CHAPTER ONE

1.0. INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

A sport development center is a place where sporting activities take place.

It is also a place where people can play or witness different types of sporting activities.

Different things take place here, ranging from skills display to skills development and

also over coming of one’s fear. Sport has been an avenue for promoting unity and peace

among tribes and people of different cultures and beliefs, also a source of

entertainment, social engagement and even a source of employment over years both in

Nigeria and all over the world.

From observation, there has been no standard and encouraging sport

development center in Abuja, that will make sport lovers to participate in sporting

activities, and this is really affecting sporting performance both locally and

internationally. For this reason, the provision of a sport development center is very

paramount. Other countries have shown their worth and capability through sporting

activities and this has made their economy to be well improved and also contributed to

the development of their countries.

For sport to be efficient and effective, certain policies, rules and strategies

must be established, like adequate funding, executable sport policies, safety and

security of sport men and women, encouraging sport development centers, and

excellent sponsorships. For these reasons, the main focus of this project is to provide a

sport development center that is well equipped with a football pitch, basketball courts,

boxing rings, wrestling rings, swimming pools and other sports. Also, the provision

of adequate security, administrative blocks, medical center and also the use of

contemporary materials for the comfortability of the users of the facilities.

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1.2. STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

From finding and observations, I discovered that most existing structures in the north

are deficient in adequate security, and with this situation of the country in terms of

terrorism, vandalism, arm robbery and kidnapping, there is need for the provision of a

safe and secured sport development center.

1.3. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

The poor performance of Abuja sport lovers in sporting activities both locally and

internationally has been linked to the inability of the federal capital territory

government to provide a good sport facility for development of sport, and this is

causing a great concern among sport lovers and this makes the provision of a new sport

development center very important.

1.4. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4.1. AIM

The aim of the study is to design a sport development center that will ensure and

provide adequate security through efficient crowd control and proper circulation within

the facility for the promotion of sporting activities in Abuja.

1.4.2. OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the study are to:

i. ensure the safety of all sport lovers and stake holders of the facility;

ii. ensure the security of all stake holders in the center;

iii. provide facilities that will encourage adequate training and preparation of athletes

for both local and international sport competitions;

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iv. go for applicable, relevant and proper case studies, so as to provide a functional

and efficient sport development center;

v. ensure adequate planning of both pedestrian and drive ways to avoid accidents, and

vi. propose a sport development center that will meet up to international standard.

1.5. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The sport development center for Abuja is a design proposal located in Pyakasa district

along the Abuja airport road, so as to cater for the sporting needs and sporting activities

for stakeholders within Abuja and outside Abuja.

The proposed facilities will include, football main bowl, indoor sport building,

swimming pool, lawn tennis, basketball courts, restaurants, marts, fire and emergency

unit, male and female conveniences, and medical units.

1.6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

For this proposed sport development center to be functional, efficient and addressing

the earlier listed problems, there is need to gather adequate information regarding a

sport development center.

The research methodologies that were used includes literature reviews and case studies

a. Literature Reviews

Literature is used as a means of providing the researching with already - written and

documented knowledge about a particular subject matter.

In the case of this proposed design, journals, magazines, research publications, books

and various internet sites are the sources where various information about a sport

development will be gathered. These will help and shed more light in understanding the

design of a sport development center.

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b. Case Study

A case study is a critical appraisal and criticism of an existing project which is similar

to the proposed project. Physical examination and evaluation of the existing project will

be carried out, and deductions will be made.

For the purpose of this project, case studies are carried out in other to have an idea

about their spatial arrangement and requirements, site zoning, site planning, services,

needed and necessary facilities, parking and landscaping to ensure efficient functioning

of the facility.

1.7. LIMITATION TO THE STUDY

Due to be insecurity condition of the country Nigeria, access to some facilities was

difficult, also oral interview was impossible as some of the staff of the visited places

were uncooperative.

Also, some of the needed data and information are not accessible due to poor data

keeping.

1.8. EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE

This project by virtue of findings and results should provide a guide and sample for

architects, planners, Management and other stakeholders in ministries, departments and

agencies across the nation. This project fosters effective use of proper circulation,

planning, and landscape, to create an appropriate environment for sporting activities.

Also to provide adequate security and efficient crowd control for sporting activities.

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1.9. DEFINITION OF TERMS

i. Sport: It is an athletic activity requiring skill or physical prowess and often of a

competitive nature, as racing, baseball, tennis, golf, bowling, wrestling, boxing,

hunting, fishing, etc. According to the oxford dictionary, sports is defined as an activity

involving physical exertion and skill in which individual or team competes against

another or others for entertainment. Any definition of “sport” will be contentious, since

there are descriptors of sports that could be considered exclusive within a definition,

and many descriptors that could be interpreted in different ways.

There are also many closely related terms; such as social sport, recreational

sport, physical activity, physical education, physical literacy, exercise, etc. that,

depending upon the context in which they are applied, may look like ‘sport’. The

etymology of the word ‘sport’ comes from the old French ‘desport’, meaning leisure.

The oldest definition in English language dates from around 1300 and means ‘anything

humans find amusing or entertaining’.

The first English language use of the word ‘sport’ to mean a game involving

physical exercise appeared in the mid-1500s [source: Online Etymology Dictionary].

What we perceive as ‘sport’ in one instance may not be in another; sport takes on many

forms and is constantly changing based upon societal norms, trends, and new directions.

ii. Development: Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive

change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic

components. The purpose of development is a rise in the level and quality of life of the

population, and the creation or expansion of local regional income and employment

opportunities, without damaging the resources of the environment. Development is

visible and useful, not necessarily immediately, and includes an aspect of quality

change and the creation of conditions for a continuation of that change.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.1. LITTERATURE REVIEW

2.2. HISTORY OF SPORTS

Sport can be defined as an activity involving the physical exertion and skill in

which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment. It

also includes all forms of competitive physical activities or games which through casual

or organized participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills

while providing enjoyment to participants, and in some cases, entertainment for

spectators. (Wikipedia).

Hundreds of sports exist, from those requiring two participants, through to those

that requires more than hundred participants at a time. Sport are usually governed by set

rules or customs, which serves to ensure fair competition and allow consistent

adjudication of the winner. Winning can be determined by physical events such as

scoring goals or crossing a line first, or by the determination by judges who are scoring

element of the sporting performance. Sports history comprises of wide literature

discussing sports from ancient times to modern times. It discusses sports like running,

swimming, bull fights, long jump, shot put, wrestling, etc. During the ancient Greek

period, sport is usually a one-day event until 684BC, when they extended it to three

days, and in the 5th century, it was extended to five days, since they realized what

benefits it brought to the table, like unity, fun and other social benefits.

Interestingly, the ancient Greeks did not engage in team sports, each person is to

manage himself or herself. In Africa, some of the most popular and common sports

includes football, basketball, boxing, wrestling, hand ball and many more, but from

ancient times and even till now, sport has been handicapped in some countries and some

continents due to poor infrastructure and policies. The ancient Egyptian also had a

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number of various kinds of sport and athletics including wrestling and horse races

drawn by chariots around 1500 B.C. The Greeks enjoyed athletics contest that were

highly developed in Olympic Games which began in 776 BC and which were then

reviewed in 1896 in Athens in Greece.

After middle ages, new kinds of sports began to flourish and several have since

been invented which have been modified all along thereby requiring new kinds of

buildings and other structures. These however have had no doubt played influential

roles in the works of architecture today. The Olympic Games are believed to have

begun in 1270 BC (98 years before the first recorded hurling match in Ireland).

Nonetheless, it was accepted that the first Olympic Games were staged in 776 BC In

the Greeks, the agonistic spirit was highly developed and most sport in ancient times

was either a preparation for war or a substitute for it. The Greeks were dead keen to

win, no matter what it takes to do so. Chariot-racing were frequently accompanied by

violence and cheating of a kind.

