ANSI/AWWA C225-20

(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C225-14)

eal crop marks

Fused Polyolefin
Coatings for Steel
Water Pipe

Effective date: July 1, 2020.

First edition approved by Board of Directors Jan. 19, 2003.
This edition approved Jan. 23, 2020.
Approved by American National Standards Institute Feb. 6, 2020.

SM

Since 1881
AWWA Standard
This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe
minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in
specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each
optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does
not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The
use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any
applicable law, regulation, or code of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus
of the water industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this
standard, an official notice of action will be placed in the Official Notice section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes
effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice.

American National Standard

An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An
American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The
existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved
the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not
conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain
the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state
on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in
conformity with particular American National Standards.

Caution Notice: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates
completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI
procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date
of ANSI approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling
or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; 212.642.4900;
or e-mailing info@ansi.org.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
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information or retrieval system. Reproduction and commercial
use of this material is prohibited, except with written permission
from the publisher. Please send any requests or questions to
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ISBN-13, print: 978-1-64717-015-8 ISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-555-2

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12999/AWWA.C225.20

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including scanning, recording, or any information or retrieval system. Reproduction and
commercial use of this material is prohibited, except with written permission from the publisher.

Copyright © 2020 by American Water Works Association

Printed in USA

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 Committee Personnel
The Steel Water Pipe Manufacturer’s Technical Advisory Committee (SWPMTAC) Task Group
for AWWA C225, which reviewed this standard, had the following personnel at the time:

Sam Thomas, Chair

Larry McKinney, Vice Chair

B. Buchanan, Seal For Life, Toronto, Ont.

A. Fletcher, Pentair, Melbourne, Australia
D. Libby, Chase Corporation, Westwood, Mass.
L. McKinney, Womble Company Inc., Houston, Tex.
R.N. Satyarthi, Baker Coupling Company Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.
S. Thomas, Liberty Coatings, Pelham, N.H.

The AWWA Standards Committee on Steel Pipe, which reviewed and approved this standard,
had the following personnel at the time of approval:

John H. Bambei Jr., Chair

Bob Card, Vice Chair
John Luka, Secretary

General Interest Members

S.A. Arnaout (alternate), Stantec, Dallas, Tex.

J.H. Bambei Jr., Bambei Engineering Services, Arvada, Colo.
R.J. Card, Lockwood, Andrews & Newnam, Inc., Houston, Tex.
R.L. Coffey, HDR Engineering Inc., Omaha, Neb.
R.L. Gibson, Freese and Nichols Inc., Fort Worth, Tex.
M.D. Gossett (alternate), HDR, Denver, Colo.
M.B. Horsley (alternate), Horsley Engineering LLC, Overland Park, Kans.
R. Issa, AECOM, McKinney, Tex.
C.H. Kirby (alternate), Lockwood, Andrews & Newnam, Inc., Houston, Tex.
R.A. Kufaas, Norske Corrosion & Inspection Services Ltd., Surrey, B.C.
J.L. Mattson, Corrosion Control Technologies, Sandy, Utah
A. Murdock, Jacobs Engineering, Salt Lake City, Utah
R. Ortega, Aurora Technical Services, Houston, Tex.
E.S. Ralph (liaison, nonvoting), Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo.

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Copyright © 2020 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved

A.E. Romer (alternate), AECOM, Orange, Calif.
J.R. Snow, Stantec, Denver, Colo.
A.M. Stanton, Black & Veatch, Los Angeles, Calif.
W.R. Whidden, Woolpert, Orlando, Fla.

Producer Members

H.R. Bardakjian, Consultant, Glendale, Calif.

D. Dechant, Dechant Infrastructure Service, Aurora, Colo.
D.W. Dunker, Thompson Pipe Group, Grand Prairie, Tex.
W.B. Geyer, Steel Plate Fabricators Associates, Lake Zurich, Ill.
B.D. Keil, Northwest Pipe Company, Draper, Utah
J.L. Luka, American SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Columbia, S.C.
R. Mielke (alternate), Northwest Pipe Company, Raleigh, N.C.
G.F. Ruchti (alternate), Consultant, Punta Gorda, Fla.
B. Simpson (alternate), American Cast Iron Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala.
C.C. Sundberg, Victaulic, Issaquah, Wash.
R. Wu (alternate), Thompson Pipe Group, Grand Prairie, Tex.

User Members

L. Adams, US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo.

G.A. Andersen, New York City Bureau of Water Supply, Little Neck, N.Y.
B. Cheng, Metro Vancouver, Burnaby, B.C.
B. Fountain, San Diego County Water Authority, San Diego, Calif.
J. Garcia (alternate), Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, Calif.
M. Garcia (liaison, nonvoting), Standards Council Liaison, Denver Water, Denver, Colo.
S. Hattan, Tarrant Regional Water District, Fort Worth, Tex.
M. Lobik, Springfield Water & Sewer Commission, Springfield, Mass.
T. Peng, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
V. Scutelnicu, Los Angeles Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif.
M. Turney (alternate), Denver Water, Denver, Colo.

