Republic of the Philippines

OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE

Labangan, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro
website: www.omsc.edu.ph email address: omsc_9747@yahoo.com
Tele/Fax: (043) 457-0231 CERTIFIED TO ISO 9001:2015
CERT. NO.: 50500643 QM15

A Module
in
Analytical Geometry

Compiled by:
JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

2020 Revision
 PREFACE

Analytic Geometry is a branch of geometry that deals with geometric problems using
the coordinate system and transforming them into algebraic problems. It was Renè Descartes
who developed the unification of geometry and algebra.

There are two branches of analytic geometry: (1) plane analytic geometry deals with the
analysis of equations of two variables; while (2) solid analytic geometry deals with equations of
three variables.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lesson 1: Basic Concepts

Distance formula
Midpoint formula
Division of a line segment
Inclination of a line
Angle between two lines
 LESSON 1
BASIC CONCEPTS

TOPICS
1. Distance formula
2. Midpoint formula
3. Division of a line segment
4. Inclination of a line
5. Angle between two lines

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Determine the distance between two points;
2. Determine the divisions of a line segment;
3. Compute the angle of inclination of a line;
4. Find the acute & obtuse angles between two lines.

TOPIC 1: Distance Formula

LINE SEGMENT
A line segment is a part of a line that is bounded by two distinct end points, and contains every
point on the line between its end points.
• the line segment is horizontal if it is parallel to the x-axis
• the line segment is vertical if it is parallel to the y-axis
• the line segment is diagonal if it is neither parallel to the x-axis not the y-axis

Directed Distance
If two points lie on a line that is parallel to the x-axis, the directed distance from the first
point A(x1, y1) to the second point B(x2, y2) is denoted by AB and can be defined as x2 – x1. If two
points lie on a line that is parallel to the y-axis, the directed distance from the first point A(x1, y1)
to the second point B(x2, y2) is denoted by AB and can be defined as y2 – y1.

Generally when talking about the length of a line segment, without regard to the
direction, we always need to consider what gives positive values as result.

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 The Distance Formula
There are many problems in mathematics where the distance between two points in the
coordinate plane is required. The distance between two points connecting the line segment can
be determined using the coordinates of the two points. Let the two points be (x1, y1) and (x2, y2),
applying the Pythagorean Theorem as shown in Figure 1.1, the distance between the two poins
will be d = √ .

Example. Find the distance between the line segment connecting the points A(4, 6) and B(2, 8).

Let A(4, 6) be, hence:

x1 = 4
y1 = 6
Let B(2, 8) be, hence:
x2 = 2
y2 = 8
d=√
d=√
d=√
d=√
d=√
d = √ units

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 TOPIC 2: The Midpoint Formula

Let P1(x1, y1) and P2(x2, y2) be the endpoints

of a line segment, and let Pm(xm, ym) be the y
midpoint of P1P2 as illustrated in Figure 1.2. P (x , y )
1 1 1
The abscissa of the midpoint of a line
segment is equal to the half the sum of the
abscissas of the endpoints and the ordinate
of the midpoint is the half of the sum of
Pm(xm , ym)
their ordinates. Hence the midpoint
formula is: x
P (x , y )
2 2 2
and

or

Pm(xm, ym) = ( )

If the midpoint and the other midpoint of the line segment are given in the problem, the
coordinates of the other endpoint can be solved using the formula:

P1(x1, y1) P2(x2, y2)

x1 = 2xm – x2 x2 = 2xm – x1
y1 = 2ym – y2 y2 = 2ym – y1

Example 1. Find the midpoint of the line segment joining the two points (10, 16) and (-4, -8).
Solution:
P1(10, 16), hence: P2(-4, -8), hence:
x1 = 10 x2 = -4
y1 = 16 y2 = -8

Pm(xm, ym) = ( )

Pm(xm, ym) = ( )

Pm(xm, ym) = (3, 4)

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Example 2. One endpoint of the diameter of a circle is at (2, 16) and the center is the midpoint of
the circle at (-8, 4). Find the coordinates of the other endpoint of the diameter.
Solution:
P1(2, 16), hence: Pm(-8, 4), hence:
x1 = 2 xm = -8
y1 = 16 ym = 4
P2(x2, y2)
x2 = 2xm – x1 y2 = 2ym – y1
x2 = 2(-8) – 2`` y2 = 2(4) – 16
x2 = -16 – 2 y2 = 8 – 16
x2 = -18 y2 = -8
Therefore, the coordinates of P2 are (-18, 8).