Professional Greeks athletes, boxers and wrestlers were quite ready to accept

bribes to “Throw” contests and as such Olympic Games were marred by violent

disputes and copious bloodshed. There were also field and track events and apart from

this, the Greeks and Romans had a number of ball games, dicing and based games.

Moreover, the Olympic Games were a kind of cultural festival at which poet and

orators recited their works. The Olympic Games are performed every four years, but

not all the different kinds of sports which exist are represented there; however new

disciplines are added every time the games are held. The Olympic Games are named

after the city in Greece where it took place for the first time in the year 776 B.C. and it

was held there every four years for a long period of time. The intentions of the games

were to allow the best sportsmen in the country to compete, and their ideal was to

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promote perfect men both in body and soul (as the games at that time were only for

men). Another idea of the games was to keep peace during the competitions, as there

were often minor wars going on at the time.

The contemporary tradition of the games started in 1896, in Athens. The

initiator was Pierre de Coubertin. Since then, the event has taken place every four years,

excepting during the world wars. Since 1924, a special winter Olympics has been held.

The International Olympic Committee is now managing the games from its seat in

Lausanne, Switzerland. The well-known symbol of the games is the five intertwined

different coloured circles on a white background. They symbolise the five continents.

The games continued to be held every four years (The Olympiad) until A.D 393

when they were banned by order of Emperor Theodosius and they were not to be

revived until 1896. In Europe however, between 5th and 14th century, there is not much

surviving evidence for sports and games, indeed in most other places. From the 14th

century wide variety of sports and games become common in Europe.

During the latter part of the 16th and during 17th and 18th centuries, sports and

games became increasingly popular and there are numerous records available for study

of their history. The second half of the 19th century witnessed the beginning of the

period of development. Much of it was achieved in England and Britain. In fact, from

the late Middle Ages up to about 1930‟s the British contribution to sports and games

was tremendous.

Another feature of the evolution of sports in the 20 th century was that it has been

taken more serious by spectators and participant alike. At the higher level, sports men

and women were more committed and dedicated than before. In recent times however,

Olympic Games is now widely accepted and celebrated every four years. In 1976, the

game was hosted in Montreal, Canada, in 1980 in Moscow, Russia, 1984 in Los

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 Angeles, U.S.A, 1988 in Seoul, South Korea, 1992 in Barcelona, Spain, 1996 in

Atlanta, U.S.A, 2000 in Sydney, Australia, 2004 in Athens, Greece, and in 2008 it

will be hosted in Beijing, China.

Talking about sports, it is related and affiliated to recreation, and these contains

activities that help improve and develop skills, talents, abilities and intellects.

Sport and recreation can be used as a source of deriving fun, also to stay physically fit

and it can be used as a source of income. Sport and recreation activities include soccer,

basketball, swimming, aerobics, yoga, tennis, dancing, hockey, golf, cycling and

mountain biking, running, listening to music and many others. (IAC Publishing, 2017).

Recreation is regarded as one of the basic of human needs as sources of

pleasure, relaxation and excitement in the earliest history. Recreation according to

Microsoft Encarta (2009) is the refreshment of the mind and body after work,

especially by engaging in enjoyable activities. Sport and recreational is a big industry

that offers career opportunities to many people, such as a personal trainer, coach,

activity leader, nutritionist, player manager, commentator, massage therapist, fitness

instructor and ground's manager, among others. Also, many people need help in

physical fitness, spiritual and psychological well-being and maintaining good nutrition.

It also provides athletes, or players, an opportunity to earn money through their talents

and abilities. (IAC Publishing,2017).

2.3.ADMINISTRATION OF SPORTS IN NIGERIA

Nigeria as a country with multi-ethnic groups has more than 500 languages.

Different languages, with different cultures, norms, sanctions, values, religions, belief,

and tradition. Nigeria like the ancient city of Greece, use physical activities such as

dancing, running jumping, masquerading and others for religion worshipping. There

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are cultural displays such as; swimming, hunting, canoeing, horse riding, tree and

mountain climbing (Adedeji, 1972).

The need for an organization to promote the development of sports in Nigeria

led to the formation in 1944 of the Amateur Athletic Association of Nigeria. The

Nigeria National Sports Council (NSC) was set up in 1962. In august 1971, the

Federal Government promulgated Decree 34, which gave formal recognition and

legal set up of National Sports Commission which was inaugurated on September 23,

1971 and was charged among other things with the responsibilities to promote sports

in Nigeria (Federal Republic of Nigeria Gazette, 1979).

Administration is the guidance, leadership and management of affairs through

essential functions and responsibilities necessary for the achievement of sports goal.

Ever since their creation about 40 years ago, the National Commission and the States

Sports Councils have made bold efforts to transform sports organization and

administration in Nigeria (Orunaboka, 1998). It could be observed today that developed

countries employ sophisticated and scientific facilities and training programs to

condition their athletes for high performances. If developing countries like Nigeria

would hope to meet-up with and indeed surpass the advances of their counterparts in

the developed world, they have no option than to make greater commitment to sports

programs. Many states in Nigeria spend large amount of money to maintain and

improve their sports programs. This is likely as a result of the prestige attached to

sports at all levels of our national life.

Various sporting competitions are held in Nigeria, some annually and others bi-

annually among students and other associations like Nigeria University Games

(NUGA), Nigeria Polytechnic Games (NIPOGA), Nigeria Private University Games

(NUPGA), etc. Also, competitions are held between different football clubs within the

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state level and also the national levels, e.g. Kano pillars football club and akwa united

football club. This has to great extent helped in unifying various ethnic groups in the

country and in provision of recreational facilities where the competitions are held.

For these and other reasons, the provision of sport centre has been one of the major

necessary facilities in institutions, states, local governments and even within

communities.

2.4. BENEFITS OF SPORT

It’s no secrets that sport and physical activities are good for the body system, and also

for the development of social and economic activities of a nation.

And below are some of the benefits of sport and physical activities.

2.4.1. Improved cardiovascular health

The heart is a muscle, and it needs to be worked out, with this, regular exercise can help

improve the overall health of the entire cardiovascular system which will help prolong

life span of humans.

2.4.2. Lower risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes

A healthier heart means reduced risk of stroke, and diabetes, and this can be achieved

through regular involvement in sport and recreation.

2.4.3. Helps manage weight

Not only does physical exercise and sport burns calories, it also improves your

metabolism in the long run.

2.4.4. It reduces blood pressure

Physical activities keep your heart and blood vessels healthy, helping in the prevention

of hypertension and hypertension.

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2.4.5. Enhanced aerobics fitness

Participating in aerobic activities such as running, cycling and swimming can improve

your body’s ability to transport and utilize oxygen in the lungs and blood.

2.4.6. Improved muscular strength and endurance

Resistance exercises challenge your muscular system, resulting in bigger and stronger

muscles.

2.4.7. Improved joint flexibility and range of motion

Regular exercise and involvement in sporting activities and recreation improves

flexibility and reduces risk of injury.

2.4.8. Strengthens Communities

Park and recreation opportunities are essential for strengthening and maintaining a

healthy community. Recreation brings neighbours together, encourages safer, cleaner

neighbourhoods and creates a livelier community atmosphere. Parks and recreational

facilities also help improve a community’s image, socioeconomic status and enhance

the area’s desirability. When people move, they seek a desirable community. When they

retire, they also look for a community that will accommodate their special needs.

Residents recognize the numerous benefits that well-maintained open spaces and

recreation facilities can have for a community. (California State Parks, 2005).

2.4.9. Mental health benefits

Exercise is good for your mental health also, as it can battle feeling of anxiety and

depression, sharpens your focus and improve self-esteem.

