What is a sequence?

A sequence is a list of things (usually numbers) that are in order.

Examples

3, 6, 9, 12, ....

5, 10, 15, 20, ....

2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ...

10, 30, 90, 270, …

Infinite or Finite Sequence

When the sequence goes on forever it is called an infinite sequence, otherwise it is a finite sequence.

FINITE SEQUENCE

INFINITE SEQUENCE

{1, 3, 5, 7}
{ 5, 10,15,20,..}

{2,4,6,8,10}

{1,2,3,4,5,...}

{5,10,20}

{3,6,9,12,...}

Special Sequences

1. Arithmetic

2. Geometric

3. Harmonic

4. Fibonacci

Arithmetic Sequence

- the difference between one term and the next is a constant. In other words, we just add the same
value each time ... infinitely.
 Example : 100, 200, 300, 400, ...

In general we could write an arithmetic sequence like this: {a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, ... }

where: a is the first term, and

d is the difference between the terms (called the "common difference")

Geometric Sequence

- In a Geometric Sequence each term is found by multiplying the previous term by a constant.

Example: 1, 20, 400, 8000, ...

In general we write a Geometric Sequence like this: {a, ar, ar2, ar3, ... }

where: a is the first term, and

r is the factor between the terms (called the "common ratio")

Harmonic Sequence

- In a harmonic sequence, the reciprocal of each term forms an arithmetic sequence

 Example: 1/5, 1/10, 1/15, 1/20,…

Reciprocal: 5 , 10, 15, 20, … arithmetic sequence

Fibonacci Sequence

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, …

Growth Models

Linear

Exponential

Linear Growth Model

If a quantity starts at size P0 and grows by d every time period, then the quantity after n time periods
can be determined using either of these relations:

Recursive form: Pn = Pn-1 + d

Explicit form: Pn = P0 + dn

In this equation, d represents the common difference

Examples:

180, 200, 220, 240, ….P10

Solution: Find d: d=200-180 d= 20

 What is n? n= 10

What is P0? P0= 180

Explicit formula: P10= 180 + 20(10)

P10= 180 + 200

P10 = 380

2. Lina is tracking the progress of her plant’s growth. Today the plant is 5 cm high. The plant grows 1.5
cm per day.

A. Write a linear model that represents the height of the plant after n days.

Solution: P0 = 5 cm d= 1.5 cm

Explicit formula: Pn = 5 + 1.5n

B. What will the height of the plant be after 20 days?

Solution: Pn = 5 + 1.5n

P20= 5 + 1.5(20)
 P20= 5 + 30

P20= 35 cm height of the plant after 20 days

Exponential Growth Model

If a quantity starts at size P0 and grows by R% (written as a decimal, r) every time period, then the
quantity after n time periods can be determined using either of these relations:

Recursive form: Pn = (1+r) Pn-1

Explicit form: Pn = (1+r)n P0 or equivalently, Pn = P0 (1+r)n

We call r the growth rate. The term (1+r) is called the growth multiplier, or common ratio.

Examples:

500,600,720, … P10

Solution : 1 + r = 600/500 = 1.2

explicit formula: Pn= a(1+r)n

P10= 500(1.2)10= 3095.87

Tacoma's population in 2015 was about 200 thousand, and had been growing by about 9% each year.

A. Write an explicit formula for the population of Tacoma

 Solution: Pn= a(1+r)n

Pn= 200,000(1 + 0.09)n

B. If this trend continues, what will Tacoma's population be in 2021?

Solution: n = 2021-2015= 6

Pn= 200,000(1 + 0.09)n

P6= 200,000(1.09)6

P6= 335,420

A set is a collection of objects, and its members are called the elements of the set. We name the set by
using capital letters, and enclose its members in braces.

Ways of Writing the Elements of A Set

Roster Method (Listing Method)

Rule Method ( Descriptive Method)

Examples:

Set of vowels of the English Alphabet

Roster Method: V = { a,e,i,o,u}

 Rule Method: V= { vowels of the English alphabet}

Set of counting numbers less than 5

Roster Method: C= {1,2,3,4}

Rule Method: C= { counting numbers less than 5}

A set that has no members is called an empty set The empty set is denoted by the symbol Ø.

Examples: set of vowels in the word “ fly”

Set of counting numbers greater than 5 and lesser than 6

Two sets are equal if they have the same elements. (=)

Two sets are equivalent if they have same number of elements. (↔)

Examples:

Let A={ e,a,t} B={t,e,a} C={1,3,5} D={ 5,3,1}

A= B

C= D

A↔B
 C↔D

A↔C

A↔D

B↔C

B↔D

A set A is a subset of a set C if every member of A is also a member of C.

Suppose A= { o,u} and C= { a,e,i,o,u}

Then A is a subset of C, written as

Example:

D= {mango, avocado, orange, calamnsi}

E={avocado}

F={orange, calamansi}

E and F are subsets of D

Every set is a subset of itself, and the empty set is a subset of every set.

Operations of Sets

Union of Two Sets

Let A and B be two sets, then the union of A and B, written as A∪B, is the set of all elements that are
either in A or in B, or in both A and B.