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Copyright © 2020 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved

 Contents
All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this
format may be found in a particular standard.
SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE
Foreword
I Introduction..................................... vii
I.A Background...................................... vii
I.B History............................................. vii
II Special Issues.................................... vii
III Use of This Standard........................ vii
III.A Purchaser Options and
Alternatives................................ vii
III.B Modification to Standard................. viii
IV Major Revisions................................ viii
V Comments....................................... ix
Standard
1 General
1.1 Scope .............................................. 1
1.2 Purpose............................................ 2
1.3 Application....................................... 2
2 References....................................... 2
3 Definitions...................................... 3
4 Requirements
4.1 Equipment....................................... 4
4.2 Materials and Workmanship............. 4
4.3 Coating System................................ 4
4.4 Surface Preparation........................... 7
4.5 Coating Application......................... 8
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4.6 Coating Repair................................. 9
4.7 Field Joints—Welded and
Non-Welded............................... 10
4.8 Field Procedures............................... 10
5 Verification
5.1 Coating Materials
Prequalification.......................... 11
5.2 Requirements of Coating System...... 11
5.3 Quality Assurance and Records........ 13
5.4 Inspection and Testing by the
Purchaser.................................... 13
5.5 Quality Control Requirements of
Applied Coating System............. 13
5.6 Rejection.......................................... 15
6 Delivery
6.1 Marking........................................... 16
6.2 Packaging and Shipping................... 16
6.3 Affidavit of Compliance................... 16
Tables
1 Prequalification Requirements of
Inner-Layer Tape........................ 5
2 Prequalification Requirements of
Outer-Layer Tape....................... 5
3 Prequalification Requirements of
Total Coating System................. 5
4 Quality Control Requirements of
Applied Coating System............. 6
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 Foreword
This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI/AWWA C225.

I. Introduction.
I.A. Background.  This standard describes the minimum material and
application requirements for a fused polyolefin coating system to be plant-applied
to the exterior of steel water pipe for purposes of underground corrosion protection.
Currently, the only fused-type coatings for which significant performance experience
in this application has been accumulated are based on polyolefin.
I.B. History.  The fused polyolefin coating system has been in existence since
approximately 1988. Steel Pipe New Zealand has been applying this system to large-
diameter water pipe since 1994. With the exception of a few water pipe projects around
the world, the remainder of the history of this system has been in the oil and gas
industry. The first edition of ANSI/AWWA C225 was approved by the AWWA Board
of Directors on Jan. 19, 2003. Subsequent editions were approved on June 24, 2007,
and Jan. 19, 2014. This edition was approved on Jan. 23, 2020.
II. Special Issues.  There are no special issues described in this standard.
III. Use of This Standard.  It is the responsibility of the user of an AWWA
standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use
in the particular application being considered.
III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives.  The following items should be
specified by the purchaser:
1. Standard used—that is, ANSI/AWWA C225, Fused Polyolefin Coatings for
Steel Water Pipe, of latest edition.
2. Any exceptions to the standard that may be required.
3. Diameter, length, and location of pipeline.
4. Location of coating application with reference to environmental
considerations.
5. Maximum internal operating temperature of the pipeline (Sec. 1.1.1).
6. Requirements for outdoor storage (Sec. 4.3.2.3).
7. Requirements for ultraviolet-light protection (Sec. 4.3.2.3).
8. Requirements for coating system thickness (Table 4).
9. Requirements for cutback at pipe ends (Sec. 4.5.3.7).
10. Requirements for field-joint coating (Sec. 4.7).
11. Requirements for optional inspection by purchaser (Sec. 5.4).

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 12. Requirements for coating-system test frequency (Sec. 5.5.3.4).
13. Requirements for delivery (Sec. 6).
14. Requirements for packaging (Sec. 6.2.1).
15. Affidavit of compliance, if required (Sec. 6.3).
III.B. Modification to Standard.  Any modification to the provisions, definitions,
or terminology in this standard must be provided by the purchaser.
IV. Major Revisions.  Revisions made to this standard in this edition include
the following:
1. Sec. III.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives was updated to remove
items listed that are now stated as requirements in the standard and items no longer
mentioned in the standard.
2. Section 2 References was updated.
3. The definitions for applicator, supplier, and weld seam were added to Sec. 3.
4. Sec. 4.2 Materials and Workmanship was revised and sections on safety and
personnel were added to be consistent with other AWWA steel pipe coating standards.
5. The option of using a 100 percent solids (hot melt) adhesive was deleted from
Sec. 1.1. Scope and Sec. 4.3.1 System components, item 1, since hot melt adhesives are
no longer commercially available. Table 1 and Sec. 4.3.2.2 from the previous edition,
which also pertained to 100 percent solids adhesives, were deleted.
6. An increase in nonpolyolefinic backing to 5 percent was included in Table 1,
Table 2, and Sec. 4.3.2.2 since the manufacturers increased their limit to 5.0 percent,
as the 3.5 percent limit is not reflective of the manufacturer’s capabilities.
7. A requirement for adhesion of the inner-layer tape to primed steel was added
to Table 1 and Sec. 5.2.2.8.
8. Table 6 was deleted since the information contained in Table 6 only applies
to the applicator and their methodology for application of the tape.
9. Sec. 4.3.3. Tests was deleted since it is redundant, as Sec. 5.1 and Sec. 5.2
cover those requirements.
10. Sec. 4.4 Surface Preparation was revised in a continued effort to establish
consistent language between similar AWWA steel pipe coating and lining standards.
11. Sections on special requirements and protection during welding were added
to Sec. 4.8 Field Procedures.
12. Sec. 4.5.2 Weld-seam treatment was revised to be consistent with other steel
pipe standards, and a requirement for the maximum height of the weld reinforcement
was added.