2.4.10. Promotes Social Bonds

This section demonstrates how recreation and park facilities help promote social

bonds by uniting families, building cultural tolerance, and supporting individuals with

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disabilities and seniors. Recreation provides us with family and community bonds that

last a lifetime. (California State Parks, 2005).

2.5. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF STADIUM PLANNING AND DESIGN

Stadium design and planning should consider the following principles for excellent and

best outcome.

2.5.1. Sustainability

A sustainable building is a building that has little or no effect to the environment. It

should aim at using renewable building material, minimize negative impact on the

environment, limited dead space and can stand for a long time.

2.5.2. Structure

A stadium must be durable, strong, secure, earth quake proof and have good

foundations for it to be functional and secured for people to make use of it

2.5.3. Community

All structures should aim at keeping its negative impact on the environment at

minimum, by sourcing for building material that are locally and readily available, using

renewable energy as much as possible, e.g. the use of solar energy source, and also

using zero or little amount of fossil fuels.

2.5.4. Aesthetics

The stadium must be aesthetically pleasing and appealing, the use of contemporary

building materials must be employed, so as to give the structure an excellent finish

which meets up to international and recommended standard.

2.5.5. Safety

The safety and security of the stake holders of the stadium must be put into

consideration while planning a stadium. Various security measures must be

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incorporated into the design even from the development stage for the guaranteed safety

of lives and properties, e.g. the placement of fire exits at strategic points and the

provision of fire and emergency equipment.

2.5.6. Accessibility

In a stadium, there should be a lot of fire exits around the stadium, wide entrances and

easy flow of movement within the premises. Also, there should be direction signs at

strategic positions directing people to wherever they want to go.

2.6. THE NEED FOR THE PLANNING OF A SPORT CENTER

Sport centres are constructed over a long period of time because of some factors like

finance, procurement of appropriate materials for the execution of the project, natural

growth of some landscapes and the scopes of the construction.

To ensure the ultimate development and execution of the project, in terms of quality,

aesthetics, and functionality, a comprehensive and detailed design must be developed

and well discusses for it to be executable.

2.7. STEPS OF DECISION PLANNING

In order to achieve the required performance of the sportsmen and the other users, the

design must set from the following determining factors. Orientation, Zoning and

Location.

2.7.1. Orientation

Orientation of the playing fields depends on the uses to which it will be put and based

on these design factors which are: the hemisphere in which the stadium is located; the

period of the year in which the designated sports will be played; the times of day these

events will be played; and the specific local environmental conditions such as wind

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direction. As part of the orientation the central area should be the starting point of the

design through its shape, dimensions and form. These will enable it to fulfil all the

required functions. Also, the seating capacity is to cater for the spectators who make the

sports or activities at the central area what it should be in terms of supports.

2.7.2. Zoning

The zoning of facilities in planning enhances safety of the users‟ i.e. both

sportsmen and spectators. Having set the Orientation, the next priority is to plan

the position of the stadium, indoor hall, administrative building etc. on the site,

and also to plan the interrelationship of its major parts. These four zones make

up the safety plan. Their sizes and location are critical to the performance of the

stadium in an emergency.

(a) Zone One: the pitch or area of activity. This may be considered a place

of reasonable safety, to which spectators can be evacuated before using another

emergency exits. Even where this is protected from Zone Two, Zone One should

still be accessible to spectators via any gates or openings in the pitch or area of

activity perimeter barriers.

(b) Zone Two: spectator viewing accommodation.

(c) Zone Three: internal concourses and hospitality areas. If this area

needs to be evacuated in an emergency, it should preferably be to Zone Four.

(d) Zone Four: the outer circulation area. Zone Three and Four may, in

certain situations, be considered a place of reasonable safety, to which

spectators can be evacuated before exiting to Zone Five. In planning terms,

Zone Four can serve as a vital access area for emergency and service vehicles,

without disrupting circulation in Zone Two.

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(e) Zone Five: a buffer zone outside the sports ground perimeter, used for

the public to gather before entry and for links to car parks and public transport.

The public should be able to circumnavigate the perimeter in this zone, in order

to find an appropriate point of entry. Zone Five should be the designated place

of safety in the event of an emergency.

2.7.3. Location

Today it is technically feasible to build a safe, comfortable and functionally efficient

stadium in any location (town centre, open country side) provided that there is

sufficient land and the stadium facilities used are compatible with the surrounding

environment. The proper planning of stadium facilities and its location will further

enhance the performances of the game player most especially when the crowd is

controlled technically to avoid tragedy moments.

2.8. BASIC FACILITIES FOR A STANDARD SPORT CENTER

Facilities provided in a sport centre vary depending on some factors. It depends on the

list of projected users or events, which are intended to be booked into the arena.

Generally, the required facilities for a sport centre includes;

I. main stadium,

II. sports hall

III. swimming pool

IV. hockey pitch,

V. basketball courts,

VI. handball courts

VII. volleyball courts

VIII. lawn tennis courts

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 IX. squash hall

X. practicing pitches

XI. tracks among others.

Auxiliary facilities include;

I. administration offices

II. First aid

III. security and restaurant.

IV. Fire and emergency

V. Marts

2.9. SPORT DEVELOPMENT CENTER AND SECURITY

Public areas are possible places where crimes are possible to take place because

of the large crowd gathered in a certain area, and for this reason, security measures

must be put in place to prevent any crime from taking place. Some of the biggest

special events in the world happens in sports, with this, sporting events brings unique

security challenges, and this may even start right from the parking area because of the

rowdiness of the area.

Sports events are susceptible to various threats, such as terrorism, natural

disasters, and fan violence (Fried, 2005; Lipton, 2005). Previous research indicates that

terrorism is a concern for sport venue managers (Baker, Connaught on, Zhang, &

Spengler, 2007). Sport venue managers and spectators perceive terrorism as a

foreseeable threat to U.S. sport facilities and believe it is only a matter of time before

they are attacked (Baker et. al, 2007; Phillips et al., 2006).

However, it has been documented that some facilities are lacking in terms of

staff training related to terrorism (Baker et al., 2007; Cunningham, 2007; Phillips,

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2006). Since 9/11, sport venue managers realize their security policies and procedures

need to be reviewed and have requested help regarding access to timely security

information, assistance in conducting vulnerability assessments, and the provision of

training for emergency response planning (Baker et. al, 2007; Phillips, 2006).

Today’s terrorists can strike anywhere at any time with a variety of weapons.

Vulnerable facilities include government buildings, hospitals, restaurants, malls and

sports arenas (Philpott, 2007) and in order for sport venue managers to effectively

improve security, they must first identify vulnerabilities in their security systems.

Some of the identified common vulnerabilities at sport venues includes

 Lack of emergency and evacuation plans specific to sport venue;

 Inadequate searching of venue prior to event;

 Inadequate searches of fans and belongings;

 Concessions not properly secured;

 Dangerous chemicals stored inside the sport venue

 No accountability for vendors and their vehicles; and

 Inadequate staff training in security awareness and response to attacks.

2.9.1. Natural Access Control

Natural access control relies on doors, fences, shrubs, and other physical

elements to keep unauthorized persons out of a particular place if they do not have a

legitimate reason for being there. In its most elementary form, access control can be

achieved in individual dwellings or commercial establishments by the use of adequate

locks, doors and window barriers.

