CHAPTER 3 MULTIPLE INTEGRAL

3.1 Double Integrals

3.2 Iterated Integrals

3.3 Double Integrals in Polar

Coordinates

3.4 Triple Integrals

3.5 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical

Coordinates

3.6 Triple Integrals in Spherical

Coordinates

3.7 Moments and Centre of Mass

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3.1 Double Integrals

Recall: We think of the integral in two different

ways.

In one way we interpret it as the area under the

graph y  f (x) , while the Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus enables us to compute this
using the process of anti-differentiation 
undoing the differentiation process.
We think of the area as
n b
A = lim f ( xk ) x k f ( x ) dx
nk 
1 a

where the first sum is thought of as a limiting

case, adding up the areas of a number of
rectangles each of height f (xk), and width xk.
This leads to the natural generalisation to several
variables.

2
The double integral 
f ( x , y ) dA has a similar
R
interpretation in terms of volume except that the
approximating elements will be rectangular
parallelepipeds rather than rectangles.

We first suppose that f ( x , y ) 0 . The graph of f

is a surface with equation z f ( x , y ). Let S be the
solid that lies above R and under the graph of f.

3
Our goal is to find the volume of S.

 The first step of this process is to divide the

region R into small rectangles.

 We can then compare the part of z  f ( x, y )

that lies above the small rectangle, and this
forms a thin box called rectangular
parallelepiped.

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 The volume of this parallelepiped is the area
of the base times the height.

 Follow this procedure for all of the rectangles

and add the volumes of the corresponding
parallelepipeds, we get an approximation of
the total volume of S:
n m
V   f ( xi , y j ) A
i 1 j 1

5
 Now, to find the area exactly, we simply make
the boxes on the region R infinitely small
(hence there are infinitely many). We do this
by taking the limit of the above equation:
n m
V  lim f ( xi , y j ) A
i , j i 1 j 1

 By taking the limit above, we arrive at the

definition of a double integral.

Definition 3.1
If f is a function of two variables that is defined on
a region R in the xy-plane, then the double integral
of f over R is given by
n m
f ( x , y ) dA m,lim
 f ( xi , y j ) A
R n  i 1 j 1

provided this limit exists, in which case f is said

to be integrable over R.

6
Note
 The double integral of the surface
z  f ( x, y) is the volume between the region
R and below the surface.
 The sum:
n m
 f ( xi , y j ) A
i 1 j 1

is called the double Riemann sum and is used as

an approximation to the value of the double
integral.
The double integral inherits most of the properties
of the single integral.

7
SUMMARY:

The integral of f(x,y) over the region R is the

volume between the graph and the region R.

V 
f ( x, y ) dA
R

8
3.1.1 Properties of Double Integrals

1. constant multiple rule


c f ( x, y ) dA c 
f ( x, y ) dA, c a constant
R R

2. linear rule


[ f ( x, y) g ( x, y )] dA
R

f ( x, y ) dA 
g ( x, y) dA
R R

3. subdivision rule

f ( x , y ) dA 
 f ( x , y ) dA 
f ( x , y ) dA
R R1 R2

4. dominance rule, if f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )

f ( x, y) dA 
 g ( x, y) dA
R R

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3.2 Iterated Integrals
3.2.1 Evaluating Double Integrals
 It is impractical to obtain the value of double
integral from the definition. We evaluate the
integrals by calculating two successive single
integrals.
d
We use the notation f ( x, y ) dy to mean that x is
c
held fixed and f ( x, y ) is integrated with respect to
y from y  c to y d . This is called partial
integration with respect to y.
d
A( x)  f ( x, y ) dy
c
Now we integrate the function A with respect to x
from x a to x b , we get:
b 
d b 
A( x) dx  f ( x, y) dy dx
a a 
c 
This successive integration process is called
iterated integration.

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 
f ( x, y ) dxdy 
 f ( x, y ) dx 
dy

f ( x, y ) dydx 
 f ( x, y ) dy 
dx

 These iterated integrals mean that we first

integrate with respect to one variable (while
holding the other fixed) and then integrating
with respect to the other variable while
holding the first one fixed.

 It is traditional to omit the brackets and write

the iterated integral simply as

f ( x , y ) dxdy

The following theorem gives a practical method

for evaluating a double integral by expressing it
as an iterated integral.

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Theorem 3.1 Fubini’s Theorem
If f ( x, y ) is continuous over the rectangle
R : a x b, c y c , then
db
f ( x, y) dA   f ( x, y ) dxdy

R c a
bd
  f ( x, y ) dydx
a c

12
Example 3.1:
Evaluate
2 1

 2 xy ) dydx
2
(i) ( 3 x
1 1
1 x

(ii) 30 ydydx

0 x2

Example 3.1a
Compute (2 y) dA where R is a rectangle
R
with vertices (0, 0), (3, 0), (3, 2) and (0, 2).