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 13. The width of rubber roller to be used was made a requirement in Sec. 4.5.3.3
Application of inner layer.
14. Sec. 5.5.4 Adhesion of outer tape layers was deleted. Adhesion of the inner
layer tape was added in Table 1 and Sec. 5.2.2.8, and adhesion of the total tape coating
system is required in Sec. 5.5.3, so evaluating the adhesion of the outer layer separately
is no longer required.
15. Sec. 6.2 Packaging and Shipping was updated to be consistent with other
AWWA steel pipe coating standards.
16. Sec. 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance was modified to include an affidavit for
workmanship. Similar language has been added to other AWWA steel pipe coating and
lining standards.
17. Units of measure were updated in the tables to be consistent with other steel
pipe coating and lining standards.
V. Comments.  If you have any comments or questions about this standard,
please call AWWA Engineering and Technical Services at 303.794.7711; FAX at
303.795.7603; write to the department at 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver,
CO 80235-3098; or email at standards@awwa.org.

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 ANSI/AWWA C225-20
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C225-14)

® AWWA Standard

Fused Polyolefin Coatings for Steel

Water Pipe

SECTION 1: GENERAL

Sec. 1.1 Scope

This standard describes the materials and application of fused polyolefin
coating systems for buried service. This system is applied in pipe coating plants,
both portable and fixed, using coating techniques and equipment as recommended
by the manufacturer. Typically, these prefabricated, polyolefin coatings are applied
as a three-layer system consisting of (1) a liquid adhesive layer, (2) a corrosion-
protection inner layer, and (3) a mechanical-protection outer layer.
1.1.1 Maximum temperatures.  This standard is intended for pipe in
potable-water service. Therefore, the maximum service temperature of this coating
considered in this standard is based on the maximum service temperature of
potable water. These coating systems will perform at higher temperatures. Consult
the coating manufacturer for conditions and limitations.
1.1.2 Conditions not described in this standard.  This standard does not
describe the additional materials and procedures that may be required for difficult
conditions, such as those encountered in rocky areas or where soil conditions are
known to be severe and in construction of underwater lines, casing pipe, and river
crossings. The manufacturer should be consulted for specific recommendations
when these conditions exist.

Copyright © 2020 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved

2 AWWA C225-20

Sec. 1.2 Purpose

The purpose of this standard is to provide minimum performance
requirements for fused polyolefin coating systems for the exterior of steel water
pipelines, including system components, application, inspection, testing, marking,
and packaging requirements.

Sec. 1.3 Application

This standard or sections of this standard can be referenced in documents for
purchasing and receiving fused polyolefin coating systems for the exterior of steel
water pipelines. This standard can be used as a guide for applying, inspecting, and
testing fused polyolefin coating systems for the exterior of steel water pipelines. The
stipulations of this standard apply when this document has been referenced and
only to fused polyolefin coating systems for the exterior of steel water pipelines.

SECTION 2: REFERENCES

This standard references the following documents. In their latest editions,

these documents form a part of this standard to the extent specified within this
standard. In any case of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.
ANSI*/AWWA C203—Coal-Tar Protective Coatings and Linings for Steel
Water Pipe.
ANSI/AWWA C209—Tape Coatings for Steel Water Pipe and Fittings.
ANSI/AWWA C216—Heat-Shrinkable Cross-Linked Polyolefin Coatings
for Steel Water Pipe and Fittings.
ANSI/AWWA C604—Installation of Buried Steel Water Pipe—4 In.
(100 mm) and Larger.
ASTM† D149—Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power
Frequencies.
ASTM D570—Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics.
ASTM D1000—Standard Test Methods for Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive-
Coated Tapes Used for Electrical and Electronic Applications.
ASTM D4218—Standard Test Method for Determination of Carbon Black
Content in Polyethylene Compounds by the Muffle-Furnace Technique.

* American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
†
ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

Copyright © 2020 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved

 FUSED POLYOLEFIN COATINGS FOR STEEL WATER PIPE 3

ASTM D4417—Standard Test Methods for Field Measurement of Surface

Profile of Blast Cleaned Steel.
ASTM E96—Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of
Materials.
ASTM G8—Standard Test Methods for Cathodic Disbonding of Pipeline
Coatings.
ASTM G14—Standard Test Method for Impact Resistance of Pipeline
Coatings (Falling Weight Test).
ASTM G17—Standard Test Method for Penetration Resistance of Pipeline
Coatings (Blunt Rod).
NACE* SP0274—High-Voltage Electrical Inspection of Pipeline Coatings.
SSPC†-PA 2—Procedure for Determining Conformance to Dry Coating
Thickness Requirements.
SSPC-SP l—Solvent Cleaning.
SSPC-SP 6/NACE No. 3—Commercial Blast Cleaning.

SECTION 3: DEFINITIONS

The following definitions shall apply in this standard:

1. Abrasive blast cleaning:  Cleaning the pipe surface with sand and/or steel
shot, and/or grit.
2. Applicator:  The party that provides the work for applying the coating.
3. Constructor:  The party that provides the work and materials for
placement or installation.
4. Manufacturer:  The party that manufactures, fabricates, or produces
materials or products.
5. Potable water:  Water that is safe and satisfactory for drinking and
cooking.
6. Purchaser:  The person, company, or organization that purchases any
materials or work to be performed.
7. Supplier:  The party that supplies material or services. A supplier may or
may not be the manufacturer.
8. Weld seam:  A weld or weld joint.

* NACE International, 15835 Park Ten Place, Houston, TX 77084.

†
The Society for Protective Coatings, 800 Trumbull Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15205.

Copyright © 2020 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved

4 AWWA C225-20

SECTION 4: REQUIREMENTS

Sec. 4.1 Equipment

The equipment for blast cleaning and coating shall be designed, manufactured,
and maintained in such condition to comply with the procedures and obtain the
results prescribed in this standard.

