RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Pg 87

Nostrils throat voice box windpipe lungsbronchi

-bronchioles -alveolus
capillariescells.
Nose (nostrils):
 Air drawn in
 Warms the air
 Moistens the air (mucus)
 Traps dust (cilia)
 Olfactory cells – for smell
 ***sinuses (in the forehead)-
drains fluid into nasal cavity***
Mouth
 not normally used for breathing/does not clean the air
 nose and mouth separated by the palate
Throat
 Serves for passage of air/food
 Glottis – hole to the lung
 Epiglottis controls entry of air/food
Windpipe/Trachea
 Straight tube ≈12cm
 Leads to the trachea
 C shaped rings of gristle which keeps pipe open and
prevents painful swallowing.
 Produces mucus to trap germs and has cilia to trap germs.
Voice box/Larynx
 Made of gristle
 Enables speech with help from the tongue.
 Has vocal cords, which vibrate to produce sound.

Bronchi
  Two branches of the wind pipe (one to each lung).
 Shorter and narrower than windpipe.
Lungs
 For exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
 Situated in the throat and protected by the rib cage and
the backbone.
 Intercostals muscles between ribs
enables enlargement of lungs.
 Pleural membrane and fluid covers and
lubricates the lungs and rib cage.
 Diaphragm- dome shaped & muscular to
sep abdomen & chest cavities
Bronchioles
 Branches of to the
bronchus.
 No gristle but has smooth
muscle.
 Can collapse (asthma).
Alveolus
 Tiny air sacs for gas
exchange.
 Surrounded by capillaries
 Has moist inner lining.
 150 million alveoli per lung.
 Enables large surface area.
 Considered a respiratory
surface.
 Has a good diffusion gradient (O2/CO2 to fluid then to
blood)

Oxygen 21% insp 16% expired 5% used for

respiration
Carbon dioxide 0.03% 4% made by the cells
Nitrogen 78% 78% not used
Water variable higher aids gas exchange
Temperature variable higher warmed in the
body
Features of respiratory surfaces
 Thin -Moist -Large surface area -Good oxygen supply
 Good transport system (capillaries and blood)
Inspiration Expiration (opposite to inspiration)
vs.
Ribs swing up and out Ribs swing down and in
Intercostal muscles contract
Breast bone moves forward Breast bone moves backward
Diaphragm flattens Diaphragm becomes dome shaped
Muscle contract
Increase in the vol. of the thorax Decrease in the vol. of the thorax
Negative pressure (drops) Positive pressure
Wall of the lung pushed out air Wall of the lung pushed in air
rushes in rushes out

Respiratory Sys in Plants

Stomata- pores with guard cells on the under side of leaves
where gases exchange
Lenticels-pores with loose cells on the stems for gas
exchange
Root Hairs- thin permeable cells for > S. area to remove O2
dissolved in water.
Diseases/Disorders
1. Pharyngitis- inflammation of the pharynx. (sore throat)
2. Laryngitis- inflammation of the larynx. (hoarseness)
3. Bronchitis- inflammation of the bronchi. (build up of
mucus)
4. Pleurisy- inflammation of the pleural membrane. (painful
breathing)
5. Pneumonia- inflammation of the lungs.
6. Tuberculosis- reduction in surface area of the alveoli.
7. Emphysema- reduction in the surface area of the alveoli
8. Asthma- when the bronchioles collapse.
10. Lung cancer- excess growth of cells in the lungs.
(may block air passage)

DISCUSS SMOKING AND HEALTH.

Nicotine addictive/ paralyses cilia / heart disease
Raises blood pressure / less air to lung
Tar carcinogens sticks to lung cells / damages lung tissue
Causes bronchitis / cancer / smokers
cough
Less alveoli surface area
Carbon monoxide deprives cells of oxygen
causes breathlessness
poor growth of foetus in pregnant women
Particulates materials in smoke causes emphysema