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NANOFABRICATION 3
NOVEL PROCESSES
EEE5425 Introduction to Nanotechnology 1
Focused Ion Beam
A focused ion beam system (FIB) is a relatively new tool that has a high degree of analogy
with a focused electron beam system such as a scanning electron microscope or a
transmission electron microscope. In these systems the electron beam is directed towards the
sample, and upon interaction it generates signals that are used to create high magnification
images of the sample. The major difference with a focused ion beam system is the use of a
images of the sample. The major difference with a focused ion beam system is the use of a
different particle to create the primary beam that interacts with the sample. As the name
FIB indicates, ions are used instead of electrons.
© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEE5425 Introduction to Nanotechnology 2
Focused Ion Beam ‐2
Ions are positive, large, heavy and slow whereas
electrons are negative, small, light and fast.
The most important consequence of the
p q
properties listed above is that ion beams will
remove atoms from the substrate and because
the beam position, dwell time and size are so
well controlled it can be applied to remove
ll t ll d it b li d t
material locally in a highly controlled manner,
down to the nanometer scale.
The choice of Ga+ ions
h h f
As a source, Ga+ ions are used in a FIB for various
reasons:
Low melting temperature and hence it is a very convenient material to construct a compact
•Low melting temperature and hence it is a very convenient material to construct a compact
gun with limited heating.
•A high brightness is obtained due to the surface potential, the flow properties of the Ga,
the sharpness of the tip
Th l t G is nicely positioned in the center of the periodic table (element number
•The element Ga i i l iti d i th t f th i di t bl ( l t b
31) and its momentum transfer capability is optimal
© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEE5425 Introduction to Nanotechnology 3
Focused Ion Beam ‐4
© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEE5425 Introduction to Nanotechnology 4
Focused Ion Beam ‐5
SSE image made with ion beam of
i d i hi b f
catalyst covered ceramic balls. The use of Ion beam deposited tungsten nano‐wires
FIB allows any individual particle to be
for direct electrical measurements (4 point
selected and analyzed for industrial
quality control. In this case the FIB has
li l I hi h FIB h probe) of nano structures, in this case a
probe) of nano structures in this case a
machined a TEM sample of the top carbon nanotube.
surface. Time to result: 60 minutes.
© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEE5425 Introduction to Nanotechnology 5
Vapor‐Liquid‐Solid Method ‐1
The vapor‐liquid‐solid method (VLS) is a
mechanism for the growth of one‐dimensional
structures, such as nanowires, from chemical vapor
deposition Growth of a crystal through direct
deposition. Growth of a crystal through direct
adsorption of a gas phase on to a solid surface is
generally very slow. The VLS mechanism
circumvents this by introducing a catalytic liquid
alloy phase which can rapidly adsorb a vapor to
supersaturation levels, and from which crystal
growth can subsequently occur from nucleated
seeds at the liquid‐solid
seeds at the liquid solid interface. The physical
interface. The physical
characteristics of nanowires grown in this manner
depend, in a controllable way, upon the size and
physical properties of the liquid alloy.
The VLS mechanism was proposed in 1964 as an explanation for silicon whisker growth from
the gas phase in the presence of a liquid gold droplet placed upon a silicon substrate. The
p y (
explanation was motivated by the absence of axial screw dislocations in the whiskers (which
in themselves are a growth mechanism), the requirement of the gold droplet for growth, and
the presence of the droplet at the tip of the whisker during the entire growth process.
© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEE5425 Introduction to Nanotechnology 6
Vapor‐Liquid‐Solid Method ‐2
The VLS mechanism is typically described in three
stages:
1. Preparation of a liquid alloy droplet upon the
substrate from which a wire is to be grown
2 IIntroduction of the substance to be grown as a
2. t d ti f th bt t b
vapor, which adsorbs on to the liquid surface, and
diffuses in to the droplet
3. Supersaturation and nucleation at the liquid/solid
interface leading to axial crystal growth
© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEE5425 Introduction to Nanotechnology 7
Vapor‐Liquid‐Solid Method ‐3
The VLS process takes place as follows:
1. A thin (~1‐10 nm) Au film is deposited onto a
silicon (Si) wafer substrate by sputter deposition or
th
thermal evaporation.
