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Acceptability of Recycled Paper Sheet as Craft Paper

Background of the Study

Waste, when not managed properly, can pose serious health

hazard (Miller, 2000). The disposal of wastes has become an acute problem, not

only because of the quantity of wastes, but also because of its kind.

Based on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) surveys, annual solid

waste generation is more than 140 million tons. About 41 percent of this solid

waste is paper .

Recycling is often viewed as an important aspect of an efficient and

effective

solid waste management system. The term recycling is defined as “the process

through which materials previously used are collected, processed,

remanufactured, and reused. In a broad sense, recycling is part of an ethic of

resource efficiency – of using products to their fullest potential. When paper and

other suitable materials are recycled, all these environmental impacts are

reduced significantly. Making recycled paper into new paper products saves

energy and water because the number of energy-intensive steps and processes

that use water are reduced.

When a recycled material, rather than a raw material, is used to make a

new product, natural resources and energy are conserved. This is because

recycled materials have already been refined and processed once;

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manufacturing the second time is much cleaner and less energy-intensive than

the first (Schultz et al., 1995).

According to Argus, (2002) materials that are proven to be economically

and environmentally safe must be used in order to overcome the global crisis that

we are experiencing nowadays.

Deforestation is certainly another reason to recycle your paper.

While it is true that most developed nations require the replanting of cut trees,

there are many more impacts than simply the loss of trees. This includes habitat

loss of animals, soil erosion, flooding, river and streams siltation, and destroys

the local tourism.

There is an urgent need to improve the people’s quality of life with the use

of recyclable products with less packaging. Reducing, reusing, recycling,

composting, and segregating may help to reduce the volume of wastes

generated in order to preserve resources and energy (Dela Rama, 2009).

This study will help the society, mostly the school, to have a product which

can be useful for creating projects like stationeries and craft books. Furthermore,

it also promotes an environmental awareness to save the earth and to avoid

phenomena caused by the improper waste management of humans.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the acceptability of three recycled paper

sheet among ICNHS students into craft paper.

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Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions;

1. What is the level of acceptability of the recycled paper sheet in terms of

appearance, durability, and texture using plastic, dried leaves, and old

clothes?

2. Is there a significant difference in the level of acceptability of recycled

paper

sheet in terms of appearance durability, and texture using plastic, dried

leaves,

and old clothes?

Hypothesis

The null hypothesis state that there is no significant difference in the level of

acceptability of recycled paper sheet in terms of appearance durability, and texture

using plastic, dried leaves, and old clothes as craft paper is hereby advanced.

Paradigm of the Study

An experimental paradigm indicating the conceptual framework of the

study.

Input Throughput Output

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Preparation of Preparing materials

materials: (used and equipment
paper, and water) Pulping Level of
and equipment: Acceptability as to
Setting
(blender, basin, or it’s:
casserole, wooden Finalizing
frame, aluminum Appearance
-plastic
pan, screen,) Texture
-dried leaves
needed for making Durability
the recycled paper -old clothes
sheet as craft.

Feedback

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the study, the conceptual and operation definitions

are hereby presented:

Acceptability. Acceptability means the consumers perception and response to

those characteristics (De Leon, 2000).

In this study, acceptability refers to the judgment and approval of recycled paper

sheet as craft paper made by the panel of evaluators on the finished product.

Appearance. Appearance is the apparent likeness, external show outward signs or

circumstances, fitted to make particular impressions or to determine the judgment as to

character of a person or a thing, an act or a state (Bradford, 2008).

In this study, appearance refers to external aspects of the recycled paper sheet

as craft paper.
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Blend. Blend is to mix (various sorts or grades) in order to obtain a particular kind

or quality (Harper, 2014).

In this study, blend refers to the process of paper dissolved in water and

produces pulp.

Craft .Craft is a content management at its finest. It delivers an extraordinary

amount of control to developers, while keeping the editing experience simple and

elegant for end users (Harper, 2005).

In this study, craft refers to the activity that involves making something in a

skillful way.

Durability. Durability is the extent to which a paper will resist deterioration when

subjected to use or handling (Saitzyk, 1977).

In this study, durability refers the ability of paper to undergo permanent

deformation without cracking or fracturing.