However, when one moves beyond private property to public or semi-public

spaces, the application of access control needs more care. Properly located entrances,

exits, fencing, landscaping and lighting can subtly direct both foot and vehicular traffic

18
in ways that decreases criminal opportunities. Access control can be as simple as

locating a front office to a warehouse. While access control is more difficult on streets

and areas that are entirely open to public use, there are other techniques for controlling

access in these circumstances. For example, nonphysical or „psychological‟ barriers

can be used to achieve the objective of access control. These barriers may appear in the

form of signs, paving textures, nature strips or anything that announces the integrity and

uniqueness of an area. The idea behind a psychological barrier is that if a target seems

strange, or difficult, it may also be unattractive to potential criminals. Because any

strategy that fosters access control is also likely to impede movement, careful

consideration should be given to access control strategies. Such strategies may limit the

Opportunity for crimes, but should not hinder the mobility of potential victims. (Hall,

Marciani &Cooper, 2008).

2.9.2. Protective Measures

Protective security measures include resources and procedures designed to

protect a facility against threats and to mitigate the consequences of an attack.

Protective measures are designed to promote the DHS strategy to effectively prevent,

prepare, respond, and recover from terrorist attacks (National Strategy for Homeland

Security, 2002). A number of associations and organizations are concerned with facility

security, including the World Council for Venue Management, International

Association of Assembly Managers, and sport league governing bodies such as the

National Football League, (NFL), National Basketball Association (NBA), and

Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA). These entities issue security guidelines or

“best practices” for their members. The National Hockey League conducts monthly

security audits; and the National Basketball League follows strict bomb emergency

procedures (Iwata, 2002).

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 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0. CASE STUDY

For this aim and purpose of this thesis and project to be achieved, various existing sport
development centres must be visited and analysed, and the main objectives of the case
studies is to have a view and idea of existing sport centres both within and outside
Nigeria.
Their spaces and their allocations, arrangements, connections and functions are
being studied and analysed, also, their merit and demerit are being taken note of and put
into consideration in the proposed project.

3.1. OBJECIVES OF CASE STUDY

The objectives of case studying are:

 To know the spaces and facilities in the existing sport centres which are important

and also worth emulating, so that adequate provisions can be made for them in the

proposal.

 To analyse the functional relationship of the spaces in the existing sport centres.

 To analyse inherent and existing design problems facing the existing sport

development centres in order to avert the possible re-occurrences in the proposal.

3.2. CASE STUDY ONE: NATIONAL STADIUM COMPLEX, ABUJA.

3.2.1. Description

This beautiful national monument is located at the south entrance of the city of Abuja

behind the popular city gate, which is also one of the landmarks in the federal capital

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territory. The location of the stadium is appropriate as its welcome’s visitors, sports

contingents and sports loving Nigeria to the „centre of Unity. ‟

The Abuja National Stadium main bowl is designed to accommodate 60,000

spectator seats covered by a lightweight roof construction. The main Characteristics are

the two overlapping spectator tiers; the lower tier accommodating 32,000 seats and the

upper tier 28,000 seats. The lower tier also incorporates 56 corporate suites with

viewing terraces and one presidential lounge for 50 guests. All functional and

secondary areas are accommodated in the entrance building which provides a gross

floor area of approximately 25,000 m².

This building is arranged below the concourse level which serves as the

spectators‟ distribution level and therefore provides several kiosks, banks, first aid

stations and toilet buildings. The structure of the stadium is a combination of insitu and

precast concrete elements. There are 36 towers supporting the upper tier and the roof

structure. These towers are founded on 140 bored piles with diameters of 1.30 m and

1.50 m in a depth of 8.00 m to 30.00 m. Precast concrete elements varying between 13

and 15 meters in length are placed between the towers, forming the spectator stands.

3.2.2. FACILITIES PROVIDED

The Facilities provided in the Abuja Stadium include:

 60,000 capacity covered main bowl

 Presidential Suite and Viewing Area

 56 Corporate Suites

 Banks

 Media Facilities

 Shops and Kiosks for Snacks

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 A standby Power Supply System

 Helipad

 3000-capacity Indoor Sports Hall

 2000-capacity Gymnasium

 2000-capacity Swimming Pool

 4000-vehicle capacity public parking lot

 3000-capacity Hockey Stadium

3.2.3. APPRAISAL

3.2.3.1. Merits

 The security of the main bow is achieved through the perimeter barricade and the

design.

 Good natural day lighting and ventilation are achieved.

 Adequate parking spaces were provided.

 Successful use of technology and modern materials of construction,

 The complex is strategically located such that it can be accessed easily from any part

of the Federal Capital Territory Abuja.

 Circulation within the complex is adequately planned to avoid traffic congestion

around the stadium.

 The landscape within the complex is well planned.

 Modern equipment is provided in the stadium.

3.2.3.2. Demerits

 The maintenance of the large lawn and facilities is highly expensive.

 Vehicular movement into the city is greatly hampered on match days as the roads

around the stadium complex are closed.

22
 The security of the complex is threatened due to the size of the stadium, which made

it almost impossible to police, by security guards.

Plate 1: Aerial view of the national stadium complex, Abuja

Source: Researchers field work, (2018)

Plate 2: Swimming pool of the national stadium complex, Abuja

Source: Researchers field work, (2018)

Plate 3: Internal view of the main bowl of the national stadium complex, Abuja
Source: Researchers field work, (2018)

23
 Plate 4: Indoor sport arena of the national stadium complex, Abuja
Source: Researchers field work, (2018)

3.3. CASE STUDY TWO: AKURE SPORTS COMPLEX, AKURE. ONDO

STATE.

3.3.1. DESCRIPTION

The facilities available within the complex include the following,

Football/Athletic stadium (Main bowl) has 400 x 8 lanes athletic track on flat rammed

laterite surface and the football field at the centre. The covered seat is on the western

end of the stadium while the uncovered seating terrace is directly opposite on the

eastern end. The players‟ dressing rooms and office were located under the raked seats

of the grand stand. Toilets, stores and other auxiliary facilities are also located under

the uncovered raked seats while metal fencing barriers separates the main pitch and

track from the spectator.

3.3.2. FACILITIES PROVIDED

 Shops and Kiosks for Snacks

 A standby Power Supply System

 Football/Athletic stadium (Main bowl)

24
  400 x 8 lanes athletic track

 Swimming Pool

 Lawn Tennis Court

 Hand Ball Court

 Basket Ball Court

 Indoor games hall

3.3.3. APPRAISAL

3.3.3.1. Merits:

 The security of the complex is achieved through the design of fence and

barricades around the complex.

 The available space was maximized through proper planning of Facilities.

 The multi-purpose indoor hall and swimming pool are properly located and

meet international standards.

3.3.3.2. Demerits

 The parking spaces are insufficient.

 The complex is poorly managed and maintained as its facilities are in

dilapidated state.

 The football pitch is in bad condition and needs re –grassing.

 The media unit is poorly located and it has insufficient space for its

equipment.

 There is no provision for future expansion due to lack of space.

25
 Plate 5: Sitting arrangement at the football field of the Akure Sport complex,
Akure, Ondo state. Source: Researchers field work (2018).

Plate 6: The lawn tennis court of the Akure Sport complex, Akure, Ondo state.
Source: Researchers field work, (2018)

Plate 7: The table tennis table, an indoor sport of the Akure Sport complex, Akure,
Ondo state.
Source: Researchers field work, (2018)

26
 Plate 8: The football field of the Akure Sport complex, Akure, Ondo state.
Source: Researchers field work, (2018)

Plate 9: The swimming pool court of the Akure Sport complex, Akure, Ondo state.
Source: Researchers field work, (2018)

Plate 10: The basketball court of the Akure Sport complex, Akure, Ondo state.
Source: Researchers field work, (2018)

27
3.4. CASE STUDY THREE: AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY SPORT CENTER

3.4.1. DESCRIPTION

The consultant for this project was the Project office, Department of

Architecture of the university and the contractor was Julius Berger Niger Plc. and

Dantata & Sawoe Nig. Ltd. The A.B.U sports complex is located towards the BZ staff

quarters which is easily accessible from north gate road of the university. In like

manner, the other sports centre consisting football, hockey, cricket and handball pitches

are also located towards the north gate and they are part of the first set of elements to be

seen on the right-hand side.