l ti
2. The wafer is annealed at temperatures higher
than the Au‐Si eutectic point, creating Au‐Si alloy
droplets on the wafer surface (the thicker the Au
film, the larger the droplets). Mixing Au with Si
greatly reduces the melting temperature of the
alloy as compared to the alloy constituents The
alloy as compared to the alloy constituents. The
melting temperature of the Au:Si alloy reaches a
minimum (~363 °C) when the ratio of its
constituents is 4:1 Au:Si, also known as the Au:Si
eutectic point.
3. Lithography techniques can also be used to controllably manipulate the diameter and
position of the droplets (and as you will see below, the resultant nanowires).
p p ( y , )
© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEE5425 Introduction to Nanotechnology 8
Vapor‐Liquid‐Solid Method ‐4
4. One‐dimensional crystalline nanowires are then grown by a liquid metal‐alloy droplet‐
catalyzed chemical or physical vapor deposition process, which takes place in a vacuum
deposition system. Au‐Si droplets on the surface of the substrate act to lower the activation
energy of normal vapor‐solid
energy of normal vapor solid growth. For example, Si can be deposited by means of a SiCl
growth For example Si can be deposited by means of a SiCl4:H2
gaseous mixture reaction (chemical vapor deposition), only at temperatures above 800 °C, in
normal vapor‐solid growth. Moreover, below this temperature almost no Si is deposited on
the growth surface.
However, Au particles can form Au‐Si eutectic
droplets at temperatures above 363 °C and
adsorb Si from the vapor state (due to the fact
that Au can form a solid‐solution
that Au can form a solid solution with all Si
with all Si
concentrations up to 100%) until reaching a
supersaturated state of Si in Au. Furthermore,
nanosized Au‐Si droplets have much lower
melting points (ref) due to the fact that the
li i ( f) d h f h h
surface area‐to‐volume ratio is increasing,
becoming energetically unfavorable, and
nanometer‐sized particles act to minimize their
p
surface energy by forming droplets (spheres or
half‐spheres).
© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEE5425 Introduction to Nanotechnology 9
Vapor‐Liquid‐Solid Method ‐5
5. Si has a much higher melting point (~1414
°C) than that of the eutectic alloy, therefore Si
atoms precipitate out of the supersaturated
p p p
liquid‐alloy droplet at the liquid‐alloy/solid‐Si
interface, and the droplet rises from the
surface. This process is illustrated in the figure.
© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEE5425 Introduction to Nanotechnology 10
Oblique Angle Deposition ‐1
Oblique angle deposition technique (also know as
glancing angle deposition) has attracted the
interest of many researchers due to its ability to
interest of many researchers due to its ability to
generate nanostructures relatively easily. Oblique
angle growth, as illustrated in the figure, basically
combines a typical deposition system with a tilted
and rotating substrate. Due to the shadowing
effect, the incident flux of material that comes to
the surface with an oblique angle is preferentially
deposited on to the top of surface features with
deposited on to the top of surface features with
larger values in height. This referential growth
dynamic gives rise to the formation of isolated
columnar structures.
© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEE5425 Introduction to Nanotechnology 11
Oblique Angle Deposition ‐2
From T. Karabacak,
U Arkansas Little
U Arkansas, Little
Rock
© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEE5425 Introduction to Nanotechnology 12
Oblique Angle Deposition ‐3
•Simple, cheap, & effective: 3D nanostructures through physical self‐assembly
• Structures that are not possible to produce by lithographical techniques (e.g. springs,
p p y g p q ( g p g,
slanted rods, balls)
• Almost no materials limit
• Can be grown on almost any substrate material
• Control of nanostructure size and separation (tens hundreds of nm)
• Control of nanostructure size and separation (tens– hundreds of nm)
• Novel material properties
© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEE5425 Introduction to Nanotechnology 13
Oblique Angle Deposition ‐4
From T. Karabacak, U Arkansas, Little Rock
© Nezih Pala npala@fiu.edu EEE5425 Introduction to Nanotechnology 14