Examples:

Let A= { Maria, Petra, Juan}

B= { Maria, Rosa, Pedro}

C= { Maria, Berto}

A U B ={ Maria, Petra, Juan, Rosa, Pedro}

A U C ={ Maria, Petra, Juan, Berto}

A U B U C= { Maria, Petra, Juan, Rosa, Pedro, Berto}

Intersection of Two Sets

Let A and B be two sets, then the intersection of A and B, written as A∩B, is the set of all elements that
are common to both sets A and B
Examples:

Let A= { Maria, Petra, Juan}

B= { Maria, Rosa, Pedro}

C= { Maria, Berto}

A ∩ B = {Maria} A ∩ C = {Maria} B ∩ C = {Maria}

A universal set U is the set consisting of all elements under consideration.

Examples: U= {counting numbers}

U= { a, e , i, o, u}

In the late 1800s, an Eglish logician named John Venn developed a method to represent relationship
between sets. He represented these relationships using diagrams, which are now known as Venn
diagrams.

A Venn diagram represents a set as the interior of a circle. Often two or more circles are enclosed in a
rectangle where the rectangle represents the universal set.

union of set

intersection of sets
complement of a set

Let us apply to word problems.

Examples:

A travel agent surveyed 100 people to find out how many of them had visited the Davao and Cebu.
Thirty-one people had visited Davao, 26 people had been to Cebu, and 12 people had visited both . Draw
a Venn diagram to find the number of people who had visited:

A . Davao or Cebu

B. Cebu but not Davao

C. neither place

GIVEN:

U = 100 Davao = 31 Cebu= 26 D ∩ C= 12

EXAMPLE 1

x= 31- 12= 19

y= 26-12 = 14

z= 100- (19 + 12+ 14)=55

EXAMPLE 1 ANS

A. Davao or Cebu D U C = 19 + 12 + 14= 45

B. Cebu but not Davao 26-12= 14

C. Neither place 100 - (19 + 12 + 14) = 55

Venn Diagram and Probability

Event - An event is the situation in which we are interested

Probability- Is the chance of that event happening

Outcome – Is what happens (result of experiment)

LaTeX: Probability\:of\:an\:event=\:\frac{number\:of\:ways\:event\:happening}
{total\:possible\:outcomes}

Probability of A
 LaTeX: P\left(A\right)=\frac{blue}{total\:space} prob of A

Probability of A or B LaTeX: \left(A\:\cup\:B\right)

LaTeX: P\left(A\:\cup\:B\right)=\frac{red}{total\:space} prob of A U B

Probability of A and B LaTeX: \left(A\:\cap\:B\right)

LaTeX: P\left(A\:\cap\:B\right)=\frac{green}{total\:space}prob of both A & B

EXAMPLE

A survey of 100 students at a certain college finds that 40 take math and 30 take English, Of these 15
take English and math. If one student is selected, find the probability of selecting a student taking

A. only math?

B. math or english ?

C. neither math nor english?

Draw a Venn diagram

VENN DIAGRAM PROB

LaTeX: P\left(only\:math\right)=\frac{25}{100}=\:25\:\%
LaTeX: P\left(math\:or\:English\right)=\frac{55}{100}=\:55\%

LaTeX: P\left(neither\:math\:or\:english\right)=\frac{45}{100}=\:45\%

Simple Interest - amount of money paid for the use of money.

I = PRT

Where : I = simple interest

P= principal (amount borrowed)

R= rate of interest

T = time ( number of years)

If T is in months, convert to year by dividing the number of months by 12

If T is in days, convert to year by dividing the number of days by 360 or 365

Note: if T/360 , you are solving the ordinary interest

If T/365, you are solving the exact interest

F=P+I
Where: F = final amount

EXAMPLE:

Mario deposited Php 50,000 at 5 % simple interest account. At the end of 2 years, how much interest
and final amount will he received?

Given: P = Php50,000 R = 5% T = 2 years

I = PRT F=P+I

I = (50,000)(.05)(2) F = 50,000 + 5,000

I = Php 5,000 F= Php 55,000

Susan took out a simple interest loan that charges 8.5% interest annually. If her original loan amount
was for Php30,000 and she is paying off the loan over 18 months, how much will she pay altogether?
Given: P = Php 30,000 R= 8.5% T= 18 months

I = PRT F=P+I

I = (30,000)(0.085)(18/12) F = 30,000 + 3825

I = Php 3,825 F = Php 33,825

Danilo deposited Php30,000 in a simple interest account 3 years ago. He has earned Php3,600 in
interest so far. What is the interest rate for his account?

Given: P = Php30,000 T = 3 years I = Php3600 R = ?

I = PRT

3600= (30,000)( R ) (3)

3600= (90,000) R divide both sides by 90,000

0.04 = R
4% = R

Compound Interest

Compound Amount

CA = P(1 + i)n

Where: CA = compound amount

P = principal

i = nominal rate (rate per interest period)

NOTE:

R is divided by 2 if it is semi-annually

R is divided by 4 if it is quarterly

n= total interest period

NOTE:

n= Number of years times 2 if it is semi-annually

 n= Number of years times 4 if it is quarterly

CI = CA - P

CI= compound interest

EXAMPLE:

A man borrowed Php4000 at 4% compounded quarterly for 2 years. What is the compound interest he
paid?

Given: P= Php 4000 R = 4% compounded quarterly T = 2 years

CA = P ( 1 + i )n CI= CA - P

CA = 4000(1 + 0.04/4) 2x4 CI = 4331.43 - 4000

CA = 4000(1 + 0.01)8 CI = Php 331.43

CA =4000(1.01)8
CA= Php 4331.43