Also, the indoor sports hall also known as the multi-purpose sports hall is

located beside the new football pitch. It is double volume with galleries overlooking it

on both sides for the spectators seating. It is massive, architecturally fascinating with

beautiful façade and has parking spaces separating it from the football pitch. It is being

used for different kinds of sports such as badminton, judo, etc. and also for concerts,

and launching other important ceremonies. 50mm thick plywood covers the whole floor

leaving about 1200mm walkway round the hall. The plywood is of green and brown

colour and white are used for the marking. The roof is been carried by a combination of

stanchion steel and reinforced column. It is been supported by steel frame and steel

purlins, to which the roofing material is connected.

The tiered seats are held in place by a system of horizontal beams positioned

underneath the seats while the roof under them are also carried by the other sets of

horizontal beams above the seating area. Natural cross-ventilation is achieved through

the use of glass louvers; the location of the openings also aids penetration of natural

lighting especially those located at the galleries. Artificial lighting is also provided with

28
the aid of flood lighting attached to the steel members. The area of the indoor sports

hall is approximately 1,080sqm and the volume is approximately 13,608cubic meter.

3.4.2. FACILITIES

 Main hall which contains the judo, gymnastic hall, dance hall, gym

 Table tennis court

 Swimming pool

 Lawn tennis courts

 Basketball courts (4)

 Hand ball courts (2)

 Football pitch (1)

3.4.3. APPRAISAL

3.4.3.1. Merits

 There is provision of stepped sitting for spectators, which allows them to have

good views.

 the walk ways are wide enough for easy circulation and movement

 The outdoor field is fenced and secured.

 Efficient use of space in the indoor and outdoor sports facilities with all the facilities

been adequate and of recommended standard.

3.4.3.2. Demerits

 There is no provision for parking space around the sport centre.

 The entrance to the facility is not well defined.

 The long lobby on both sides of the indoor sports hall is not properly considered

for natural lighting.

29
 Figure 1: Ground floor plan, A.B.U., sports centre.

Source: Researchers field work, (2018)

Figure 2: First floor plan, A.B.U., sports centre.

Source: Researchers field work, (2018)

Figure 3: section, A.B.U., sports centre.

Source: Researchers field work, (2018)

30
 Plate 12: Right side elevation, indoor sports hall, A.B.U., sports Center.

Source: Researchers field work, (2018)

Plate 13: Turf football pitch and synthetic surfacing material running track,
A.B.U., sports center.
Source: Researchers field work, (2018)

Plate 14: The swimming pool, A.B.U., sports center.

Source: Researchers field work, (2018)

3.5. CASE STUDY FOUR: BIRMINGHAM UNIVERSITY SPORT CENTRE

3.5.1. FACILITIES PROVIDED

31
 Court sport halls

 6 squash courts

 Climbing walls

 Fitness gym

3.5.2. APPRAISALS

3.5.2.1. Merits

 Good natural daylight in the building

 Adequate walkways for easy pedestrians’ circulation

 Amply car parking spaces

3.5.2.2. Demerits

 Over dependent on artificial lighting

 No spectator seating for the swimming pool area

Plate 15: ground floor plan of Birmingham university sport centre

Source: www.archdaily.com(2019)

32
 Plate 16: upper floor plan of Birmingham university sport centre

Source: www.archdaily.com(2019)

Plate 17: upper floor plan of Birmingham university sport centre

Source: www.archdaily.com(2019)

Plate 18: multipurpose court of Birmingham university sport centre

Source: www.archdaily.com(2019)

33
 3.6. CASE STUDY FIVE: SYDNEY OLYMPIC STADIUM, HOMEBUSH

BAY, AUSTRALIA

3.6.1. DESCRIPTION

In consideration of the operational requirements of Sydney Olympic Stadium

after the Olympic Games it was decided at an early design stage that as part of the

Overlay the running tracks should be removed. Another component of Overlay wasthe

spectator capacity of 115,600 spectators which was reduced to 83,500 (82,500in oval

mode) after the Games.

For this purpose, the north and south spectator stands (seating capacity 15,000

spectators each) were constructed as temporary seating without roof. Subsequently the

roof structures (steel members covered with polycarbonate panels with UV-protection)

were constructed to cover the remaining seats on the north and south spectator stands.

After removal of the running tracks the lower tiers of all spectator stands were extended

and partially converted into retractable seating reducing the distance to the playing field

to approximately 15 metres.

The Overlay was removed after the Olympic Games over a 52 period of

approximately 2.5 years and completed in 2003 with an estimated overall cost of

approximately 80 million Australian Dollars (approximately 62 million EUR) The

Olympic Park is a redevelopment of a 640-hectare Brownfield Site, previously an

industrial zone called Homebush Bay. The redevelopment was part of the

comprehensive Masterplan for the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000. Its construction

commenced in September 1996 and ended February 1999. It has a capacity of 115,600

persons.

34
3.6.2. FACILITIES PROVIDED

 Olympic stadium

 Rugby court

 Main bowl, (football)

 Cricket

 Indoor stadium super dome

 Volleyball

 Basketball

 Gymnastics

 Indoor soccer

 Motor car race

3.6.3. APPRAISAL

3.6.3.1. Merits

 Sydney Olympic Stadium has renewable energy usage, energy efficient air-

conditioning, energy efficient lighting and environmentally friendly building materials

 Sydney Olympic Stadium has rainwater harvesting and water recycling as well as

water-efficient appliances

 The location of Sydney Olympic Stadium and Sydney Indoor Stadium is within the

immediate urban context of mixed-use areas e.g. commercial, retail, recreational and

residential areas located in a linear distance of approximately 0-2 km

3.6.3.2. Demerits

 Sydney Indoor Stadium does not provide an additional attraction

35
 Plate 19: One of the bowls of the Sydney Olympic Stadium, Homebush Bay,
Australia
(Source: Google images)

Plate 20: The football bowl of the Sydney Olympic Stadium, Homebush Bay,
Australia
(Source: Google images)

Plate 21: The multipurpose bowl of the Sydney Olympic Stadium, Homebush Bay
Australia
(Source: Google images)

36
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0. SITE AND PROJECT ANALYSIS

4.1. STUDY AREA

Abuja is located in the centre of Nigeria, within the Federal Capital Territory

(FCT). Abuja is a planned city, and was built mainly in the 1980s. It officially became

Nigeria's capital on 12 December 1991, replacing Lagos, though the latter remains the

country's most populous city. At the 2006 census, the city of Abuja had a population of

776,298, making it one of the ten most populous cities in Nigeria. Abuja has witnessed

a huge influx of people into the city; the growth has led to the emergence of satellite

towns such as Pyakasa, Lugbe, Garki, Karu Urban Area, Suleja, Gwagwalada, Lugbe,

Kuje and smaller settlements to which the planned city is sprawling. The unofficial

metropolitan area of Abuja has a population of well over three million and comprises

the fourth largest urban area in Nigeria, surpassed only by Lagos, Kano and Ibadan.

4.2. THE PROPOSED SITE

4.2.1. Site location

The proposes sport development centre will be located in pyakasa town in Abuja.

It is one of the zones allocated for future public developments in abuja. Pyakasa is

easily accessible, with important adjourning facilities like access road, electricity and

37
complimenting existing developments.

4.2.2. SITE LOCATION CRITERIA

The proposed design sport development centre in Abuja is aimed to serve the

nation as a whole, and the location for the proposed sport development centre is

pyakasa which is located along the main Abuja airport road. Other considerations taken

for selecting the site include:

38
4.2.2.1. Site location: The project site is selected based on its proximity to all

geographical location of the city. It is along a major road which connects to all city

centres within the city. Its location also will not affect traffic flow within the city as its

located in an area with less traffic.