Pulp. Pulp is a lignocelluloses fibrous material prepared by chemically or

mechanically separating cellulose fibers from wood, fiber crops or waste paper

(Sixta, 2014).

In this study, pulp refers to the result when the recycled paper was blend with

water in couple of minutes.

Recycled Paper. Recycled Paper is paper that was made from paper and paper

products that has already been used and recovered (Martin, 2004).
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In this study, recycled paper refers to the waste paper undergoes a process in

which it is made into new paper products.

Texture. Texture refers to the visual or tactile surface characteristics and

appearance of something: a basic scheme or structure (Mish, 2003).

In this study, texture refers to the external and internal softness and hardness of

the recycled paper sheet.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study will be beneficial to the following:

Students. The result of this study will provide awareness for the students to

recycle their paper waste and be informed that there is a way of recycling paper that

may use on creating projects like stationery and scrap book.

Teachers. The result of this study can enrich the stock knowledge because paper

is a product student’s use every day; it provides a great opportunity to discuss paper

recycling in the classroom. Learning about and participating in a recycling program is a

great way to teach environmental education. From field trips, to art projects, to science

projects, there are numerous ways to bring paper recycling into the classroom.

School Administration. This result of the study will set awareness to the

administration to create a program on solid waste management, recycling and to

introduce an environmental campaign to lessen waste paper to the school. This will

maintain cleanliness of the economy and environment benefits of waste reduction

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(which includes preventing waste, reusing, and recycling) accrue both locally and

globally.

Entrepreneur. This study will help to the entrepreneur to sell the recycled paper

sheet as craft paper for the people who want to make some creative thing by the use of

craft paper at affordable price and could give the best impact to the environment.

Future Researchers. Through technology and new knowledge can help them to

utilize recycled paper and other indigenous products to the fullest to help in solving the

country’s problem in waste paper.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This research study focused only in determining the level of acceptability of

recycled paper sheet as craft paper as to its appearance, durability, and texture. The

study used the recycled paper which was commonly material used by the students and

faculties inside the school. Recycled paper was directly picked up inside the recycle bin

or scratch by the students and offices. This study was being done at the Iloilo City

National High School, Molo, Iloilo City during 4th Quarter of school Year 2019.

There were 200 respondents of this study composed of grade 9 students of Iloilo

City National High School, Molo, Iloilo City They were purposely selected as the panel of

evaluators for this study using the Slovins formula. A modified Check List Rubric used as

the instrument in evaluating the product.

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Each treatment was replicated two (2) times. The data were gathered, tallied,

analyze and interpreted using arithmetic mean (mean) for level of acceptability and

paired sample t-test for the significance difference among the different proportions at .

01 alpha level of significa

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

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This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies of recycled

paper sheet as craft paper.

Paper

The first paper-like substance was invented by the Egyptians over 6,000 years

ago. Papyrus, which is the root of our English word paper, was made by weaving reeds

or other fibrous plants together and pounding them into a flat sheet. The Greeks and

the Romans also used this technique, although some Ancient Greek paper makers were

the first to create a kind of parchment paper made out of animal skins. Chances are,

Aristotle, Socrates and other Greek philosophers originally wrote their books on the

skins of dead cows (Roberts, 2011).

But paper as we know it wasn’t made until 105 AD, when a Chinese court official

named Ts’aiLun mixed mulberry bark and hemp with water and scraps of cotton and

linen cloth (i.e. rags). This concoction was mashed into a pulp and pressed into mats

that were left in the sun to dry. Rags were the basis for paper for the next 1700 years

(Roberts, 2011).

Types of Paper
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According to Department of Environment Conservation, newsprint is generally

used in the publication of newspapers, magazines and other inexpensive literature.

used for writing and printing purposes. Writing paper must have good printing and

erasing qualities such as bonds, stationeries, certificates, and legal documents. Printing

paper includes book paper, newsprint, Bible paper, among others. Industrial Paper/Kraft

Paper/Corrugating Medium/Sackis a paper type is generally suitable for packaging and

wrapping purposes. Kraft paper is a Strong coarse paper made from sulfate pulp, which

is derived from long-fibered coniferous wood. This group includes grocery bags, heavy-

duty shipping bags, and wrapping paper (Parayno and Busmente, 2005).