TOPIC 3: Division of a Line Segment

Let us consider two points in a line segment with coordinates P 1(x1, y1) and P2(x2,
y2). The line segment is divided by point P whose coordinates are (x, y). The corresponding ratio
of its length to the total distance between the two given points is represented by m and n as
shown in Figure 1.3.

P (x , y )
1 1 1

x
P(x , y)

P (x , y )
2 2 2

Figure 1.3 Division of a Line Segment

Thus, the formula to find the coordinates of point P (x, y) is:

𝑚𝑥 𝑛𝑥 𝑚𝑦 𝑛𝑦
P x, y) = ( )
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚 𝑛

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Example. Find the coordinates of the point, which is three-fifths of the way from point P1(4, -7)
to P2(-1, 8).
Solution:
P1(4, -7), hence: x1 = 4, y1 = -7 P2(-1, 8), hence: x2 = -1, y2 = 8

Let m = 3, and n = 2

P x, y) = ( )

P x, y) = ( )

P x, y) = ( )

P x, y) = ( ) = (1, 2) Hence, the coordinates of point P are (1, 2).

TOPIC 4: Inclination of a line

The inclination of a line is the angle measured counter clock wise from the positive x – axis to
the line. The slope of the line with inclination θ is given by the equation 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = m . Where m is
the slope of the line.

𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = m

y
B

θ x

Figure 1.4

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Example. Find the angle of inclination of the line 4x – 2y = 8.

Solution:
Express the equation to slope-intercept form, y = mx + b:
4x – 2y = 8 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = m
-2y = -4x + 8 θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
+ θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
y = 2x – 4, m = 2 θ = 63 26’5.82”

TOPIC 5: Angle between two lines

If two lines intersect, the angle between them is defined as the angle through which one
of the lines must be rotated so that it will coincide with the other line. Let θ be an acute angle
between L1 and L2 as shown in Figure 1.5.

y
L2
L1
θ
θ’

𝛽 𝛽
x

Figure 1.5

Using the trigonometric identity for the difference of two angles we have:
𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 β1 – β2)

𝑡𝑎𝑛θ =

Take note that the tangent of the inclination is the slope of the line. Hence we have:
𝑡𝑎𝑛 β1 = m1, slope of L1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 β2 = m2, slope of L2

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Using the tangent formula and substituting the expressions, we have:

𝑡𝑎𝑛θ =

The obtuse angle between the lines L1 and L2 is the difference between the acute angle formed
by L1 and L2 and 180 .
θ' = 180 - θ

Example. Find the acute angle and the obtuse angle formed between the lines m1 = 3 and m2 = 2.

Solution: m1 = 3, m2 = 2

𝑡𝑎𝑛θ =

𝑡𝑎𝑛θ =

𝑡𝑎𝑛θ =

𝑡𝑎𝑛θ =

𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = 0.1429
θ= 0.1429)
θ=8 .03’’

θ’ = 180 8 .03’’
θ’ = 171 .97’’

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 Multiple Choice: Shade the box of the letter that corresponds to your answer.

1. What is the distance between point A(4, 3) and B(-5, 1)?

A 9.291 units B 9.912 units C 9.219 units D None of the above

2. What is the distance between point A(-6, 4) and B(-7, 3)?

A 1.414 units B 13.038 units C 13.308 units D None of the above

3. What is the distance between point A(-16, -2) and B(-4, 3)?

A 20.616 units B 13 units C 20.025 units D None of the above

4. What is the slope of the line with the given inclination: 45

A 1 units B1 2 units C 3 units D None of the above

5. What is the slope of the line with the given inclination: 75

A 1 units 9.9
B 2 units C 3 units D None of the above

6. What is the inclination of the line with the given slope: ?

A 26.57 13.0
B 26 C 26 33.54’’ D None of the above

7. What is the inclination of the line with the given slope: 2?

A 63.44 B 63 26.5’’ C 63 26’.5’’ D None of the above

8. What is the inclination of the line with the given slope:

A 0.050 B 0 C 0 D None of the above

9. What is the slope of the line connecting points A(4, 3) and B(-4, 1)?

A B 7 D
C None of the above

10. What is the slope of the line connecting points A(-3, 7) and B(2, -3)?

A 2 B -2 C D None of the above

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TRY IT YOURSELF.

1. Find and plot the coordinates of P(x, y)

that bisects the line segment with the
endpoints at P1(1, -2) and P2(-5, 12). (10
points)

2. The line segment from (-3, 5) to (-2, 1)

is extended four times its own length.
Find the coordinates of the other
endpoint of the line segment. Graph the
result and plot the coordinates. (10
points)