Internet Technology

Lecture3
 Internet Architecture

• Organizations choose network technologies appropriate for

each need
• Figure 20.2 (below) illustrates how three routers can be used
to connect four arbitrary physical networks into an internet

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 Internet Architecture

• Figure 20.2 shows each router with exactly two connections

– commercial routers can connect more than two networks
– a single router could connect all four networks in the example
• An organization seldom uses a single router to connect all of
its networks
• There are reasons for multiple connections:
• Load-balancing and speed
– the processor in a given router is insufficient to handle the traffic
passing among an arbitrary number of networks
• Redundancy improves internet reliability
– To avoid a single point of failure
• The protocol software continuously monitors internet connections
• It instructs routers to send traffic along alternative paths when a network3or
 Internet Architecture

• An organization must choose a design that meets the

organization's need for
– Reliability
– Capacity
– Cost
• The exact details of internet topology to be chosen often
depend on the following
– bandwidth of the physical networks
– expected traffic
– organization's reliability requirements
– cost
– performance of available router hardware
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 The Underlying Technologies

What is inside the Internet? Or What are the key

underlying technologies that make it work so
successfully?
– Packet Switching
– Routers/Packet Switches
– TCP/IP
– Clients + Servers = Distributed Computing
– Computer Names.

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 Applications

• Some applications of the Internet:

– World Wide Web (WWW)
– Electronic Mail (Email)
– Bulletin Boards (Newsgroups)
– Audio & Video Services

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 Internet Topology
= Backbone Network

Network Access Provider

(NAP)

Internet Service Provider

(ISP)

Users Users Users

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Internet Topology (Detailed)
Backbone Network
R R
. R R

R R R R

NAP1 NAP2 NAP3 NAPn

R R R R

R R R R

ISP ISP ISP ISP

Users Users Users Users Users

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 Selecting ISP
• To chose an ISP consider the following factors:
• Local phone numbers: Most ISP provider have many phone numbers
that your computer can call to connect to the Internet.
• Price
• Software: many ISP provide CD-ROM with software you can use to
connect to the Internet.
• Support: You never know when you are going to have problem, so your
ISP technical support should be open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
• Speed
• Accessibility: If the ISP access numbers are frequently busy, you can
waste a lot of time until you connect.

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 A Typical ISP
. Subscribern modemn

Subscriber3 modem3
Remote
Internet
Access
Subscriber2 modem2 Server
(RAS)
Subscriber1 modem1

ISP Setup

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Computer Network

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 What is Network?

• A Connection of two or more Computers. So that

they can share resources.
• Connection between two or more Computer,
which allows them to share the same Software
and information.

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 The Concept of Universal Service

• Most modern computer communication systems allow

communication between any two computers
– analogous to the way a telephone system provides communication
between any two telephones, known as universal service
• With universal service
– a user on any computer in any organization can send messages or data
to any other user

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 The Concept of Universal Service

• The chief problem with multiple networks is obvious:

– A computer attached to a given network can only communicate with
other computers attached to the same network
– The problem became evident in the 1970s as large organizations began
to acquire multiple networks
– Each network in the organization formed an island
• In many early installations
– each computer attached to a single network
– and employees had to choose a computer appropriate for each task
– an employee was given access to multiple screens and keyboards
– the employee was forced to move from one computer to another to
send a message across the appropriate network
– Users are neither satisfied nor productive when they must use a
separate computer for each network 14
 The Motivation for networking
• Each network technology is designed to fit a specific set of
constraints
– LAN technologies are designed to provide high-speed communication
across short distances
– WAN technologies are designed to provide communication across
large areas
• No single networking technology is best for all needs!
– A large organization with diverse networking requirements needs
multiple physical networks

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Type of networks

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 Local Area Network
• A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that
share a common communications in a limited area such as a
home, school, computer laboratory, or office building.
• LANs are confined to a single building or group of buildings.
• by multiple computer users.,

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 Wide Area Network
• A Wide Area
Network (WAN) is a
telecommunication
network that covers a
broad area ( any network
that links across
metropolitan, regional, or
national boundaries).

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 Metropolitan Area Network
• A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer
network that usually spans a city or a large campus.
• A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area
than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of
buildings to entire cities

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End of the lecture