Addition to that, tissue Paper is a handy type of paper and is creped so as to

impart the required softness, absorbency and strength. Tissue paper is used for wiping

and cleaning purposes. This Group includes toilet tissues, which have the property of

being easily disintegrated with Water, and also paper towels, which have the strength

sufficient to withstand uses without disintegration (Parayno and Busmente, 2005).

The main types of paper in everyday use, which can be recycled, are office white

paper, newspapers, magazines, telephone directories and pamphlets, cardboard, mixed

or colored paper, and computer printout paper. There are also different grades of paper

and board collected mainly from agricultural and industrial sources. There are about 50

different grades for paper recycling companies to deal with.

Waste papers generally come from two sources: (1) pre-consumer waste paper;

and (2) post-consumer waste paper. Pre-consumer waste papers are converters and
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printers. They convert paper rolls into final usable paper products such as bond papers,

notebooks, folders, etc. Excess cuts and rejects are usually considered as waste papers.

Newspaper over-issues, printer rejects, overruns, etc. contribute also to waste papers.

Post-consumer waste papers are from industry, commerce, public and private

administration, and other consumers including households. Office papers and

newspapers are the most produced waste papers from industries and households

(Roberts, 2011).

Sources of waste papers differ per type. Old newspaper, for example, mostly

comes from excess prints of the national daily newspapers such as the Philippine Daily

Inquirer, Philippine Star, Manila Bulletin, and Manila Times. White paper mainly comes

from private offices and junkshops. Ayala Foundation, in partnership with Carpel Trading

Inc., advocates and promotes paper recycling among its members. In addition, the

commercial and residential establishments in the Central Business District of Makati set

up compartmentalized garbage depositories and receptacles to ensure waste

segregation at source, a basic requirement of the Solid Waste Management Program

being implemented by the Makati Commercial Estates Association (Johnson et al, 2008).

Steps on how to make homemade paper: According to the website; Pioneer

Thinking, Egyptians invented the first substance like the paper we known today called

Papyrus. Papyrus scrolls were made by taking slices of the inner part of the papyrus

stem, flattening then pounded into a hard, thin sheet. The word “paper” comes from

the word “papyrus”. The Paper that we know today was invented by Ts’aiLun in A.D.
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105, It is believed that the mixed hemp, mulberry bark, and rags with water, mashed it

into a pulp, pressed out the liquid and hung it to dry in the sun.

Simple Recipe: Many types of paper that can be used include:

 Computer Paper  Paper Bags

 Newspaper  Non Waxed Boxes (Pre-soak in

 Magazine warm water)

 Egg Cartons  Office Paper

 Old Cards  Tissue Paper (For finer paper)

 Toilet Paper  Typing Paper Napkins

 Construction Paper

Supplies needed:

 Sponge  Staples or Tacks (For tacking

 Window Screening (mold) screen on frame)

 Wood Frame (deckle)  Liquid starch (optional)

 Plastic Basin/Tub (Large enough

to totally immerse frame)

 Blender/Food Processor (For

making paper pulp)

 White Felt or Flannel Fabric

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Instructions:

1. Select the pieces of paper you want to be recycled.

2. Rip the paper into small bits, and place into the blender (about half full). Fill the

blender with warm water. Run the blender slowly at first then increase the speed until the pulp

looks smooth and well blended. Check that no flakes of paper remain. If there are, blend longer.

3. The next step is to make a mold. The mold, in this case, is made simply by stretching

fiberglass screen over a wooden frame and stapling it. It should be as tight as possible.

4. Fill the basin about half way with water. Add 3 blender loads of pulp. Stir the mixture.

5. Now is the time to add the liquid starch for sizing. Stir 2 teaspoons of liquid starch

into the pulp. Sink the mold to the basin to get the paper pulps. Gently wiggle it side-to-side

until the pulp on top of the screen looks even.

6. Slowly lift the mold up until it is above the level of the water. Wait until most of the

water has drained from the new paper sheet.

7. When the mold stops dripping, use a sponge to press out as much water as possible.

Wring the excess water from the sponge back into the basin.

8. Hold the fabric square flat and slowly lifts the edge of the mold. The wet sheet of

paper should remain on the fabric. If it sticks to the mold, you may have pulled to fast or not

pressed out enough water. You can gently press out any bubbles and loose edges at this point.

