Aromatherapy 101:

The Foundations of Aromatherapy

By Françoise Rapp
francoise@aromalchemy.com
http://www.aromalchemy.com

All rights reserved. Françoise Rapp 2003

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of Lesson 1: What Is Aromatherapy? Personalized
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History of Aromatherapy
Aromatherapy literally means, "healing through the senses." Many centuries ago,
Class Outline priests in Egypt, China and India used herbs infused with oils as a way to heal their
patients. They ground the herbs in oil and used the blends to anoint their patients
during prayer and exercise. Then in the 10th century, an alchemist named
Lesson 1: Avicenna invented the distillation process, from which aromatherapy was born.
What Is
Aromatherapy As Middle Easterners made their way to
Europe during the Dark Ages, European
alchemists began experimenting with the
Lesson 2: distillation process. The colognes they Check out Our
Overview of created were used not only for perfumery Best-Selling
Essential Oils purposes, but also for their antiseptic
E-Book!
Kit—13 Essences properties-the "Four Thieves" cologne, for
example, allowed four thieves to rob
cadavers during the black plague.
Lesson 3:
Plant Categories For years essential oils have been used as
flavoring agents in cookies, soda, etc., but it was only in the 1930's when their
therapeutic values came to light by the French chemist Gattefosse. As the story
Lesson 4: goes, Dr. Gattefosse burned himself one night while experimenting in his lab. He
Notes submerged his hands in a nearby bucket of lavender essential oil and was
surprised at how quickly he healed and without scarring. He became intrigued with
how efficient essential oils are and how to use them for medical purposes.
Lesson 5:
Hands-On

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Foundations of Aromatherapy WebClass Page 2 of 6

Custom Blending Want to Learn

Aromatherapy?
What are Essential Oils?
Lesson 6:
Essential oils are the pure and concentrated energies held within the plants cells.
Study of These aromatic cells are located in specific parts of the plants. For Sandalwood,
Ravensara and for example, the aromatic cells for are in the bark. For Rose, they're found in the
Eucalyptus petals. For Orange, the peel, etc.
Essential Oils
Various organs of the plant itself either produce and/or store the essence. What we
call oil cells or hair cells are living cells in which the essence is found (i.e. hair
Lesson 7:
cells for cinnamon). Oil or resin ducts are spaces within the plant tissue that hold
Study of the essence. Through the regression of bordering cells, the space becomes
Geranium and enlarged and hose-like (essential oils from seeds, resinous trees such as spruce,
Lavender etc.). Oil containers exist when the cell walls of the oil-producing cells dissolve, as
Essential Oils in the citrus family.

There is not one part of the plant that does not produce or store the essence.
Lesson 8: Sometimes the same plant can hold different essences. The perfect example of
Study of this phenomenon is the orange tree. Orange essential oil is derived from the fruit,
Peppermint and Petitgrain is extracted from the leaves, and Neroli from the blossom. They all offer
Lemon Essential very different characteristics and healing properties.
Oils
The essence is volatile, and is collected from the plants by one of three processes:
steam distillation, cold-pressed extraction, or enfleurage. The quality of an
Lesson 9: essential oil is determined by the quality and value of its chemical composition,
Study of Neroli which is influenced by a number of factors. This may be the part of the plant from
and Roman which the oil has been extracted, the type of soil in which the plant has grown, the
Chamomile weather, the climate, the altitude, botanical species (there are hundreds of sage,
lavender, mint, etc.), and most importantly the quality of extraction or the skills of
Essential Oils the distiller. For example, steam distilling the plant material at the right temperature
and pressure is the key for obtaining a valuable essential oil.
Lesson 10:
Study of Rose
otto and
Rosemary What is an Essence, an Essential Oil and an Hydrosol?
Essential Oils An essence is contained within the plant, while the essential oil is the end result of
extracting the essence from the plant material through steam distillation, extraction
or enfleurage. A hydrosol is the end result of the steam distillation; it is the
Lesson 11: condensed water charged in aromatic molecules and on which float the essential
Study of Orange oil. Hydrosols offer wonderful healing properties and are gentler and safer for
and Sandalwood internal use when the quality is certified. Hydrosols can be safely used by children
Essential Oils even when essential oils have to be avoided. They can be used into the bathtub to
refresh and heal the skin, or even flavor beverages.

