ASIA PACIFIC COLLEGE OF ADVANCE STUDIES

AH Banzon St., Ibayo, City of Balanga, Bataan

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN
(ELECTIVE 3)

A.Y. 2020-2021

REFERENCES:
1. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc., (2015) National Structural Code of the
Philippines NSCP C101-15 Volume 1 Buildings, Towers and Other Vertical Structures, 7 th Edition
Second Printing 2019, Philippines: ASEP.
2. McCormac, Jack C. and Brown, Russell H., (2015) Design of Reinforced Concrete, 10th Edition, USA:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3. Wright, James K., (2015) Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, 7th Edition, USA: Pearson
Education Inc.
4. Aghayere, Abi O., (2018) Reinforced Concrete Design, 9th Edition, USA: Person Education Inc.
5. Nawy, Edward G., (2009) Prestressed Concrete A Fundamental Approach, 5th Edition, Pearson
Education, Inc.
6. Zamani, Arzhang, (2017) Essential Prestressed Concrete Examples: In accordance with ACI 318-14,
1st Edition, USA: Structure Gate LLC.
Lesson 1: Introduction
Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel (crushed rock or other aggregates) held together on rocklike mass
with a paste of cement and water. Sometimes one or more admixtures are added to change certain
characteristics of the concrete. Concrete admixtures are of different types and they are:

2. Water Reducing
3. Retarding
4. Accelerating
5. Air-entraining concrete
6. Pozzolanic
7. Damp-proofing
8. Gas forming
9. Air-detraining
10. Coloring
11. Alkali Aggregate Expansion Inhibiting
12. Anti-washout
13. Grouting
14. Corrosion Inhibiting
15. Bonding
16. Fungicidal, Germicidal, Insecticidal

The most important property:

Concrete has high compressive strength and low tensile strength. The simplest way to determine
concrete material strength is to perform a compression test of a cylinder (28 days).
Concrete Core Test

Core tests are generally performed to assess whether suspect concrete in a new structure complies with
strength-based acceptance criteria or not. In addition, it is critically used to determine in-place concrete
strengths in an existing structure for the evaluation of structural capacity.

Slump Test of Concrete

The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets. It is performed to
check the workability of freshly made concrete.

Recommended slumps for various types of construction

 Common Specified Strength of Concrete for Structural Members 𝑓𝑐

Flexural Behavior (Crack Moment)

Modulus of rupture test for 150 × 150 × 750 𝑚𝑚 unreinforced concrete specimen:

′:

Reinforcing Steel
Two main types of reinforcing steel are used in

reinforced concrete:

• Reinforcing bars (rebar) – most common type of reinforcement (usually deformed)

• Welded wire fabric (WWF) – used either for shear reinforcement or in slabs reinforcement
The modulus of elasticity of steel for most grade is 𝐸𝑠 = 200 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

Density of steel is 7850 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3.

Grade of Steel

Grade refers to the specified yield strength 𝑓𝑦 of steel. Based on Philippine National Standards (PNS
49:2002) for Steel Bars, the locally available grade of steel reinforcing bars in the Philippines are as
follows:
 NSCP Chapter 4 Appendix A

Philippine standard sizes of reinforcing bars:

Philippine National Standards PNS Reinforcing Steel Bars

ASTM STANDARD REINFORCING BARS

Prestressing steel

Tendons – a stretched element used in concrete member of structure to impart prestress to the
concrete.

• Wire – prestressing wire is a single unit made of steel.

• Strand – two, three or seven wires are wound to form a prestressing strand.
• Cable – a group of tendons form a prestressing cable.
• Bar − a tendon can be made up of a single steel bar with the diameter that is much larger than that
of a wire.

Bonded tendons – when there is adequate bond between the prestressing tendon and concrete.

Unbonded tendons – when there is no bond between the prestressing tendon and concrete.