9. Repeat the steps above, and stack the fabric squares on a cookie sheet. Save one

fabric square to place on the top of the stack to cover the last piece of paper. Use another

cookie sheet to press the remaining water out of the stack.

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10. After pressing the stack gently separate the sheets. They can be dried by hanging on

a clothesline or laying them out on sheets of newspaper.

Paper Making Components

Trees are all around us. You would never think how cool they are. A tree trunk. A bark

protects the inner wood from the weather, insects, animals and other things that can harm the

inner wood. Next is sapwood, which carries nourishing sap throughout the tree the same way

our blood flows through our bodies to nourish us. Heartwood is the innermost part of the

trunk, and even though it isn't alive, it provides the tree with strength and structure. Next is a

white, bringing nutritious juice around the tree in the same way, our blood flows through our

body to feed us. Heartwood is the deepest part of the trunk, and even if it's alive, it gives the

tree with the strength and structure. Hardwood trees such as oaks and maples have wood with

very short fibers. Paper made from these species is weaker than that made from softwoods, but

its surface is smoother, and therefore better to write and print on. Softwood trees such as pine

and spruce have wood with long fibers, and paper made from this type of wood is much

stronger. This paper is ideal for making products like shipping containers that require superior

strength. But the finish is rougher, and that's not as good for writing, printing and many other

uses. Luckily, softwoods and hardwoods can be combined in making paper and obtaining the

strength, whiteness, writing surface and other characteristics of paper the paper-makers want

to.

First, before making the paper, the workers must harvest the tress, from tree farms,

where special trees are growing. After harvesting the old trees younger tress are planted in this
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area and these young trees produce a lot of oxygen. Then, the logs will be delivered or

transport into paper companies where they will be cleaned and turn them into small chips of

wood, then it will be moved on the pulping operation, where they will be turned into pulp for

making paper. First, papermakers spray the stock onto a long, wide screen, called a wire.

Immediately, water begins to drain out the bottom of the wire. This water is collected so that it

can be reused over and over again. Meanwhile, the pulp fibers are caught on the top side of the

wire, and begin to bond together in a very thin mat. The fiber mat remaining on the wire is then

squeezed between felt-covered press rollers to absorb more of the water. In the dry end, huge

metal cylinders are heated by filling them with steam. The wet paper, which can be up to 30

feet wide, passes through these hot rollers - sometimes dozens of them, and often in three to

five groups. Heating and drying the wet sheet seals the fibers closer and closer together,

turning them gradually from pulp into paper.

Paper Recycling

Chinese Emperor Ho Ti who was part of the Eastern Han Court, the first piece of paper

was produced from rags in AD 105 by Ts'ai Luin. Paper is made from cellulose fibre, the source

of which can be pulped wood, or a variety of other materials such as rags, cotton, grasses, sugar

cane, straw, waste paper, or even elephant dung. Wood pulp is the most common source

material for the manufacture of virgin paper, i.e. paper which has no recycled content

(McKenzie, 2015).

The Household Waste Recycling Act 2003 states that every household (unless

uneconomic, or alternatives are already in place) must have a kerbside collection of at least two
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materials by 2010. As paper is a relatively easy material to collect recycle it is likely that any

new kerbside schemes introduced will include paper as one of the materials (McKenzie, 2015).

Although the raw material for making paper is predominantly trees, it is a common

misconception that recycling waste paper saves trees. Trees are grown for commercial use and

harvested as a long term crop with new trees planted to replace those cut down. In addition,

papermakers are able to use the parts of the trees that cannot be used in other industries such

as construction and furniture making. Different species of trees provide fibres that are used in

different types of paper. Coniferous softwoods such as spruce, pine birch and cedar produce

fibres which are long (average fibre length is 3mm) and are used to make papers which have a

lot of strength. Hardwoods such as birch and aspen do not grow as fast as softwoods and

produce short fibres (average fibre length 1mm) which are used for bulky papers such as

writing paper and fluting, which is the middle part of cardboard. Nearly all paper is made from

wood grown in these "sustainable" forests (McKenzie, 2015).