Example 3.2
Evaluate 
x cos xy dA for
R

R : 0  x  , 0  y 1.
2

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3.2.2 Nonrectangular Regions
We limit our study of double integrals to two
basic types of regions: Type I and Type II.
Type I Region
A plane region R is said to be of Type I if it lies
between the graphs of two continuous functions
of x.
R 
( x , y ) : a x b, g1( x ) y g2 ( x )

y = g2(x)

y = g1(x)

a fixed x b

Type I (Vertical Strip): x fixed between

a and b, y varies from g1 ( x) to g2 ( x) .

b g2 ( x )
f ( x, y) dA   f ( x, y) dydx

R a g1 ( x )
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Type II Region

A plane region R is said to be of Type II if it lies

between the graphs of two continuous functions
of y.
R 
( x , y ) : h1( y ) x h2 ( y ), c y d

x = h2(y)

fixed y

x = h1(y)

Type II (Horizontal Strip): y fixed between

c and d, x varies from h1 ( y ) to h2 ( y ) .

d h2 ( y )
f ( x, y) dA    f ( x, y ) dxdy

R c h1 ( y )

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Example 3.3
Evaluate


(4 x y) dA
R

over the region

R 
( x, y) : y 2
x 2 y,0 y 2

Example 3.3a

Evaluate 
ydA
over the region R bounded by
x = 0, x = , y = 0 and y = sin x.

Example 3.3b
Given R is a closed triangular region with
vertices at (0,0), (3,1) and (-2, 1). Sketch the
region R. Hence, evaluate


 dA
2
xy
R
.

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 Note
 Unless the limits are constants, you cannot
simply swap the integral and limit signs
around. You have to draw out the entire region
and see how it changes.

Example 3.4
Evaluate the integral by reversing the order of
integration.

sin y
 
0 x
y
dydx

Example 3.5
Evaluate
2 1

e
x2
dxdy
0 y/2 .

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Double Integral as Area and Volume

Definition 3.3
(a) The area of the region R in the xy-plane is
given by
A dA
R
(b) If f is continuous and f ( x, y ) 0 on the
region R, the volume of the solid under the
surface z  f ( x, y ) above the region R is
given by
V f ( x, y ) dA
R

Example 3.6
Find the area of the region bounded by y  x
and y  x 2 in the first quadrant.

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Example 3.7
Find the volume of the solid bounded by the
cylinder x 2
y 2
9 and the plane y z 4
and z 0 .

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3.3 Double Integral in Polar Coordinates

3.3.1 Relationship between Polar and Cartesian

Coordinates (Recall)
Polar coordinates of a point P is written as 
r ,
where r is the distance of P from the pole and  is the
angle measured from the polar axis to the line OP
(radial axis).

(Radial axis)
y
P(r, )

 (Polar axis)
x
O

x r cos  y r sin ,
y
x y r
2 2 2
tan  
x

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3.3.3 Integrals in Polar Coordinates

If R is a circular region (involves x 2 y 2 ), it is easily

described using polar coordinates.
 Divide the region into polar rectangles.
= 
r2

r1 R = 

 Find the area of typical polar rectangle:

r 

O
Rk

Ak = area of large sector – area of small sector


2
 
2
 
 
r 
 
 
r 
rk rk k
2 
r r


k
2   k
2 
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Thinking of volume, we make the equation
z  f (r cos , r sin ), thus the Riemann sum
can be written as:
m n
V    f (ri* , *j ) r *r
i 1 j 1

Taking the limit we have the actual volume,

f ( r, ) dA  f ( r, ) r drd

R R

A version of Fubini’s Theorem now says that the

integral can be evaluated by iteration with respect to r
and .

Theorem 3.2
Let R be a simple polar region whose boundaries are
the rays  and   and the curves
r r1() and r r2 (). If f (r, ) is continuous
on R, then
 r r2 ()
f (r , ) dA    f (r , ) r drd
R  r r1 ()
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23
3.3.4 Finding Limits of Integration

The limits of integration in the iterated integral is

determined by the rays and the curves that form the
boundary of the region R.
Step 1: r-limits of integration
Suppose is held fixed for the first integration. Draw
a radial line from the origin through the region R at a
fixed angle . It enters the inner boundary curve
r r () and leaves the outer boundary curve r r ()
1 2

. These determine the r-limits

Step 1: - limits of integration

Imagine rotating a ray along the polar x-axis
counterclockwise from  to to sweep out
the region R. these determine the -limits.

Note
We may, of course, integrate first with respect to 
and then with respect to r if this is more convenient.

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3.3.5 Changing Cartesian Integrals into Polar
Integrals
The procedure for changing Cartesian integral
f ( x, y ) dA into a polar integral has two steps.
R

Step 1: Substitute x r cos , y r sin 

and replace dxdy by r drd in the Cartesian integral.

Step 2: Supply polar limits of integration for the

boundary of R.

The Cartesian integral then becomes

 r2 ()
f ( r , ) dA   f (r cos , r sin ) rdrd
R  r1 ()

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Example:
Evaluate the following integrals by changing to
polar coordinates

2 4 x 2

 
2 2
(i) cos( x y ) dydx
0 0
1 y
y2
(ii)   ( 2 ) dxdy
0 0
x y 2

Example: Use the polar coordinates to solve

Example 3.7

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