Lesson 12:
Study of Ylang
Ylang Essential
E i M h d

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Foundations of Aromatherapy WebClass Page 3 of 6

Oil and Questions Extraction Methods

There are a variety of processes used to extract the oils from the plant:
for Review
Steam Distillation:
Lesson 13: Steam distillation is a method of evaporating and condensing the liquids. This is
The Vegetable the process Avicenna discovered in the 10th Century, and is now the most
Oils Used for Skin commonly used to refine essential oils. Steam distillation is a highly respected
Care method because there is no contact with any contaminants, thus allowing a perfect
opportunity for therapeutic purposes.

Lesson 14: The process works like this: a pipe injects steam
Custom through the plant material. The steam is then
Blending— saturated in aromatic molecules, and exits
Preparing through another pipe into a condensation tank.
Yourself At the end of this tank, the water is contained in
a bucket. The aromatic water is called
"hydrosol," or floral water, and floating on the top
Lesson 15: are droplets of essential oils. Essential oils are
Determining actually not oily at all, but named after their light
Which Essential density, allowing them to float on the water -- as
oil would.
Oils to Use
Cold-Pressing:
Lesson 16: Cold-pressing is a very gentle method used mainly within the citrus family. The
Dosage essential oils are collected in juice form, and then separated.

Cold-pressing and steam distillation are the preferred extraction processes for
therapeutic purposes because of their perfectly pure conditions.

Subscribe to Extraction/Enfleurage:
our FREE This method is used on those plants that have a
very low concentration of essential oils, such as
Newsletters! Jasmine, Rose, Neroli (orange blossom),
Tuberose, and even Oak Moss. Solvent
The extraction is very gentle. The disadvantage is
Arom'Alchemy that non-fragrant and non-volatile constituents
Newsletter are extracted as well (waxes and dyes). For
Dedicated to example, Jasmine has a first extraction
performed with a solvent -- petrol ether. The
healthy mind,
solvent is then evaporated and a solid mass remains: the essence concrete.
body, and soul
through the use of
aromatherapy. A second step is necessary to remove other constituents
not soluble in alcohol. To this end, the concrete is mixed
[click here to with alcohol and heated. At that temperature, some
view the waxes have not still been removed. It is then cooled and
archives] filtered. The remaining oily residue is called an absolute,

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Foundations of Aromatherapy WebClass Page 4 of 6

which is totally soluble in alcohol.

Enter email here
Another form of extraction is called enfleurage, which is
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n extraction with animal fats. A new and more potent
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n method uses CO2. Some precious flowers, like Rose, can
be steam distilled, and the oil is then named Rose Otto.
Submit

The Purification Process of Essential Oils

Most commercial essential oils are first steam distilled and then "purified" by a
Friday secondary steam distillation process. The second step "rectifies" the essential oils.
Inspirational Only the essential oil is re-distilled in order to regain the more volatile components
Highlights and remove other higher boiling components. Such essential oils present a clear
and colorless oil with a lighter fragrance. This process is done in order to gain
Natural and
value of one component of the essence. In fact, the quality of the essential oils
aromatic beauty depends on their complexity and "chemical synergy" - or many chemical
tips and recipes to ingredients combined together with one oil. An essential oil that has been rectified
enhance your or purified loses most of its therapeutic value.
everyday living!
[click here to
view the
archives]
How Do We Determine the Healing Properties of an Essential Oil?
Enter email here The process of gas chromatography
helps us determine what the chemical
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n components of an essential oil are.
This is the most important method
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n used to precisely measure what
percentage of specific chemical
Submit ingredients the essential oil holds. It is
done on a regular basis on essential
oils used for medical purposes. The
peaks of the chromatograph present
the level of concentration of specific chemical ingredients. From there, we are able
Become an to determine the healing properties and the 'energy' of an essential oil.
Arom'Alchemy
Affiliate! EXERCISES:

Earn 20% Please answer each question and complete all exercises, which have been
Commission on All developed to help you gain knowledge as well as memorable wisdom in
Sales You Refer! aromatherapy. My goal is to guide you to develop your own and unique intuition
and sense of applying and working with essential oils. You will then never forget
what we have learned. You will become attuned with nature's most profound
Click here to secrets and you will keep this in you forever.
learn how!
In order to receive your certificate of completion email me your completed

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Foundations of Aromatherapy WebClass Page 5 of 6

In order to receive your certificate of completion, email me your completed

exercises. I will review, comment, and return them to you within one week.