According to Paper Online (retrieved December 2015), the following were suggested

activities to reduce the amount of paper being wasted

1. Try not to use as much in the first place! Use the back of sheets of paper as well as

the front - look to see if that piece of paper you were going to put in the bin could be used as

scrap paper for many uses to make a shopping list, to jot down your dental appointment or to

leave a note for someone.

2. Buy recycled paper products wherever possible.

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3. Reuse envelopes - sticky labels to cover the old address and re-seal the envelope are

widely available, also made from recycled paper. Many charities sell them, so you can support

them at the same time.

4. Playgroups and schools may appreciate being given odd rolls of wallpaper, or any

other kind of paper, for painting on or for other uses in the classroom. They are also often glad

to receive newspapers to cover the tables for craft activities.

5. When you buy a pint of milk or a soft drink, think about the container it is in. Is there

an accessible recycling bank for the packaging, or might you end up throwing it away? It would

be better to choose the product in the container you know you can dispose of locally for

recycling.

6. Contact the Mailing Preference Service (details under further contacts) to avoid

receiving unsolicited mail.

7. By putting a "no junk mail" sign by your letterbox you can cut junk mail such as pizza

delivery leaflets by around 90%.

8. Contact the Bio Regional Development Group for information about paper made from

fibres other than wood pulp.

Paper Art and Culture

Textile weaving and other handcrafts have weathered the test of time in the Maya

culture. By the study done by Encisco (1999) believed that traditionally the young Maya girls

were taught to weave by their mother at the age of three years old. Currently that tradition
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varies, but the main tradition of weaving lives on and whole communities earn their living from

this craft. According to an early myth it was said that the goddesses of the moon were the ones

that taught women to weave, and revealed to them the sacred symbols to be used in their

creations. Motifs of nature, the universe, and time were woven into garments. Examples of

these motifs that can be used are a diamond to represent the universe, a toad can represent a

musician of the cosmos, and a snake may represent the earth. A butterfly, duck and pineapple

designs are unique to other regions of Mayas (Encisco, 1999).

Further, Encisco (1999) stated that historians and others have learned a vast amount of

information about the Aztec cultures through storytellers and ancient scriptures that existed.

But nothing contributed more information about this culture than their art. When looking at

Aztec arts, one can find a number of different materials, colors, backgrounds, and most of all a

number of expressions. The vast sculptures, drawings, and decorative artifacts have continued

to tell a story about this ancient civilization. The art of the Aztec also conveys their everyday

life. Some drawings of the Aztec included scenes of great feasts or women who were pregnant.

There were also many drawings of rituals and sacrifices on the top of pyramids. Human sacrifice

lay at the heart of their belief system, and it need to be repeated generation after generation.

Addition to the study of Encisco (1999) like the Aztec, Maya and Olmec art, popular

Mexican arts of today are of such a variety that it is hard to focus on just one particular craft.

These crafts are made with vibrant colors, exciting designs, and are from a variety of materials.

These materials include wax, metals, tree bark, clay, wood, wool, and materials found in the

environment.
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Papermaking is also an ancient craft that exist in Mexico today. During Pre-Columbian

times tree bark, deerskin and agave or maguey fibers were made into forms of paper. This

paper was used for painting codices, pictorial manuscripts, for historical and religious purposes

(Schele, 2012).

Addition to the study of Schele (2012). Many of these papermaking techniques have survived

today and are seen in popular Mexican arts. Paper called Amate comes from the bark of fig

trees. Most of the amate paper that is made in Mexico today is used by artists who once

decorated pottery and sculpture, but now paint fanciful scenes and pictures on the paper.

Many of the designs painted by these artists depict the everyday life that exists in Mexico

today. Mexican artists are well known to use vibrant colors to illustrate the myths, legends,

patriotism, and heritage of their culture. As arts and crafts remain the forefront of Mexican

culture through its combination of Old and New World materials (Schele, 2012).

Research Analysis on the Complexities of Crumpled Paper

Amherst, Narayan Menon and Anne Dominique Cambou in their book, Proceedings of

the National Academy of Sciences. (2012, cited in Yirka,), piece of paper crumpled at random

into a ball, is 90% air. She knows this because she and her partner ran a bunch of them through

an X-ray micro tomography machine, a device similar to a CT scanner in that it takes image

slices of a 3D object that when pieced back together create a whole. Such images of a ball of

paper show that in addition to being mostly air, the paper tends to push against itself via flat

edges. They also found that the crumpled ball is denser on the outer portions than it is the
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inner and is the least dense at its core, which is sort of the opposite of other natural spherical

structures.