4.2.2.2. Sufficient Space and Possibility of Future Expansion: The site chosen has

sufficient space for the building and to also accommodate the various traffic lines

coming to the institution. It allows for future expansion, retains attractive grounds and

obviate objectionable appearances of overcrowding.

4.2.2.3. Site situation: the site is situated in a area that is close to development, within

the reach of people both within and outside Abuja, and it is not far from the Abuja

international stadium.

4.3 SITE ANALYSIS

The environmental and climatic conditions of the project site are analysed to

further understand the factors that will guide the achievement of a functional design.

Such factors are:

4.3.1. CLIMATE

4.3.1.1. Rainfall

Abuja under Köppen climate classification features a tropical wet and dry

climate (Köppen: Aw). The FCT experiences three weather conditions annually. This

includes a warm, humid rainy season and a blistering dry season. In between the two,

there is a brief interlude of harmattan occasioned by the northeast trade wind, with the

main feature of dust haze and dryness.

The rainy season begins from April and ends in October, when daytime

temperatures reach 28 °C (82.4 °F) to 30 °C (86.0 °F) and night time lows hover around

39
22 °C (71.6 °F) to 23 °C (73.4 °F). In the dry season, daytime temperatures can soar as

high as 40 °C (104.0 °F) and night time temperatures can dip to 12 °C (53.6 °F). Even

the chilliest nights can be followed by daytime temperatures well above 30 °C (86.0

°F). The high altitudes and undulating terrain of the FCT act as a moderating influence

on the weather of the territory.

The city's inland location causes the diurnal temperature variation to be

much larger than coastal cities with similar climates such as Lagos. Rainfall in the FCT

reflects the territory's location on the windward side of the Jos Plateau and the zone of

rising air masses with the city receiving frequent rainfall during the rainy season from

April to October every year. Source: touristlink.com (2019).

Figure 4.1: Average monthly rainfall data for Abuja.

Source: www.weatherspark.com (2019)

4.3.1.2. Temperature

The climate here in Abuja is tropical. The summers here have a good deal of

rainfall, while the winters have very little. According to koppen and Geiger, this climate

is classified as AW. The average annual temperatures 25.7 0C in Abuja. About 1389mm

of precipitation falls annually.

The driest month in Abuja is December, with 1mm of rain. Most of the

precipitation here falls in September, averaging 284 mm. April is the warmest month of

40
the year. The temperature in April is average 28.5 0C. august is the coldest month, with

temperature averaging 23.9 0C.

figure 4.2: average weather data per month for Abuja

Source: en.climate-date.org (2019)

figure 4.3: average temperature data per month for Abuja

Source: www.weatherspark.com (2019)
4.3.1.3. Sun

The length of the day in Abuja does not vary substantially over the course of the year,

staying within 39 minutes of 12 hours throughout. In 2019, the shortest is December 22,

with 11 hours, 36 minutes of daylight; the longest day is June 21, with 12 hours, 39

minutes of daylight.

41
 figure 4.4: average hours of daylight and twilight data per month for Abuja
Source: www.weatherspark.com (2019)

figure 4.5: sunrise and sunset and twilight data per month for Abuja
Source: www.weatherspark.com (2019)

4.3.1.4. Humidity

We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether

perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points

feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which typically

varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so

42
 while the temperature may drop at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy

night. Abuja experiences extreme seasonal variation in the perceived humidity.

The muggier period of the year lasts for 9.0 months, from February 22 to

November 21, during which time the comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or miserable

at least 27% of the time. The muggiest day of the year is August 30, with muggy

conditions 100% of the time. The least muggy day of the year is December 31, with

muggy conditions 3% of the time.

Figure 4.6: Percentage of time spent at various humidity comfort levels in monthly
Source: www.weatherspark.com (2019)

4.3.1.5. Precipitation

A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent

precipitation. The chance of wet days in Abuja varies very significantly throughout the

year. The wetter season lasts 6.2 months, from April 16 to October 22, with a greater

than 42% chance of a given day being a wet day. The chance of a wet day peak at 83%

on September 11. The drier season lasts 5.8 months, from October 22 to April 16. The

smallest chance of a wet day is 0% on December 29.

43
 figure 4.7: average precipitation data per month for Abuja
Source: www.weatherspark.com (2019)

4.3.1.6. Wind speed and direction

This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and

direction) at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is

highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed

and direction vary more widely than hourly averages. The windier part of the year lasts

for 5.2 mph, from November 27 to May 1. The windiest day of year is January 16, with

an average hourly wind speed of 6.5 mph. The calmer time of year lasts for 6.8 mph,

from May 1 to November 27. The calmest day of the year is October 20, with an

average hourly wind speed of 3.9 miles per hour.

Figure 4.8 below shows the average of mean hourly wind speeds (dark grey line),

with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.

44
 Figure 4.8: The average of mean hourly wind speed in Abuja monthly.
Source: www.weatherspark.com (2019)
The wind is most often from the south for 4.4 mph, from February 11 to June 22

and for 1.9 mph, from August 30 to October 26, with a peak percentage 52% on May

31. The wind is most often from the west for 2.3 mph, from June 22 to August 30, with

a peak percentage of 60% on July 30. The wind is most often from the east for 3.5 mph,

from October 26 to February 11, with a peak percentage of 44% on January 1

Figure 4.9: Wind direction from each cardinal point in Abuja monthly.
Source: www.weatherspark.com(2019)

4.3.1.7. Cloud

In Abuja, the average percentage of the sky covered by clouds experiences

significant seasonal variation over the course of the year. The clearer part of the year in

45
Abuja begins around November 7 and lasts for 3.6 months, ending around February 24.

On January 1, the clearest day of the year, the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly

cloudy 58% of the time, and overcast or mostly cloudy 42% of the time. The cloudier

part of the year begins around February 24 and lasts for 8.4 months, ending around

November 7.

figure 4.10: average cloud data for Abuja

Source: www.weatherspark.com (2019)

4.3.2. TOPOGRAPHY

The topography of the site is such that slopes gently towards the North. The

slope will enhance easy drainage of running water from site. The areas to be developed

will be levelled to ensure easy and unobstructed access.

4.3.3. ACCESS ROAD

The site can be accessed via the Abuja airport expressway which is a way that

links and lead to other strategic places in Abuja. Other access might be considered

during site planning.

4.3.4. VEGETATION

46
 The vegetation on the site is dense, deciduous trees covers the whole site and

can invariably be referred to as a forest. Some trees are to be cut down while others that

serve as buffer and advantageous would be retained.

4.4. SITE INFORMATION

The total area of the site is approximately 526,875.000sqm with a perimeter of

2.912km. The site lies on a gentle slope towards the North. It has a soil condition of

good load bearing capacity. There are grasses, shrubs, deciduous trees and on the site.

4.5. DESIGN BRIEF

The federal capital territory, Abuja is poised to take sporting activities to the next level,

so as to meet up with international standard.

The poor result of Nigerian competitors in both local and international competitions has

led to the initiation of this proposed sport development centre, so as to improve,

upgrade and encourage both sporting activities and sport lovers in Nigeria.

4.6. BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

Based on the brief and case studies carried out, the sport development centre would

function for service, research and education. Thus, the site contains the following

buildings:

1. Sport main bowl: This contains the football pitch, race tracks and pavilions

2. Indoor sport and administrative building: Indoor sports, medical centre and

administrative offices.

3. Outdoor sport arenas: lawn tennis courts, basketball courts, javelin ground.

4. Car park: General car park and administrative car park.

47
5. Support services: mart, toilets, restaurant, fire and emergency.