Essential Oil Study:

Today, work with and study Lavender essential oil.

Smell it and take notes of your first impressions.

Smell it again while taking a bit more time. Write down how your impression
of the oil has changed.

Repeat throughout the day. Use it on yourself and note how you feel.

Answer the following questions:

1. What are essential oils?

2. Where are essential oils located within the plant?

3. What is the difference between an essence and an essential oil?

4. Describe the different methods of extracting the essence from the

plant?

5. Do you think the quality of an essential oil is important? Explain why.

6. How can we determine the quality of an essential oil?

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Foundations of Aromatherapy WebClass Page 6 of 6

Go to Lesson 2, Overview of Essential Oils Kit (13 Essences)

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Foundations Magic of Your
of Lesson 2: Overview of Essential Oils Kit (13 Essences) Personalized
Aromatherapy Pefume!
Eucalyptus (eucalyptus globulus)
Oils extracted from leaves
Class Outline Origin: Australia, Mediterranean
Fragrance: strong, fresh, camphoreous
Energy: Yang
Lesson 1: Properties: anti bacterial, anti-cattarrhal, antifungal, anti infectious, anti rheumatic,
What Is anti viral, balsamic, decongestant, mild diuretic, expectorant, hypoglycaemic,
Aromatherapy immune tonic

Lesson 2: Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)

Oils extracted leaves and stems Check out Our
Overview of Origin: North Africa, Madagascar Best-Selling
Essential Oils Fragrance: sweet, floral, "heady" E-Book!
Kit—13 Essences Energy: Yin
Properties: anti bacterial, analgesic, antifungal, anti
Lesson 3: infectious, anti inflammatory, anti viral, anti diabetic,
anti spasmodic, astringent, lymphatic stimulant,
Plant Categories plebotonic, sexual tonic

Lesson 4: Lavender (lavandual vera or true lavender)

Notes More than 300 botanical species exist.
Oils extracted from leaves and stems.
Origin: France, Italy, Spain
Lesson 5:
Fragrance: sweet, floral, herbal
Hands-On Energy: Yin

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Foundations of Aromatherapy WebClass Page 2 of 10

Energy: Yin
Custom Blending Properties: anti spasmodic, anti bacterial, cardio tonic, anti
Want to Learn
fungal, analgesic, hypotensive, anti infectious, anti Aromatherapy?
Lesson 6: inflammatory
Study of
Ravensara and Lemon (citrus limonum)
Oils extracted from the fruit peel
Eucalyptus
Origin: France, India, Africa, California
Essential Oils Fragrance: light, fresh, vivifying, clean
Energy: Yang
Lesson 7: Properties: anti infectious, anti acidic, anti
Study of bacterial, anti viral, astringent, carminative,
decongestant for the lymphatic system, immune
Geranium and
tonic, digestive, mild diuretic
Lavender
Essential Oils
Neroli (citrus aurantium)
Oils extracted from flower petal
Lesson 8: Origin: France
Study of Fragrance: sweet, floral, warm
Peppermint and Energy: Yin
Lemon Essential Properties: anti depressive, anti infectious, anti bacterial, mild astringent
Oils
Orange (citrus aurantium)
Oils extracted from the fruit peel
Lesson 9: Origin: France, Italy, Spain, California
Study of Neroli Fragrance: fresh, citrus, warm, clean
and Roman Energy: neutral
Chamomile Properties: anti spasmodic, calmative, anti
Essential Oils infectious, digestive and hepatic stimulant.