Sec. 4.2 Materials and Workmanship

4.2.1 Materials.  Materials supplied shall meet the provisions of this
standard. Material or workmanship that fails to conform to this standard may be
rejected at any time before final acceptance.
4.2.2 Safety.  All necessary precautions shall be taken to protect personnel
and property from accidents caused by falls, hazardous materials, fire, explosion,
and other dangers. The methods and practices prescribed by applicable federal,
state, provincial, and local regulations shall be followed.
4.2.3 Personnel.  The entire operation of applying the coating system
shall be performed by personnel trained in the application of the fused polyolefin
coating system.

Sec. 4.3 Coating System

4.3.1 System components.  The prefabricated fused polyolefin coating
system shall be at least three layers consisting of the following:
1. A liquid adhesive layer.
2. An inner layer for corrosion protection.
3. An outer layer for mechanical protection.
The inner-layer corrosion protection and outer-layer mechanical protection
shall be in the form of prefabricated material in rolls. The properties of the entire
system shall conform to the appropriate values listed in Tables 1 through 4.
4.3.2 Component requirements.
4.3.2.1 Liquid adhesive.  The liquid adhesive shall consist of a mixture
of suitable rubber and heat or thermal activated polymeric resins and a solvent.
The liquid adhesive shall be applied to the properly prepared pipe surface before
application of the inner-layer corrosion protection. The liquid adhesive shall
provide a bonding medium between the pipe surface and the inner-layer corrosion
protection and shall be supplied by the manufacturer that supplies the inner layer.
The components of the liquid adhesive shall not settle in the container to form a
cake or sludge that cannot be easily incorporated by hand or mechanical agitation,
and it shall have good machine-application properties.

Copyright © 2020 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved

 FUSED POLYOLEFIN COATINGS FOR STEEL WATER PIPE 5

Table 1 Prequalification requirements of inner-layer tape

Requirement
Property Minimum Maximum Test Method
Width deviation –5% of width or +5% Sec. 5.2.1.1
–¼ in. (–6 mm),
whichever is smaller
Thickness 24 mil (610 µm) — Sec. 5.2.1.2
Ratio of adhesive relative to total inner-layer 40% of total t 60% of total t Sec. 5.2.1.2
tape thickness, t
Water absorption (24 h) — 0.2% by wt Sec. 5.2.2.1
Water-vapor transmission — 0.10 g/(h·m2) Sec. 5.2.2.2
Dielectric strength 450 V/mil — Sec. 5.2.2.3
Insulation resistance 1,000,000 megohms — Sec. 5.2.2.4
Breaking strength 45 lbf/in. width — Sec. 5.2.2.5
(7.9 N/mm width)
Elongation 200% — Sec. 5.2.2.6
Nonpolyolefinic backing material, % by weight — 5.0% Sec. 5.2.2.7
Adhesion to primed steel 32 lbf/in. width Sec 5.2.2.8
(5.6 N/mm width)

Table 2 Prequalification requirements of outer-layer tape

Requirement
Property Minimum Maximum Test Method
Width deviation –5% of width or +5% Sec. 5.2.1.1
–¼ in. (–6 mm),
whichever is smaller
Thickness 24 mil (610 µm) Sec. 5.2.1.2
Dielectric strength 450 V/mil — Sec. 5.2.2.3
Breaking strength 65 lbf/in. width — Sec. 5.2.2.5
(11.4 N/mm width)
Elongation 200% — Sec. 5.2.2.6
Nonpolyolefinic backing material, % by weight — 5.0% Sec. 5.2.2.7

Table 3 Prequalification requirements of total coating system

Requirement
Property Minimum Maximum Test Method
Dielectric strength 450 V/mil — Sec. 5.2.2.3
Impact resistance 50 lbf-in. (5.6 N-m) — Sec. 5.2.2.9
Penetration–deformation resistance — <15% with Sec. 5.2.2.10
no holiday at
72°F (22°C)
Cathodic disbondment — 12 mm Sec. 5.2.2.11

Copyright © 2020 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved

6 AWWA C225-20

Table 4 Quality control requirements of applied coating system

Requirement
Property Minimum Maximum Test Method
Electrical continuity inspection No defects Sec. 5.5.2
Adhesion to prepared steel
32 lbf/in. width — Sec. 5.5.3
(5.6 N/mm width) —
—
Thickness
  50 mil (1,270 µm),* nominal 46 mil (1,168 µm) — Sec. 5.5.4
  75 mil (1,905 µm),* nominal 69 mil (1,753 µm) — Sec. 5.5.4
* A 50-mil (1,270-µm) thickness is considered standard up to 54-in. (1,350-mm) diameter. An additional outer layer
can be applied to achieve a 75-mil (1,905-µm) coating, which is recommended for pipe diameters in excess of 54 in.
(1,350 mm). The purchaser or the coating manufacturer may recommend this thickness or an alternative thickness,
if the installation site presents unusually severe conditions.

4.3.2.2 Inner-layer corrosion protection.  The inner layer shall be a

two-layer preformed film, consisting of a synthetic cross-linked (butyl-based)
elastomer adhesive laminated to a polyolefin-based polymeric alloyed backing. The
manufacturer shall certify that the backing material is polyolefin-based, containing
not more than 5.0 percent, by weight, of nonpolyolefin material consisting of
carbon black, antioxidants, etc.
The inner layer shall be of material that will resist excessive mechanical
damage during normal application operations as outlined in Sec. 4.5.3.3 and shall
be sufficiently pliable for the intended use. The inner layer shall withstand, without
tearing, the tensile force necessary to obtain a tightly wrapped inner coating free
of voids.
The inner layer shall be supplied in roll form, wound on hollow cores with a
minimum inside diameter of 3 in. (75 mm).
The inner layer shall be supplied in standard widths consistent with the
nominal pipe diameter.
The inner layer shall be applied after the liquid adhesive and before the outer
layer.
4.3.2.3 Outer-layer mechanical protection.  The outer layer shall be a
fusible film consisting of a polyolefin-based polymer alloy. The outer layer shall be
compatible with the inner layer. The outer-layer backing shall be compounded so
that it will be resistant to outdoor weathering and provide some electrical resistance,
low moisture absorption and permeability, and resistance to corrosive environments.
Because aboveground and environmental conditions vary, the purchaser should