Addition to that Menon and Cambou (2012, cited in Yirka) also found that there doesn’t

appear to be any pattern created overall that would lead from one part of it to another. There

is no path from in to out, or out to in, for example. The only discernable patterns were the

tendencies of flat parts to lie or push up against other flat parts, a phenomenon that appears to

have no rational explanation considering the structure was created randomly by random forces.

It’s this tendency that appears to be the mechanism between the different parts of the ball that

hold the key to its density and ability to resist being further crushed by additional force.

One property of crumpled paper remained, though, resisting all forms of analysis. No

matter how tightly you crumple paper into a ball, you’ll be hard-pressed to come up with a

structure composed of less than about 90 per cent air. “It’s technically possible to compress

them further,” says Cambou (2012), “but that will take a lot more force because the crumpled

sheet increasingly opposes the external force as it’s crushed.” Menon and Cambou (Witten and

Franck, 2010).

Further, considering that lack of uniform structure of the crumple ball paper, a ball’s

stiffness is also surprisingly consistent throughout, even though no two are likely to have the

same configuration of folds inside. Each crumpled ball may even be unique, though researchers

have not yet examined them in sufficient numbers to determine whether they can be compared

on the lines of snowflakes, fingerprints and dust particles (Witten and Franck, 2010).
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Addition to the previous result, it was also found out that, there is tensile strength. It

also manifests when you fold paper and thereby impart tension at the resulting crease. Like

these creases, the ridges inside the paper ball hold the energy you imparted by folding the

paper. They are also the reason that a paper ball cannot be compressed beyond around 90 per

cent air without superhuman effort. Through a combination of the rigidity of the ridges and the

energy they concentrate, they prop up the structure as well as any deliberate design.

More studies revealed on the study on acoustic analysis of crumpled papers is to

analyze the sound created by crumpled papers. The student will be in charge of the definition

of the protocol to measure the acoustic effects created by the folding or unfolding procedure of

crumpled papers. The student will apply the protocol on different kinds of crumpled papers.

The analysis of the signals will show the relationship between the paper patterns and the sound

and the energy used to fold or unfold the papers. This project is a part of a research program

dedicated to smart packaging based on crumpled papers (Serge, 2015).

Crumpling is a new origami technique to fold papers by creating crease patterns such

structures can be used for packaging. This technique has been developed by CREIDD and some

partners. The main objective of this project is to assess the environmental impacts of crumpled

structures by developing a simplified environmental tool. Figure 2. Further define the state of

the art on paper production and environmental assessment of paper production. This study will

propose a simplified Life Cycle Analysis for the generic evaluation of environmental impacts of

crumpled structures (Serge, 2014).

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Figure 2. Sample structure of Crumpled Paper

Another study on Hyper graph modeling of the crumpling process of flexible sheet for

CAD application. Crumpling is a new origami technique to fold papers by creating crease

patterns such structures can be used for packaging. This technique has been developed by

CREIDD and some partners. The main objective is to propose a modeling of the crumpling

process based on a labeled hyper graph representation for CAD applications. The hyper graph

modeling uses the concepts of adjacency, superposition, morphocopy relations between faces

of a crumpled structure (Serge, 2014).

Figure 3. Sample Crumpled Structures

3D modeling and analysis of crumpled papers. Would like to identify the possibility to

establish the topological (statistical) analysis of crumpled papers. The student will define the
 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
La Paz, Iloilo City

protocol to measure and analyze the topology (orientation, size) of crumpled papers. The

student will apply the protocol by using a 3d digitizer arm with scanner to analyze different

crumpled papers. This project is a part of a research program dedicated to smart packaging

based on crumpled papers (Serge, 2015).

Dynamic analysis of crumpled papers focused on the objective of this research is to

analyze the dynamic efficiency of folded objects (based on crumpled papers). The dynamic

efficiency of a folded object expresses the ability of the object to create dynamic mechanical

interactions with its environment. The student will have to define the type of triggering factors

that should be applied to create the dynamic interactions (Serge, 2015).