Lesson 10: Peppermint (mentha piperita)

Study of Rose Oils extracted from the leaves
otto and Origin: France, England, USA
Rosemary Fragrance: fresh, pungent, strong, cooling, herbal
Energy: Yang
Essential Oils Properties: anti bacterial, analgesic, anti spasmodic, anti inflammatory, digestive
stimulant, carminative, insect repellent, cephalic
Lesson 11:
Study of Orange Ravensara (ravensara aromatica)
and Sandalwood Oils extracted from young leafy stems
Essential Oils Origin: Madagascar, La Reunion
Fragrance: strong, fresh, camphoreous
Energy: Yang
Lesson 12: Properties: anti bacterial, antifungal, anti infectious, neuro tonic, analgesic, anti
Study of Ylang viral, decongestant, expectorant, immune tonic
Ylang Essential

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Oil and Questions Roman Chamomile (anthemis nobilis)

for Review Oils extracted from dry flowers
Origin: France
Fragrance: floral, sweet
Lesson 13:
Energy: Yin
The Vegetable Properties: analgesic, calmative, anti
Oils Used for Skin allergenic, anti spasmodic, anti neuralgic, anti
Care inflammatory

Lesson 14: Rose (rosa damascena)

Custom Oils extracted from flower petals
Origin: Bulgaria
Blending—
Fragrance: floral, sweet, fresh
Preparing Energy: Yin
Yourself Properties: anti infectious, anti bacterial, anti
depressive, neuro tonic, healing for the skin, skin cell
Lesson 15: renewing, general tonic, calmative, anti inflammatory,
astringent
Determining
Which Essential
Rosemary (rosmarisnus officinalis - 1,8 cineole)
Oils to Use Oils extracted from leaves and stems
Origin: France, Mediterranean
Lesson 16: Fragrance: strong, fresh, camphoreous
Dosage Energy: Yang
Properties: anti bacterial, anti-cattarrhal, antifungal, anti
infectious, anti rheumatic , anti viral, decongestant,
expectorant, immune tonic, cephalic, hypertensive, general
tonic
Subscribe to
Sandalwood (santalum album)
our FREE Oils extracted from the bark
Newsletters! Origin: New Caledonia, Java, Borneo, Sumatra, India
Fragrance: light, sweet, woodsy, warm
Energy: neutral
The Properties: anti depressive, sexual tonic, cardio tonic, carminative, anti infectious,
Arom'Alchemy anti inflammatory, decongestant for the lymphatic system
Newsletter
Dedicated to
Ylang Ylang (canaga odorata)
healthy mind,
Oils extracted from the flower petals
body, and soul
Origin: Madagascar, La Reunion, Philipines
through the use of
Fragrance: floral, exotic, sweet, warm
aromatherapy. Energy: Yin
[click here to Properties: sexual tonic, anti depressive, anti diabetic, anti
view the infectious, anti spasmodic, anti inflammatory, calmative
archives]

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Foundations of Aromatherapy WebClass Page 4 of 10

Enter email here The Sense of Smell: Developing Your Scent-Intuition

Learn to determine the different qualities of each essence, their
distinguishing fragrances, and how they "speak" to you. It is important to be
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n centered, take a few breaths and clear your mind before practicing any olfactory
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n test. Then, open the bottle of your essential oil, inhale and close your eyes.

Submit What is your first impression? Write it down. You should record your automatic
response, do not think too hard. Inhale again and visualize which part of the body
or system the smell leads you. Write that down. Lastly, what emotions do you
experience when you smell each essence? Write it down.

Friday
Inspirational
Highlights The Different Applications
Natural and
aromatic beauty Inhalation:
tips and recipes to This method is good for nervous tension, colds, the flu, and sinus
enhance your congestion. Pour a few drops in hot water, then cover your head
everyday living! and breathe deeply for at least 15 to 20 minutes.
[click here to
view the Baths:
archives] This method is best for arthritis, dermatitis, rheumatism, dry skin,
muscle aches and pain, stress, nervous tension, insomnia, and
Enter email here emotional imbalance. Add 6 to 10 drops into your warm bathwater
and soak for at least 15 minutes.
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n Compresses:
This method is best for open wounds, bruises, muscle aches and
pain, and skin problems. Dip gauze in warm water (4oz) and add 10
Submit
drops of essence. Apply the compress directly to the affected area.

