
(valley).

The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary

It is obvious that the most typical as well as the most numerous class of words
introduced by the new religion would have to do with that religion and the details
of its external organization. Words are generally taken over by one language from
another in answer to a definite need. They are adopted because they express
ideas that are new or because they are so intimately associated with an object or
a concept that acceptance of the thing involves acceptance also of the word. A
few words relating to Christianity such as church and bishop were, as we have
seen, borrowed earlier. The Anglo-Saxons had doubtless plundered churches and
come in contact with bishops before they came to England. But the great majority
of words in Old English having to do with the church and its services. The list
includes abbot, alms, altar, angel, anthem, Arian, ark, candle, canon, chalice,
cleric, cowl, deacon, disciple, epistle, hymn, litany, manna, martyr, mass, minster,
noon, nun, offer, organ, pall, palm, pope, priest, provost, psalm, psalter, relic,
rule, shrift, shrine, shrive.