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY
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ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
La Paz, Iloilo City

This chapter includes the research design, respondents of the study, sources of data,

research instrument, and data gathering procedures of this study.

Research Design

This study employed an experimental research design. Experimental research is a design

wherein it is a systematic and scientific approach to research in which the researcher

manipulates one or more variables, and controls and measures any change in other variables

(Blakstad, 2008).

Respondents of the Study

There were 143 respondents composed of BSIE students in which, 86 students in

second year wherein 33 is the 2-A, 34 in 2-P and 19 in 2-Q, 32 students in third year and 25

students in fourth year of ISAT U, La Paz, Iloilo, City. They were randomly selected as panel of

evaluators of this study using the Slovins formula. The proportionate random sampling was

employed.

Sources of Data

The main source of data were the responses of the evaluators. The evaluation

score sheet based on the Check List Rubric was used for evaluating the acceptability level of

recycled sheet paper as craft as to its, appearance, durability, and texture of paper by the

students and faculty. There will be different kinds of characteristics of the paper made up of the
 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
La Paz, Iloilo City

recycled paper sheet as craft paper. This will be rated by 143 evaluators from the BSIE students

from second year to fourth year.

Data Gathering Instrument

A researcher-made questionnaire that was used in evaluation was the Check List Rubrics

to measure the respondents’ approach in making paper craft out of recycled paper sheet. The

questionnaire came in three parts. Part 1 contained three questions for appearance, Part II,

three questions for durability, and Part III, and three questions for texture.

The responses to the statements were scored and given weights as followed: (5);

strongly agree, (4); agree, (3); undecided, (2); disagree, (1); highly disagree.

The questionnaire was prepared and thoroughly checked by the researchers’ adviser.

After making several revisions, the questionnaire was submitted to the jury of experts for

validation. After finding the consensus of the jury the questionnaire was given to the 143

evaluators to evaluate the paper craft out of recycled paper sheet with twice replication. These

were made by 143 BSIE students from second year to fourth year.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher obtained permission to conduct this study from the Dean of the

College of Education, Iloilo Science and Technology University. The questionnaires for

evaluating the product were given personally by the researcher to clarify doubts and to explain

what were supposed to be done in rating the product.

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
La Paz, Iloilo City

After the evaluation of the product made by the BSIE student from second year to

fourth year, the ratings made were then quantified and readied for data processing.

1. Preparing Your Supplies

 Prepare your materials. Used paper, water, basin or casserole, screen, wooden frame,

sponge

 Prepare your equipment. Blender. To make paper, you'll mix pulp and water, and pull it

up on a piece of window screen. Here are some different options for starting:

Frame method: Stretch a screen over a wooden frame (an old picture frame

works well for this, or you can build your own) and staple it or nail it to the edges.

Nearly any fine screen or sieve with holes about 1 mm small can be substituted for the

window screen. The screen should be pulled as tightly as possible. Make sure the frame

is large enough to hold the size of paper you wish to make. Additionally, you'll need a

basin, bucket or pan that's larger than the frame.

Figure 4. Supplies

needed in making Recycled Paper Sheet

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ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
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La Paz, Iloilo City

 Find recyclable paper. Newspaper may be the easiest source to start with, but you can

also use old print-outs, notes, phone books - just about any un-waxed paper product.

Figure 5. Different Used Papers

2. Pulping the Paper

 Clean up the paper. Remove plastic, staples and other contaminants. Try to remove such

impurities as thoroughly as possible.

 Tear the paper into small pieces. Don't spend too much time on this step, but do break

up the paper into smaller pieces. A few rips per paper should be enough.

Figure 6. Process of tearing of Used Paper into smaller pieces

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
La Paz, Iloilo City

 Soak the paper in water. Put the smaller pieces of paper in a container (such as a bowl

or cup) and cover them with water. Let them soak for 30 to 45 minutes.

Figure 7. Process of soaking Used Paper in water

 Turn the paper into pulp. Now that the recyclable paper is more wet and pliable, you

can start the process of turning it into pulp - a thick, goopy, slightly watery substance

that will eventually become your new piece of paper. Here are two possibilities:

Blend the paper. Rip the paper into tiny bits, and place it all into a blender until it's

about half full. Fill the blender with warm water. Run the blender on "slow" at first, and

then increase the speed until the pulp looks smooth and well-blended - approximately

30 to 40 seconds - just until there are no flakes of paper remaining.