Massage:
Add 15 to 30 drops of essence to 60-ml of unscented massage oil.
Become an
Arom'Alchemy
Affiliate!
Safety and Caution
Earn 20% Keep essential oils out of reach of children. Do not leave a bottle that has no fixed
Commission on All integral dropper where a child could take off the cap and consume contents.
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Do not use directly on or near the eyes; ensure caution with compresses. Most
diluted essential oils will sting the eyes; if accidents happen, flush with clean warm
Click here to water; if NEAT oils get in the eye, immediately flush with cold full-fat milk, or
learn how! vegetable oil to dilute. If stinging is not alleviated, seek medical assistance.

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Foundations of Aromatherapy WebClass Page 5 of 10

Do not, unless otherwise advised by an expert, apply neat essential oil onto the
skin. To remove neat oil spills on hands, use cream or vegetable oil to dilute, apply
soap, wash with warm water; may need to be repeated.

Never assume that an essential oil will have the same properties as credited to the
whole plant from which it is obtained.

Ingesting any oil should only be undertaken under the supervision of a professional
health advisor and never exceed the suggested amount.

Essential oils should always be used diluted over a large body area.

Excessive use of essential oils can cause headaches, nausea and general feelings
of uneasiness; drink plenty of water, get fresh air, take frequent breaks.

Do not drive a motor vehicle (or allow client to) immediately following a relaxation
treatment or after using soporific oils (e.g. clary sage)

Regulate the frequency when using essential oils. If used daily over a two-week
period, give a week's grace before recommencing treatment.

Reduce the chance of acquiring a sensitivity reaction from constant use of same oil
(s) over several years by varying choices. This gives the body a break from
constant use.

If any kind of skin rash is observed when using a particular essential oil, stop using
it immediately and try another oil.

When working daily with essential oils, follow these precautions:

Use only safe essential oils in diluted form, avoid contact with neat oils (by
wearing gloves when bottling).

Ensure adequate ventilation.

Take frequent breaks.

Tolerance increases with time.

Avoid transferring oils to sensitive areas (nose, face, neck).

Vary the essential oils worked with (or diffused) daily.

Avoid sensitizing oils if hands become cracked or sore.

Chemical Families and Properties of Essential Oils

Essential oils are chemical compounds, a composition of different chemical
ingredients. The chemistry of an essential oil helps determine its properties for
physical ailments, its energy (heating or cooling, etc.).

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Foundations of Aromatherapy WebClass Page 6 of 10

Phenols:

Antiseptic, antiviral, immunostimulant, anti-paratisites

Caution: use at low dose because of hepato-toxicity

Skin irritant

Examples: Oregano, Savory, Thyme, Clove

Alcools monoterpenes:

Anti-infectious, anti-bacterial, healing, immunostimulant

Examples: Tea Tree, Rosewood, Oregano

Alcools diterpenes:

Hormonal action, hormone-like

Caution: watch out for the content of ketomnes in sage officinalis

Examples: Clary Sage, Sage

Alcools sesquiterpenes:

Stimulant, immunostimulant, vein tonic, general stimulant

Examples; Cypress, Sandalwood, Neroli, Sage, Patchouli, Carrot

Esters:

Anti-spasmodic, calming, anti-inflammatory

Excellent for blood circulation and nervous system

Examples: Juniper, Lavender (lavandula augustifolia), Carrot

Ethers:

Anti-spasmodic, anti-depressive, calming, anti-bacterial, anti- allergies

Examples: Basil, Artemisia

Oxydes:

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Foundations of Aromatherapy WebClass Page 7 of 10

Mucolytic, expectorant

Examples: Rosemary (1,8 cineole), Clary Sage

Aldehydes:

Anti-inflammatory, anti-depressive, vaso-dilator

Examples: Cinnamon, Lemon Verbona, Citronella, Eucalyptus Citriodora,
Myrtle

Ketones:

Mucolitic, anti-infectious, anti-viral, calming, sedative, immunostimulant,

blood fluidifuing, healing

Caution: epileptic at high dose, abortive (thuyones). There can very fast
inversion of their effects depending on the dose.