4.7. BRIEF ANALYSIS

1. Sport main bowl:

 Soccer field, Olympic 8-lanes athletic track and spaces for other athletic events.

 Spectator viewing (seating) area.

 Administrative and departmental office spaces.

 Changing rooms / lockers for players and officials Players‟ lounge.

 Press offices i.e. Press lounge, announcer cabins, television relay rooms

 Event organizing rooms.

2. Indoor sports: This shall provide for the following spaces.

 Reception / entrance spaces.

 Basketball courts.

 Gymnasium.

 Boxing training room.

 Wrestling training room.

 First aid unit.

 Administrative offices / official offices.

 General equipment store.

 Circulation lobbies.

 Conveniences.

3. Medical centre: This is where those who might have sustained injuries are

brought into for treatment or falling sick during any sporting activities.

48
4. Administrative offices: This is where the offices of the sport development centre

administration will be located. This space should only be accessible to staff and

approved persons. This space must be secure from infiltration; however, the waiting

area must be conducive and adequate to ensure comfort of visitors.

5. Outdoor sport arenas: This is where outdoor sports and activities takes place

within the centre. Example of such sports and activities are Football. Racing,

Javelin, Lawn tennis, basketball etc.

6. Support services: These are available services which will help in making the usage

of the sport centre comfortable, conducive and functional. These services include

car parks, fire and emergency, restaurant mart and 0rher buffe3r spaces.

7. Services: Services includes circulation spaces required for a sport environment such

as; lobbies, staircases and ramps, wastes disposal facilities, cleaning Facilities such

as toilets for both the general public and staff.

4.8. SPACE ALLOCATION / SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

The schedule of accommodation prepared is used to calculate the

approximate areas and reviewed in relationship to existing conditions and the manner

of occupation by users, furniture and functional activities in the building, Usually,

the space allocation in the design if a sport center is done by considering minimum

area or number of spaces per person required for a particular activity which is

optimally comfortable.

49
 The table below shows the schedule of accommodation for the proposed sport

center to be situated in Pyakasa, FCT, Abuja.

Table 4.1. schedule of accommodation for the proposed Sports center.

S/ Spaces name Area No. of Spaces

N
1 Soccer / Athletics field 700sqm 1
2 Mart 300sqm 1
3 Outdoor Restaurant 100sqm 1
4 Fire and emergency 40sqm 1
5 Lawn tennis 63sqm 2
6 Basket ball 180sqm 2
7 Carpark 75sqm 1
8 Javelin ground 97sqm 1
9 Swimming pool 150sqm 1
10 Gymnasium 70sqm 1
11 Entrance terrace 100sqm 1
12 Indoor restaurant 60sqm 1
13 General store 15sqm 1
14 Medical unit 20sqm 2
15 Admin office 25sqm 2
16 Viewing center 40sqm 1
17 Wrestling and boxing ring 60sqm 1
18 Hall 110sqm 1
19 Security post 10sqm 1
20 Security control room 15sqm 1
21 Relaxation center 60sqm 1
22 Volley ball 65sqm 2
23 Outdoor Conveniences 20sqm 1
24 Indoor conveniences 10sqm 3

50
4.9. ZONING

The zoning of functional spaces for the propose of the proposes project is done

according to the land - use and function of the facilities.

The site plans zoned into four areas namely:

 Main bowl

 Outdoor training facilities

 Indoor sports and administration

 Ancillary facilities

4.10. BUILDING CONCEPT

A pragmatic approach was taken towards the generation of the building form

and arrangement of spaces. Technical requirements such as area of space per

person, circulation space requirements for different activities, among others, were

considered for the spaces so as to achieve the desired user capacity. Flexibility in

the layout of the spaces was also an important consideration since the sport centers

are multi-functional in use. This led to the rectangular configuration of most spaces.

and also the likely overcrowding to occur during regional, states or internationally

sports competitions. Support services were also located on the site away from

sporting facilities, yet positioned strategically to perform their required functions.

activities. Support services were also located on the site away from sporting

facilities, yet positioned strategically to perform their required functions.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 PROJECT APPRAISAL

5.1 DESIGN APPRAISAL

51
 The proposed sport development center, Abuja, Nigeria is an attempt to provide

International standard sports facilities for the indigene and sports lovers of Abuja and

FCT state at large. The planning of these facilities was done to attract the players and

their supporting fans and also encourages efficient performance at events. Besides, it is

proposed for the state since there is no sport complex in existence in the Federal Capital

Territory. The center is to provide an intensive, integrated and comprehensive sport

service for all the people and government of the state. It will also be a source of good

income for the government as well as promoting market for the indigenes and the

people of the state. The various features of the design proposal are described below.

5.1.1 Spectator seating capacity

The main bowl has spectator capacity of 4000 seats while the multipurpose door

sports hall 600 seating capacity per sport hall.

5.1.2 Crowd control

Entry and exit in the main bowl and indoor sports hall are adequately taking care of

through provision of many exit units for easy evacuation after events. The lowest

portion of the seating terrace is raised above the playing area to prevent

spectators from entering the pitch.

5.1.3 Administrative spaces

Spaces for administrative functions, association offices, restaurants, games hall, security

post, conveniences, telecommunication facilities, conference rooms, etc. are provided

and details can be seen in the brief development.

5.2.0. CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY AND BUILDING MATERIALS

In recent times, state-of-the-art technologies and methods have been employed all

over the world in the aspect of building and construction. Such advanced construction

52
methods, materials and technologies have gained credence as a result of their light

weight, quick construction, low expansion rate, heat loss, thermal comfort, insulation

properties and so on. However, these methods and technologies have not been widely

accepted owing to a number of factors which include ignorance, cost, maintenance, and

climate. Some of the challenges have been adequately overcome but the rigid mentality

inhibits the maximum exploration and exploitation of the opportunities available in this

age. The researchers made conscious effort to be acquainted with recent trends in the

construction industry and adapted same in specifying the standards to which the

proposed building must conform.

5.2.1. PRE-CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS

The pre-construction operations are the operations that are carried out by the

contractor and other concerned agencies. The operations are evaluation of health and

safety aspects of the project, provision of on-site documentation, provision of facility

access and security. A preconstruction conference should be organized to allow all the

parties involved to get clear understanding of the procedures involved in contractor

submittals, sampling and testing, construction surveys, inspections by outside agencies,

payment requests, claims and disputes, unforeseen job conditions and change order

requests.

5.2.2 SUBSTRUCTURE

This comprises mainly of the foundation. The nature, texture and composition
of the soil on the site has a high load bearing capacity. This will guarantee good
structural stability but the choice of the type and depth of foundation is to be to the
structural engineer‘s detail. A predefined modular grid was used for each of the
buildings to indicate the columns, running from centre to centre. A combination of
strip foundation and Pad Foundation would be used for the building. The strip

53
 foundation will be used at the wall while Pad foundations would be used at the
columns. The quality of the foundation materials will offer resistance to chemical and
pose adequate compressive strength; this will aid in conveying the weight of the
building without any form of differential settlement. The capacity of the soil, enhance
stability and longevity of the buildings. Some of the operations that are mainly
involved in substructure stage are: Site clearing, Site hoarding, Removal of topsoil,
Setting-out, Excavation to trenches, casting of blinding, foundation footing and
column bases, laying of foundation block wall, Hard-core filling, Damp proofing and
Casting of in-situ ground floor slab.

5.2.3. SUPERSTRUCTURE

Super structure entails the building parts above the natural ground level and these

comprises of the basic components of floors, walls, door, windows, Ceiling and roof.

5.2.3.1. Floors

The floor as a structural member should meet necessary requirements according to

structural specification. It should be able to withstand imposed loads and prevent damp

penetration. It should have the ability to absorb heat and sound, and fire resistance; ease

of maintenance; allow for good appearance, comfort, safety, cleanliness etc. the floors

are of reinforced concrete slab of 150mm and finished with ceramic tiles, terrazzo and

wood.