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
La Paz, Iloilo City

Figure 8. Process of Blending Used Paper into Pulp

3. Setting the Paper

 Fill your basin about halfway with water. The basin should be a little wider and longer

than your frame and approximately the same shape. Add the pulp to the basin and stir.

The amount of pulp you add to the water will determine the thickness of the paper, and

while you want a dense suspension of pulp to fully cover your screen in the next steps,

you don't need to make the whole tub into sludge.

Figure 9. Process of filling the basin with water and pouring the Pulped Paper

 Remove any large clumps of paper. Try to pick out any clumps; the smoother and finer

your mixture, the more uniform your end product will be.
 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
La Paz, Iloilo City

Figure 10. Process of removing large clumps in the Pulped Paper

 Seize the paper (optional). Immerse the frame in the mixture (frame method only).

Place your wooden frame into the pulp, screen-side down, and then level it while it is

submerged. Lightly move it side-to-side until the pulp on top of the screen lies fairly

uniformly flat.

 Lift the screen from the basin. Slowly lift up the screen until it is above the water. Drip-

drain it over the basin. Wait until most of the water has drained from the pulp, and

you'll see the beginnings of a new piece of paper. If the paper is very thick, remove

some of the pulp from the top. If it is too thin, add some more pulp and stir the mixture

again.

Figure 11. Seizing and lifting of Pulped Paper

 Use a sponge to press out as much water as possible from the other side of the screen,

and periodically wring out the sponge or lay a cloth towel out on a flat surface, and put

the screen (with the paper on it) on one half of the towel. Fold the other half over so
 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
La Paz, Iloilo City

that it's on top of the paper. With a clothes iron on low setting, gently iron over the

towel. You should see a little steam from the paper coming up.

Figure 12. Pressing of sponge in the Pulped Paper for drying

4. Finalizing the Paper

 Remove the paper from the screen. Once the paper is a little drier, you can lift it

from the screen. You can gently press out any bubbles and loose edges at this

point.

Gently lift the fabric or Formica out of the frame. The wet sheet of paper should

remain on the fabric. If it sticks to the screen, you may have pulled too fast or

not pressed out enough water.

You can press a drying sheet of paper by placing another piece of fabric or

Formica on top of it and gently pressing. This will make the resulting paper

smoother and thinner. Leave the second piece there as it dries.

 Peel the paper off the screen slowly. If you find that it's not coming off easily, try

ironing it underneath the towel again.

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ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
La Paz, Iloilo City

 Set the paper out to dry. Take the piece of paper and lay it out to dry on a flat

surface. Alternatively, you can speed up the drying process by using a hair dryer

on the low setting.

 Peel the paper off the fabric or Formica (frame method only). Wait until the

sheets of paper are thoroughly dried; then gently peel.

Ironing (optional): When the paper is damp, but safe to move peel the

fabric/Formica from the paper and then use an iron set on high to dry the paper

quickly and give it a nice shine. Repeat the above steps to make additional

sheets. Continue adding pulp and water to the basin as needed.

Figure 13. Final result of

Blending used Paper into Recycled Paper Sheet

Permission to conduct the study was secured from the Office of the Dean with the

permission of our research adviser. When the permit was granted, the researcher personally

managed the administration of the data gathering through the evaluation of evaluators after
 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
La Paz, Iloilo City

we presented them the crafted paper. This was done at the Home Economics room of ISAT U

and the evaluators were given few minutes to answer the questionnaire honestly as possible.

As soon as the accomplished data gathering instruments was retrieved, the obtained

data were tallied and computed. Results were then be tabulated, analyzed and interpreted.

Statistical Data Analysis Procedure

All data gathered from the survey questionnaires are statistically treated using the

following data using SPSS:

Mean. This statistical tool was used to determine the appearance, durability and texture

of the crafted paper.

Standard Deviation. This was used to determine the accuracy of position of the score in

the frequency distribution relative to the mean. Likewise, this determines the homogeneity and

heterogeneity of groupings.

Paired Sample t-test. This was used to determine significant difference in the

appearance, durability and texture of crafted papers of three different products.