Copyright © 2020 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved

 FUSED POLYOLEFIN COATINGS FOR STEEL WATER PIPE 7

consult the manufacturer as to the type of outer layer that is recommended for
the specific anticipated storage condition, including the necessity for ultraviolet-
light protection. When applied as a part of a multiple-layer system, the outer layer
shall conform to the shape of the inner layer and be sufficiently pliable for normal
application operations as outlined in Sec. 4.5.3.4.
The outer layer shall be supplied in roll form wound on hollow cores with a
minimum inside diameter of 3 in. (75 mm).
The outer layer shall be supplied in standard widths consistent with the
nominal pipe diameter. The width of the outer layer shall be at least equal to that
of the inner layer.
The outer layer shall be applied after the inner layer is applied.

Sec. 4.4 Surface Preparation

4.4.1 Surface imperfections.  Surface imperfections, such as burrs, gouges,
and weld spatter, shall be removed by filing or grinding, or otherwise corrected to
prevent holidays in the applied coating.
4.4.2 Solvent cleaning.  Before abrasive blast or tool cleaning, surfaces to be
coated shall be inspected and, if required, cleaned in accordance with SSPC-SP 1.
Only solvents that do not leave a residue shall be used for cleaning.
4.4.3 Methods of cleaning.  Surfaces shall be cleaned using dry abrasive
blast cleaning. If a greater degree of surface preparation is recommended by the
manufacturer or is required for the coating to meet the requirements of Sec. 4.3,
that level of surface preparation shall be achieved.
4.4.3.1 Dry abrasive blast cleaning.  When dry abrasive blast cleaning is
performed, surfaces shall achieve a minimum surface preparation in accordance
with SSPC-SP 6/NACE No. 3. The blast profile shall be angular, and the depth shall
be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation. If no recommendation
is stated by the manufacturer, the profile shall be within the range of 1.0–3.5 mils
(25–89 µm) measured in accordance with ASTM D4417.
4.4.3.2 Additional cleaning considerations.  Cleaning shall be performed
when the metal temperature is more than 5°F (3°C) above the dew point. Grounding
of the equipment may be performed to mitigate the attraction of dust from static
electricity. Preheating to remove moisture may be used.
4.4.4 Air blowoff.  Contaminant-free compressed air shall be used to blow
the dust, grit, or other foreign matter from the prepared substrate of the pipe in a
manner that does not affect the cleaned surface, other cleaned pipe, or pipe to be
coated. Vacuum cleaning or other methods may be used in place of compressed air.

Copyright © 2020 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved

8 AWWA C225-20

4.4.5 Protection from moisture and contaminants.  Cleaned pipe surfaces

shall be protected from condensation, moisture, rainfall, frost, snow, and other
contaminants. Flash rust or other contaminants shall be removed in accordance
with SSPC-SP 1 or Sec. 4.4.3, as applicable, before coating application.

Sec. 4.5 Coating Application

4.5.1 General.  The coating application shall be a continuous fusing
operation starting with a properly prepared pipe surface. Five steps, which shall be
performed consecutively to achieve a totally fused coating system, shall consist of
(1) preheat or preheat/postheat, (2) liquid adhesive application, (3) application of
the inner layer directly onto the prepared pipe surface, (4) application of the outer
layer directly on top of the inner layer, and (5) water quench. During step 4, one
or more layers of outer layer may be applied when specified by the purchaser.
4.5.2 Weld-seam treatment.  Weld seams shall be ground flush for a
distance of 18 in. (450 mm) along the length of the pipe on both ends before
the coating process. Along the body of the pipe, weld reinforcement shall have a
maximum height of 1/32 in. (0.8 mm).
4.5.3 Coating procedure
4.5.3.1 Heating.  Before coating application, the pipe shall be preheated
to a temperature as recommended by the coating manufacturer. Temperature must
be maintained throughout the application process.
4.5.3.2 Liquid adhesive application.  The liquid adhesive temperature
shall be a minimum of 50°F (10°C). The drum shall be thoroughly and continuously
mixed and agitated during application to prevent settling. The liquid adhesive shall
be applied at a uniform, wet film thickness of 2 mil (51 µm) minimum, 3 mil
(76 µm) maximum, or as recommended by the manufacturer. The liquid adhesive
may be applied to the entire exterior surface of the pipe by spray-, roller- or rug-
type methods, or other suitable means to cover the entire exterior surface of the
pipe. The liquid adhesive application shall be uniform and free from floods, runs,
sags, drips, or bare spots. The liquid-adhesive–coated pipe surface shall be free of
any foreign substances, such as sand, grease, oil, grit, rust particles, or dirt. Before
applying the inner layer, the liquid adhesive layer shall be dry in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendation.
4.5.3.3 Application of inner layer.  The inner layer shall be applied directly
onto the adhesive by means of mechanical constant-tension coating equipment.
The inner layer shall be applied at a roll temperature between 90°F (32°C) and
100°F (38°C). The individual component rolls shall be stored in a temperature-