5.2.3.2. Walls

Walls contribute majority of the image and the appearance of the building. It is

designed to protect against wind, dust, animals and to have good aesthetics. Strength and

stability are most importance as well as resistance to dampness, thermal and sound

insulation along with fire resistance. Walls used in the design include external and internal

block walls of 225mm, partition block walls of 150mm for the supporting facilities and

steel and aluminum sheets will be used for the enveloping of the main indoor sport and

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administrative building. Lift walls, stairs and ramp walls are concrete to act as defences

against inclement weather.

5.2.3.3. Doors and Windows

internal and external doors will be 2100mm or 2400mm in height with varying width of

750mm, 900mm, 1800mm, and 2400mm. Windows openings are fixed and sliding

windows with varying width and height ranging from 1200mm to 3600mm width.

5.2.3.4. Ceiling

In contemporary times, new ceiling materials have been developed ranging from the dry

to the wet ones. In the proposed project, the ceiling materials used is 600x600mm

gypsum ceiling boards which is suspended by hangers to cover the slab above and also

house some services such as electrical fittings. The boards are to be installed according to

the pattern specified by the architect.

5.2.3.5. Roof

For a roof to be functional it must meet the following requirements; strength and

stability, durability, fire resistance and occasionally, sound insulation, lighting, ventilation.

The span and nature will determine the construction method used in the various unit.

0.8mm gauge long span aluminium roofing sheet would be used for the supporting

buildings and the indoor sport building will be roofed with steel and sheets. Steel roof

trusses are to be used for this project because of its advantage of durability, strength, ability

to span long distance without intermediate support.

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5.3. BUILDING SERVICES

It is important that utility services be provided in order to put the building into

maximum effective use. Very crucial among this are, water supply, electricity supply,

sewage disposal and fire protection.

5.3.1. Water Supply

Direct water supply system shall be used by linking through the available water mains

from the dedicated water reservoirs constructed to serve the users of the center. Storage

cisterns shall be made available at required places for different distribution and at

different height, with this, neatness and comfortability will be achieved.

5.3.2. Power supply and electrical systems

The existence of high-tension lines along the site boundaries guarantees prompt

and efficient power supply to the site and this would be judiciously utilized in the

proposed development. Distribution network shall be provided to supply every building

with required power. The wiring system shall be conduit, well designed and wired

following all specifications of the electrical engineer and services engineer. Type of

wire cable shall be of high conductivity and good resistance. Also there will be an

alternative power supply (generator) to cater for the power needs in times of power

failure.

5.3.3. Fire protection

Fire poses a serious threat on sports centers because of the large number of people

it accommodates. The objective of fire protection is to prevent the start and spread of

fire, stem the spread of smoke and facilitate the escape or rescue of persons. Active

precautions are systems that are automatically deployed in the event of fire and they

include the installation of heat-activated sprinklers which control a fire at its source

through the release of discrete volumes of water sufficient to extinguish a blaze. Other

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important fire safety measures include convenient and well-marked exit, smoke and

heat detectors, smoke and fire alarm systems, water spray extinguishers, CO2

extinguishers, etc. Passive precautions are construction solutions in the building and its

components that will help reduce the spread of fire. These include minimum structural

sections, casings and coatings, layout of rising mains, installation of fire doors and

windows, construction of supporting floors, etc.

5.3.4. Sewage disposal and drainage system

Facilities for the handling, storage and collection of refuse are provided with

access for frequent collection. The facilities are conveniently located, well ventilated

and comply with public health requirements. The waste is to be disposed appropriately

and the users are to be sensitized on the way to dispose waste. To facilitate drainage, the

pitch will be given a slope that will aid easy disposal of the waste.

5.3.5. Acoustic

Good acoustic is one of the most important consideration for sports center design.

Room acoustic begins with establishing the basic size, shape and finish materials of a

given space to achieve a certain rom sound. These criteria are based on the intended

function and occupancy of the room. Acoustic consideration at the indoor sporting

rooms with loud activities would be controlled by the use of absorptive materials like

fibrous materials, volume resonators, foam, carpet and acoustic tile on wall and ceiling.

While acoustic at other places would be achieved through the use of shaped plane of

hard building materials including gypsum board, wood, glass, masonry and concrete.

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5.4.0. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STRATEGIES

5.4.1. Circulation

In the design of the proposed sport development center, circulation is a top

consideration as well as crowd control and security. All forms of circulation are

considered and incorporated for the ease movement of users. Considering direction of

movement, the form of vertical movement used for this design are stairs and ramps.

5.4.1.1. Vertical circulation: Stairs, ramps are used as a basic mode of vertical

transportation between floors. The ramps have a width of 2400mm to support the

facility while the stairs have a uniform width of 3000mm for easy accommodation of

users in the center.

5.4.1.2. Horizontal circulation: These includes lobbies, entries and exits. The lobbies

in front of the vertical circulation are 5000mm to allow from easy waiting and landing

of users from floor to floor. Wide lobbies of 5000mm width connect different sections

and are wide enough to encourage free movement of users, staff and visitors.

5.4.1.3. Vehicular access: The main vehicular access shall be taken from Good luck

Jonathan expressway. The roads within the site are to be designed to specifications of

the architect and structural engineer. The width of the access road into the site is road is

10 metres with appropriate bends and turning radius. There is a road network design

within the site providing easy vehicular access to the buildings. The design also

provides vehicular access for drop-off and pic-up of its users.

5.4.1.4. Pedestrian access: Pedestrian walk ways are used to aid people ‘s movement

from the outside the site into the inside and to links the spaces together to aid on-site

movement of people. The pedestrian walk ways are to be designed to specification of

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the architect and the structural engineer. The average width is 3000mm. The finished

surface should non-slippery and easily maintained.

CHAPTER SIX

6.1. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.2. Conclusion

The project explores ways of ensuring adequate security through Efficient Crowd

Control and Proper Circulation and different architectural design strategies. It goes

further to analyse how these strategies can be used to enhance comfortability and

functionality for the design of sport development centres. Sport center development is a

very important concept in promoting modern day sportsmanship and entertainment in

modern societies, and it will also promote the discovery of more sports talents within

the state and environs that will improve image of the state. The existence of this sport

development center will also help in improving the quality of sport output and also help

in improving the health standard of citizens. While embarking on this type of project the

security of all stake holders should be paid utmost attention to as well as the

sustainability of the facilities and all these have been put into use during the course of

this project design.

6.3. Recommendation

Based on the stated conclusion, the following recommendations were made:

1. Maintenance department should be given adequate tools to work with. The

design of the facilities should be done with architectural characters that can attract

people to the center;

2. Recreational facilities should be provided to attract social engagements. The

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vehicular and pedestrian route should be clearly mapped out in the planning of the

sports center environment so as to prevent accidents;

3. The use of flexible internal partitions like reinforced glass and high pressure

laminated board should be encouraged in the spaces. This will allow easy

transformation and conversion of spaces without breaking of walls and at the same time

minimize wastage. Architects should always foresee possible expansion of spaces

within a shortest possible time;

4. Good shading devices should be provided to prevent glare;

5. The environment should be well landscapes and be self-inviting to encourage

both active and passive participation by all and sundry.

6. All architect’s recommendations in terms of surfacing and finishing materials

should be properly followed.

7. Adequate facility should be provided to facilitate effective utility.

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APPENDIX

1. Site Analysis

2. Site Plan

3. Ground Floor Plan

4. First Floor Plan

5. Roof Plan

6. Elevations

7. Sections

8. Restaurant design

9. Toilets design

10. Mart design

11. Main football field design

64