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What is skin effect?

the tendency of high-frequency alternating current to distribute near the surfac


e of a conductor
Why is alternating current used for transmission?
AC is used for transmission because transformers can step it up to high voltage
for long distance, and down to low voltage for local distribution and use. Powe
r is (naively) the product of current and voltage, but resistance losses are pro
portional to current SQUARED. Stepping up to high voltage cuts the current and
thus the losses; even trying to distribute 110 volts for several miles would req
uire wires so heavy you would go broke paying for all the copper.
Why is the voltage stepped up before transmission?
Generally we step up voltage at the time of transmission right?? we do this beca
use it makes us to transmit power at high voltage and low currents...and more ov
er transmission losses are calculated as copper losses=(I*I)R losses ..so at low
currents low transmission losses
What are the standard transmission and distribution voltages?
400kv,220kv,132kv,66kv,33kv transmission voltages for transmitting power
primary distribution system-A very popular voltage at this level is 12.47 KV lin
e to line, which is equivalent to 7.2 KV line to ground, or neutral.
secondary distribution lines-Here, the voltage is 240 V or sometimes 120 V.
Explain transmission and distribution systems?
Electricity distribution is the final stage in the delivery (before retail) of e
lectricity to end users. A distribution system's network carries electricity fro
m the transmission system and delivers it to consumers.
Electric power transmission or "high voltage electric transmission" is the bulk
transfer of electrical energy, from generating power plants to substations locat
ed near to population centers.
What are lightning arrestors?
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect the
insulation on the system from the damaging effect of lightning.
What is the difference between an insulator and a dielectric?
dielectric is an insulator that can b used to store electrical energy.all dielec
trics are insulators but the converse is not true
Explain the principle of operation of relay and a circuit breaker?
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to pro
tect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its
basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, t
o immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once an
d then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or au
tomatically) to resume normal operation.
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are a
lso used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-po
wer signal
What is 3-phase supply?
In a three-phase system, three circuit conductors carry three alternating curren
ts (of the same frequency) which reach their instantaneous peak values at differ
ent times. Taking one conductor as the reference, the other two currents are del
ayed in time by one-third and two-thirds of one cycle of the electric current. T
his delay between phases has the effect of giving constant power transfer over e
ach cycle of the current and also makes it possible to produce a rotating magnet
ic field in an electric motor.
What is a busbar?
an electrical conductor that makes a common connection between several circuits;
"the busbar in this computer can transmit data either way between any two compo
nents of the system.
What are the disadvantages of low power factor?
When you have a Power Factor less than 1 the voltage and current waveforms in an
AC circuit are out of phase. Therefore at any given instant of time the work be
ing done or energy being expended is calculated by multiplying the current x vol
tage. This reduces the wattage at any instant of time. When the Power Factor is
one the instantaneous multiplication of the current and voltage would yield the
maximum value with the waveforms in phase. This is much easier to see with a pic
ture, but imagine a square wave for both voltage and current. Say for half the c
ycle the current is 2A and Voltage 3V and for the second half of the cycle both
are zero. So for 1/2 the cycle the watts generated are 6 watts and zero for the
second half of the cycle. Now if the two waveforms were 180 degrees out of phase
the voltage would be zero when the current was 2A and the current would be zero
when the voltage was 3V for zero watts. In this case the Power Factor would be
zero.
What is arc formation?
An electric arc is an electrical breakdown of a gas which produces an ongoing pl
asma discharge, resulting from a current flowing through normally nonconductive
media such as air. A synonym is arc discharge.
What is substation?
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distributi
on system, where voltage is transformed from high to low, or the reverse, or man
y other important functions. Electric power may flow through several substations
between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several
steps
What are transmission cables made of?
Transmission lines use ACSR (aluminum cable, steel reinforced) and ACAR (aluminu
m cable, alloy reinforced) conductors. In an ACSR conductor, a stranded steel co
re carries the mechanical load, and layers of stranded aluminum surrounding the
core carry the current
What is the purpose of a fuse?
The purpose of a fuse is to open an electronic circuit when current flow exceeds
a certain amount, determined by the rating of the fuse.
Why is the earth pin in a 3-pin plug the longest and the thickest?
The earth pin in a 3-pin plug the longest and the thickest because at the time o
f fault, the fault current must pass
through the earth connection to the ground, the fault current produced is so man
y times greater than the normal
current.
Which is the motor used in fan?
its Single Phase induction motor which mostly squirrel cage rotor and are capa
citor start capacitor run.
DC Motor
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity.it
has two electrodes namely positive(+ve, generally marked as red)and negative(-ve
,black).unlike all the ac motors the rotor also requires DC power for its rotati
on.since the the rotor is a rotating part it is very difficult to connect the ro
tor with the supply.but this will be done by using commutator and carbon brushes
.depends upon the application we have wide range of DC motors to use.
generator
If the coil is rotated within the magnetic field, the galvanometer shows that a
current has been induced within the coil. The magnitude of the induced current d
epends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field, the length of the c
oil, and the speed with which the coil moves within the field.
In fact, it makes no difference as to whether the coil rotates within the magnet
ic field or the magnetic field is caused to rotate around the coil. The importan
t factor is that the wire and the magnetic field are in motion in relation to ea
ch other. In general, most DC generators have a stationary magnetic field and a
rotating coil, while most AC generators have a stationary coil and a rotating ma
gnetic field.
induction motor

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