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 FUSED POLYOLEFIN COATINGS FOR STEEL WATER PIPE 9

controlled environment for a time sufficient to bring the rolls to an application

temperature throughout the roll body before application. The ambient storage
temperature shall not exceed 125°F (52°C). The inner layer shall be spirally applied
with overlap width and application tensions as recommended by the manufacturer.
When applied to spirally welded pipe, the direction of the spiral shall be in the same
direction as the weld spiral, unless the weld reinforcement has been removed before
coating application. The minimum overlap shall not be less than 1 in. (25 mm).
When a new roll of inner layer material is started, the ends shall be overlapped at
least 6 in. (150 mm), measured circumferentially. The overlap shall be smooth and
shall be located to ensure the continuity of the inner layer coating. A rubber roller,
wider than the width of the material, shall be used to ensure maximum contact of
the material with the pipe surface and eliminate air entrapment.
4.5.3.4 Application of outer layer.  The outer layer shall be applied over
the inner layer using the same type of mechanical equipment used to apply the
inner layer. The overlap of the outer layer shall not coincide with the overlap of the
inner layer. The minimum overlap separation shall be 25 percent of the roll width.
The minimum overlap of the applied outer layer and minimum end lap of two
rolls shall be the same as in Sec. 4.5.3.3. The outer layer shall be applied at a roll
temperature between 90°F (32°C) and 100°F (38°C).
4.5.3.5 Total system temperature.  The temperature of the total coating
system shall be a minimum of 195°F (91°C) before water quench.
4.5.3.6 Water quench.  Immediately following the application of the
outer wrap, the coated pipe shall be cooled with water to reduce the temperature to
below 150°F (66°C) before discharging coated pipe to the pipe rack.
4.5.3.7 Cutbacks.  Cutbacks shall be determined by the type of pipe joint
and shall be as specified by the constructor and approved by the purchaser. The
cutbacks may be a straight edge for the total thickness of the coating, or they may
be tapered.

Sec. 4.6 Coating Repair

Holidays visually or electrically discovered in the inner layer at the coating
plant shall be repaired with a manufacturer-approved tape patch. The patch shall
extend onto the inner layer 3 in. (75 mm) in all directions. The repaired area shall
be tested with a holiday detector (as described in Sec. 5.5.2) after the repair is
completed. If a holiday is not found, the outer layer can be applied over the area as
part of the normal coating process. Holidays visually or electrically discovered in the
completed tape coating either at the coating plant or in the field shall be repaired

Copyright © 2020 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved

10 AWWA C225-20

by peeling back and removing the outer and inner layers from the damaged area.
Any exposed steel pipe surface shall then be coated with liquid adhesive. It is not
necessary to apply liquid adhesive to the existing coating. Where liquid adhesive
is used, it must be totally dry before the application of the patch material. Then,
either (1) a length of patch material shall be circumferentially wrapped around the
pipe to cover the defective area or (2) a patch of polyolefin material shall be applied
directly to the defective area as specified by the purchaser. The minimum lap at the
damaged area shall be 4 in. (100 mm) all around. The repaired area shall be tested
with a holiday detector after the repair is completed. If holidays are not found,
the repaired area shall then be covered with the fused outer layer with a minimum
lap of 4 in. (100 mm) beyond the inner patch. Tape conforming to ANSI/
AWWA C209 cold-applied tape coating or ANSI/AWWA C216 heat-shrinkable
cross-linked patch and repair systems may be used as a replacement when repairs
are made.

Sec. 4.7 Field Joints—Welded and Non-Welded

4.7.1 Coating of welded and mechanical field joints.  Field joints shall
be coated with products as described in ANSI/AWWA C203, C209, or C216.
The application methods are also described in ANSI/AWWA C604, but the joint
coating system selected is limited to the systems listed in this paragraph.
4.7.2 Mechanical couplings and pipe ends.  Where rubber-gasketed joints
or mechanical couplings are used, the coating may extend to the ends of the pipe.
However, the coating thickness on the pipe surfaces that receive the rubber sealing
gaskets shall not be in excess of that recommended by the manufacturer of the
sealing device. If coating the pipe to the ends will interfere with the proper seating
of the seal, the coating shall be removed a distance required by the type of joint so
that the coating system will not interfere with the joint seal. The purchaser shall
specify the alternative coating to be used in the area where the coating has been
removed.

Sec. 4.8 Field Procedures

4.8.1 General.  The methods and practices found in ANSI/AWWA C604
shall be followed for the handling and installation of pipe coated with this material.
Special requirements associated with the field procedures of pipe coated with this
material can be found in Sec. 4.8.2.

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 FUSED POLYOLEFIN COATINGS FOR STEEL WATER PIPE 11

4.8.2 Special requirements.  No metal tools or heavy objects shall be

permitted to come into contact with the finished coating. Workers shall be permitted
to walk on the coating only when necessary, in which case only shoes with rubber
soles and heels shall be permitted. Coating damaged during installation shall be
repaired in accordance with Sec. 4.6.
4.8.3 Protection during welding.  A heat-resistant material of sufficient
width to prevent damage to the coating shall be placed on each side of the coating
holdback during welding to avoid damage to the coating by hot weld spatter. No
welding ground shall be made on the coated part of the article.

SECTION 5: VERIFICATION

Sec. 5.1 Coating Materials Prequalification

Prequalification of the coating materials shall be the manufacturer’s certified
test reports submitted by the constructor or as specified from the following: (1)
the testing of samples of the coating materials submitted by the constructor with
testing conducted by an independent, accredited laboratory, or (2) acceptance on
another specified basis.