Anchorage – a device used to enable the tendon to impart and maintain prestress in concrete.
 Prestressing Tendons

Properties of prestressing steel and anchorages shall be based on the manufacturer’s data.
Eugene Freysinnet (13 July 1879 – 8 June 1962) was a French structural and civil engineer. He was the
major pioneer and inventor of prestressed concrete. Founded in 1943, Freyssinet today brings together
an unrivalled range and skills in the specialist civil engineering sector, offering integrated technical
solutions in two major fields: construction and structural repair.

Freyssinet International Manila, Inc. (FIMI) is the duly licensed subsidiary of Soletanche Freyssinet
(headquarters in France) in the Philippines.

Project Development
Design Process and The Role of Structural Engineers

Structural Design Objectives

• Aesthetic demands of the architect and client

• Structural strength and safety
• Serviceability performance (i.e. day-to-day performance)
• Constructability
• Economy

Project Definition and Planning

• Building function, general layout, design criteria

• Pre-construct negotiations: schedules, fees, scope of responsibilities, communication, etc.
• Contracting

Preliminary Configurations and Costs

• Define structural criteria

• Loads and initial design of structure types: main members and layout
• Select optimal structural type: materials and structural system
• Identify geotechnical requirements Final Design Development
• Loads and analysis
• Evaluation and optimization
• Cost Estimates
• Foundations

Contract Documents
• Structural Drawings
• Construction specifications
• Method of construction
• Bid documents

Contract Administration

• Pre-bid conference/meetings
• Bid review
• Construction inspection

The Goal of Structural Design

• The primary goal of structural design is to size members and components of a system to adequately
and safely sustain loads. However, how do we reliably and accurately assure this safety? Answer:
address uncertainty.
• Examples of uncertainty:

Design Philosophies

In engineering practice today, there are two main philosophies used:

• Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) – Probabilistic (reliability-based) approach

Required strength 𝑅𝑢 ≤ design strength 𝜙𝑅n
• Allowable Stress/Strength Design (ASD) – Based on safety factors
𝑅𝑛
Allowable Strength Ra ≤
Ω

Where
𝑅𝑛 = nominal strength
𝜙 = strength reduction factor (see Table 421.2.1 for the values)
𝛺 = safety factor

ASD or LRFD − know the difference

ASD is a tradition allowable strength design that uses a constant factor of safety for all design, no matter
what the load type, while LRFD requires a higher variability (less predictability). The LRFD method
requires the use of higher load factors for loads with higher variance, such as live load.

Dead loads (such as structure self-weight) are usually very predictable live loads not so much. So there is
much higher probability of a design live load being exceeded than a design dead load being exceeded.
LRFD targets a statistically consistent structural reliability, by requiring a higher safety factor for loading
with greater variance. In contrast, the traditional ASD uses a constant safety factor, resulting in reduced
reliability under design loads with greater levels of uncertainty.

The National Structural Code of the Philippines NSCP formulated by the codes and standards committee
of the Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. ASEP is designed to meet these needs
through various model codes/regulations, generally from the United States, to safeguard the public and
safety nationwide. This structural code establishes minimum requirements for structural systems using
prescriptive and performance-based provisions. It is founded on broad-based principles that make
possible the use of new materials and new building designs.

National Structural Code History:

First Edition NSCB 1972, Second Edition NSCB 1981,
Third Edition NSCP 1987, Fourth Edition NSCP 1992,
Fifth Edition NSCP 2001, Sixth Edition NSCP 2010,
Seventh Edition NSCP 2015 is the latest.

National Structural Code of the Philippines NSCP 7th edition is referenced from the following standards
and publications:

• American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE

• American Institute of Steel Construction AISC
• American Society for Testing Materials ASTM
• American Concrete Institute ACI
• American National Standard Institute ANSI
• Uniform Building Code UBC
• International Building Code IBC
• National Design Specification NDS for Wood Construction
• Concrete Masonry Handbook
• Reinforced Masonry Engineering Handbook of America
• American Iron and Steel Institute AISI