Examples: Sage, Rosemary (bornelone), Rosemary Verbenone,
Cedarwood, Hyssop, Aneth, Peppermint

Coumarines:

Blood fluidifying, hypotensive, vein tonic, sedative, anti-convulsions

· Caution: photosensitivity, hepato-toxic

Examples: Bergamot, Sage, Lemon

Terpenes:

Antiseptic (air purifier), analgesic, stimulate the adrenal glands

Examples: Pine, Lemon, Thyme

Sesquiterpenes:

Anti-innflammatory, analgesic, healing, calming

Examples: Roman Chamomile

Acids:

A ti i fl t h th i

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Foundations of Aromatherapy WebClass Page 8 of 10

Anti-inflammatory, hypo-thermic

Examples: Cinnamon, Artemisia

Healing Properties of Essential Oils

Bactericidal Action

Phenols: Oregano, Thyme, Savory, Cinnamon, Clove

Alcools monoterpenes: Ravensara, Geranium, Oregano, Tea Tree,
Rosewood

Oxydes: Eucalyptus Radiata, Eucalyptus Globulus, Rosemary 1,8 cineole,
Ravensara, Lavandula Stoechas

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Action:

Analgesics: Roman Chamomile, Peppermint, Thyme

Anti-inflammatory: Eucalyptus Citriodora, Lemon Verbena, Roman
Chamomile, Juniper, Wintergreen

Healing Action:

Essences containing sesquiterpenes, alcools monoterpenes,

Esters: Rosewood, Lavender, Roman Chamomile, Helycrisum, Niaouli,
Sandalwood, Sage, Carrot, Geranium, Cypress

Balancing the Nervous System:

Essences containing esters, aldehydes, sesquiterpenes:

Lavender, Basil, Neroli, Petitgrain, Ravensara, Ylang Ylang, Roman
Chamomile, Rose, Lemon Verbena

Balancing, Harmonizing, Anti-Spasmodic:

Lavender, Basil, Roman Chamomile

Tonic:

Ginger, Cinnamon, Black Pepper

Boost the Morale, Balancer:

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Foundations of Aromatherapy WebClass Page 9 of 10

Peppermint, Bay Leaves, Rosemary 1,8 cineole

Expectorant Action:

Essences containing ketones and/or oxydes: Eucalyptus Globulus,

Rosemary 1,8 cineole, Tea Tree, Ravensara, Bay Leaves

Hepato-Digestive:

Essences containing esters, ethers, alcools sesquiterpenes.

-For the liver: Lemon, Peppermint
-For the pancreas: Cypress, Geranium, Juniper
-For the intestines: Basil, Bay Leaves, Savory

Action Upon the Circulatory System:

Essences containing alcools monoterpenes, alcools sesquiterpenes,

esters.
-Blood fluidifying: Helycrisum
-Veino-tonic: Cypress, Lavender, Orange, Rosemary 1,8 cineole
-Lymph-tonic: Sandalwood

EXERCISES:

Essential Oil Study

Today, work with and study Orange essential oil.

Smell it and take notes of your first impressions.

Smell it again while taking a bit more time. Write down how your impression
of the oil has changed (or not).

Repeat throughout the day. Use it on yourself and note how you feel.

Olfactory Test
Select one essential oil from your kit. Study the oil for three days by doing the
following several times throughout the day:

Smell the oil deeply at least three times. Really take your time.

Make note of your sensations while smelling the essence: what does it tell
you? in what part of the body do you "feel" it the most? what images,
emotions does the essence bring to mind?

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Foundations of Aromatherapy WebClass Page 10 of 10

Answer the following questions:

1. What are the most important safety precautions to apply in

your practice or at home?

2. When should essential oils not be used?

3. Make a list of the essential oils that are...

analgesic

sedative

immune tonic

Go to Lesson 3, Plant Categories

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