Entity types and Entity set

Entity type: A group of definable things, such as students or athletes, whereas the entity
would be the specific student or athlete. Other examples: customers, cars or products.

Entity set: Same as an entity type, but defined at a particular point in time, such as students
enrolled in a class on the first day. Other examples: Customers who purchased last month,
cars currently registered in Florida. A related term is instance, in which the specific person or
car would be an instance of the entity set.

Database, Applications, Server

A database is an organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed electronically

from a computer system.

A database application is a computer program whose primary purpose is entering and

retrieving information from a computerized database. Early examples of database
applications were accounting systems and airline reservations systems.

The term database server refer to both hardware and software used to run a database. As
software, a database server is the back-end portion of a database application. This back-end
portion is sometimes called the instance. It may also refer to the physical computer used to
host the database. In general the database server is typically a dedicated higher-end
computer that hosts the database.
Note that the database server is independent of the database architecture. Relational
databases, flat files, non-relational databases: all these architectures can be accommodated on
database servers.
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software
resources and provides common services for computer programs.