Sec. 5.2 Requirements of Coating System

5.2.1 Properties of coating materials.
5.2.1.1 Width deviation.  A specimen of inner layer and outer layer at
least 3 ft (0.9 m) long shall be removed from each of three randomly selected 800-ft
(244-m) long rolls for each layer. The width of the specimens shall be measured at
several points along the length of each specimen to the nearest 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm)
using a standard steel scale. The width deviation shall not exceed the limits stated
in Tables 1 and 2.
5.2.1.2 Thickness.  The thickness of the inner layer and outer layer shall
be measured at not less than 10 locations on the three specimens of each layer of
coating used in Sec. 5.2.1.1. The measurements shall be made with a micrometer
calibrated to read in thousandths of an inch and having contact feet of not less
than ¼ in. (6 mm) in diameter. Thickness measurements outside the limits stated
in Tables 1 and 2 shall constitute failure of the material to meet the requirements.
5.2.2 Prequalification requirements of coating system.
5.2.2.1 Water absorption.  The inner layer coating shall be tested for
water absorption in accordance with ASTM D570. An average value in excess

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12 AWWA C225-20

of the limits stated in Table 1 shall constitute failure of the coating to meet this
requirement.
5.2.2.2 Water vapor transmission.  The inner layer coating shall be
tested for water vapor transmission in accordance with ASTM E96, Appendix X1,
Procedure B. An average value in excess of the limits stated in Table 1 shall constitute
failure of the coating to meet this requirement.
5.2.2.3 Dielectric strength.  The inner layer and the outer layer shall be
independently tested for dielectric strength in accordance with ASTM D149. An
average value below the limits stated in Table 1, 2, or 3 shall constitute failure of
the coating to meet this requirement.
5.2.2.4 Insulation resistance.  The inner layer coating shall be tested for
insulation resistance in accordance with ASTM D1000. An average value below
the limits stated in Table 1 shall constitute failure of the coating to meet this
requirement.
5.2.2.5 Breaking strength.  The inner layer and outer layer shall be tested
for breaking strength in accordance with ASTM D1000. An average value below
the limits stated in Tables 1 and 2 shall constitute failure to meet this requirement.
5.2.2.6 Elongation.  The inner layer and outer layer shall be tested for
elongation in accordance with ASTM D1000. An average value below the limits
stated in Tables 1 and 2 shall constitute failure to meet this requirement.
5.2.2.7 Nonpolyolefinic material content.  The inner layer and the outer
layer shall be tested for nonpolyolefinic content in accordance with ASTM D4218.
The adhesive layer shall not be present on the inner-layer backing when performing
the test. Consult the manufacturer for the preferred method of adhesive removal.
The tests should be performed only on samples taken from material supplied by
the manufacturer. Five samples shall be tested, and the results averaged. An average
value outside the limits given in Tables 1 and 2 shall constitute failure to meet this
requirement.
5.2.2.8 Adhesion to primed steel.  Test the coating system for adhesion
according to ASTM D1000, Method A, modified for use of primer, if required. A
value below the limit shown in Table 1 shall constitute failure of the coating system
to meet the requirement.
5.2.2.9 Impact resistance.  The total coating system shall be tested for
impact resistance in accordance with ASTM G14. Five samples shall be tested,
and the results averaged. An average value below the limits stated in Table 3 shall
constitute failure of the coating system to meet this requirement.

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 FUSED POLYOLEFIN COATINGS FOR STEEL WATER PIPE 13

5.2.2.10 Penetration–deformation resistance.  The total coating system

shall be tested in accordance with ASTM G17 at 72°F (22°C). Five samples shall be
tested, and the results averaged. An average value above the limits stated in Table 3
shall constitute failure to meet this requirement.
5.2.2.11 Cathodic disbondment.  The cathodic disbondment of the
coating system shall be determined in accordance with ASTM G8. The test shall
run for 30 days. The disbondment shall be measured from the edge of the initial
holiday along each radial cut. The average of these results shall be the result for the
sample. Three samples shall be tested, and the results averaged. An average value
above the limits given in Table 3 shall constitute failure of the coating system to
meet the requirement.

Sec. 5.3 Quality Assurance and Records

The manufacturer and constructor shall use a quality assurance program or
system to ensure that the quality controls in this section are followed. Completed
records of inspection work shall be made available upon the purchaser’s request.

Sec. 5.4 Inspection and Testing by the Purchaser

5.4.1 Inspection.  The entire procedure of applying the coating as described
in this standard may be inspected by the purchaser from surface preparation to
completion of coating. Such inspection shall not relieve the constructor of the
responsibility to provide coating materials and perform work in accordance with
this standard.
5.4.2 Access for purchaser.  The purchaser shall have access to all areas used
to perform the work according to the provisions of this standard.
5.4.3 Facilities for purchaser.  In accordance with conditions agreed to
by the purchaser and the constructor, the purchaser shall be provided with the
facilities and space for inspection, testing, and information-gathering purposes.

Sec. 5.5 Quality Control Requirements of Applied Coating System

5.5.1 Coating appearance.  Coated pipe shall be visually inspected. The
applied coating system shall be uniform and free of defects such as, but not limited
to, pinholes, blisters, wrinkles, cracks, voids, and contamination. Ripples caused by
thermal expansion in the outer layer are not reason for rejection.
5.5.2 Electrical inspection for continuity.  Each coated pipe section shall be
electrically tested for flaws in the coating. Testing shall be performed on the inner
layer and/or the total coating system. Testing shall be in accordance with NACE

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14 AWWA C225-20

SP0274. Defects disclosed by the holiday detector shall be repaired according to

Sec. 4.6 of this standard.
5.5.3 Adhesion of total system.  A 24-h dwell time of the coating system
to the substrate before the adhesion peel test is required. Adhesion testing shall
be conducted at a 180-degree peel angle and at temperatures above 65°F (18°C)
and less than 85°F (29°C) on a randomly selected location on the test pipe. If the
adhesion testing is conducted outside this temperature range or before the 24-h
dwell time and the tested sample meets the value listed in this standard, that sample
shall be considered to meet the peel adhesion requirement of this standard. If the
adhesion testing is conducted outside this temperature range or before the 24-h
dwell time and the tested sample does not meet the value listed in this standard,
the coated pipe must be brought within the specified temperature range and dwell
time and then retested.
5.5.3.1 Adhesion test area.  The adhesion test area shall be prepared in
four steps:
1. A circumferential strip measuring 1 in. (25 mm) wide × 15 in. (375 mm)
long shall be marked on the coated pipe surface.
2. The marked area shall then be cut to the steel substrate along the marked
area on three sides (top and sides).
3. A 1-in. (25-mm) strip shall be pried away from the substrate at the
top end and attached with a suitable clamp to a pulling tension scale capable of
measuring 0–50 lb (23 kg).
4. The coated pipe shall then be marked at 1-in. (25-mm) increments along
the length of a cut side from 0 to 12.
5.5.3.2 Adhesion test procedure.  The adhesion test shall be conducted
and evaluated in the following manner:
1. Pull the tension scale at an angle of 180 degrees to the pipe surface at
a rate of 1 in. (25 mm) per 5 s. Test shall be continuous over a maximum test
duration of 1 min.
2. The pull tension value shall be recorded for each 1 in. (25 mm) of pull.
A minimum of 12 values shall be recorded.
3. The two highest and two lowest values shall be excluded, and the
remaining eight values shall be averaged and recorded.
5.5.3.3 Rejection.  An average adhesive value below the requirement
stated in Table 4 shall be considered a nonsatisfactory result. In this situation, if
the result is at least 90 percent of the requirement, two additional tests shall be

Copyright © 2020 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved

 FUSED POLYOLEFIN COATINGS FOR STEEL WATER PIPE 15

made at two different locations on the same pipe. If both tests pass, the pipe shall
be accepted, and no additional testing is required. If the initial result is less than
90 percent of the requirement, or if either of the additional two tests fails to meet
the requirement, the coating shall be rejected or repaired. If the coating fails an
adhesion test, the test shall be repeated for the pipe joint coated before and after
the failed pipe. This process shall continue until satisfactory results are obtained.
Coated pipe where the requirement is not met shall be rejected or repaired.
5.5.3.4 Frequency of testing.  Adhesion tests shall be performed on the
first pipe, every 10th pipe, and the last pipe of each production day or as stated in
the purchaser’s documents.
5.5.3.5 Adhesion test repairs.  Adhesion test areas shall be repaired in
accordance with Sec. 4.6.
5.5.4 Coating thickness.  The applied coating system shall be tested for
thickness on the first pipe, every 10th pipe, and the last pipe of each production
day. Five separate gauge readings shall be taken at random locations on each of the
measured pipes, separated by a sufficient distance to be representative of the entire
coated surface. A gauge reading shall be as defined in SSPC-PA 2. The chosen gauge
reading locations shall have only one layer of each tape so that same layer overlaps
are not included in the measurement. Any gauge reading below the limits given in
Table 4 shall constitute failure of the coating system to meet the requirements.

Sec. 5.6 Rejection

5.6.1 Surface preparation.  The purchaser may reject any pipe if the surface
condition does not comply with the requirements of Sec. 4.4. Pipe rejected because
of inadequate cleaning shall be recleaned.
5.6.2 Coating materials.  If any sample of coating material does not
comply with this standard, the coating materials represented by the sample shall be
rejected.
5.6.3 Coating work.  The coating work shall be performed by workers
experienced in the application of the coating process. If at any time it is determined
that the procedure of applying the protective coating material is not according to
this standard, the protective coating shall be rejected on the affected pipe.
5.6.4 Coated pipe.  Coated pipe not meeting the minimum requirements
of this standard shall be repaired or rejected.

Copyright © 2020 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved

16 AWWA C225-20

SECTION 6: DELIVERY

Sec. 6.1 Marking

Containers shall be plainly marked with the name of the manufacturer, type
of material, batch or lot number, date of manufacture, storage conditions, and
information as required by federal and state or provincial laws.

Sec. 6.2 Packaging and Shipping

6.2.1 Packaging.  Tapes and liquid adhesives purchased or used according
to this standard shall be packaged in containers that ensure acceptance and safe
delivery to their destination. Preferences for the individual or multiple packaging
of tape and the size of liquid-adhesive containers may be specified by the purchaser.
6.2.1.1 Individual items.  Each sheet, pad, or roll of tape shall be packaged
to prevent adherence to the packaging material or the container.
6.2.1.2 Multiple items.  Multiple sheets, pads, or rolls shall be packaged
in quantities not to exceed the weight limitation of the container specification.
Each sheet, pad, or roll of tape shall be protected from adhering to other sheets,
pads, rolls of tape, the container, or the packaging material using separators.
6.2.1.3 Liquid adhesive.  Liquid adhesive shall be packaged in 1-gal
(3.8-L) cans, 5-gal (18.9-L) pails, or other containers acceptable to the purchaser
and the manufacturer, and that comply with the US Department of Transportation
regulations.
6.2.2 Shipping, handling, and storage.  Materials shall be stored and
protected from the elements as required by current applicable federal, provincial
or state, and local regulations. Temperature ranges in the storage area shall be
maintained within the limits recommended by the manufacturer.

Sec. 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance

6.3.1 Materials affidavit.  The purchaser may require an affidavit from the
coating manufacturer that the materials furnished comply with all the applicable
requirements of this standard.
6.3.2 Workmanship affidavit.  The purchaser may require an affidavit
from the applicator that the work furnished complies with all the applicable
requirements of this standard.

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