International Islamic University Islamabad

Communication Systems Lab

Experiment No. 8:

Implementation of PCM Encoder

Name of Student: …………………………………..

Roll No.: ……………………………………………
Date of Experiment: ………………………………..
Experiment No. 8
Implementation of PCM Encoder
Objectives:
1. To understand the basic theory Analog to Digital conversion

2. To implement the PCM using CT-3000 trainer modules.

Equipment/Tools:
 CT-3000 Trainer.
 Digital Multimeter (DMM).
 Dual Channel Oscilloscope.
 PCM Encoder (PCME) Data Generator (DG) and Sample and Hold (S/H) modules.

Theory:
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) provides a method of digital transmission of analog messages.
The analog signal is sampled, quantized and coded to convert into digital signal. Block diagram
of PCM generation system is shown in Fig. 8.1.

The analog signal is band limited by a LPF and applied to sample-and-hold unit. The sampled
signal is then rounded off to the nearest discrete value in a set of L quantized levels. The
resulting waveform is discrete in time (by virtue of sampling) and discrete in amplitude (by
virtue of quantization). Next, an encoder translates the quantized samples into digital code
words. The encoder works with binary digits (0 & 1) and produces for each sample a code word
consisting of n bits in parallel.
The number of quantized levels “L” and length of code word “n”, are related by: L = 2n
Finally, successive code words are readout serially, to constitute PCM waveform. If fs is the
sampling frequency, then output bit rate of PCM waveform for word length n is nfs.

Procedure:
 Connect CT-3000 to power and verify that all voltages are available.
 Switch off the trainer. Insert DG module in socket 1, SH in socket 4, PCME in socket.
Interconnect the modules as shown in Fig. 8.2 below and switch on the trainer.

 Connect scope CH1 to clock signal of DG module and verify its presence. Next connect
CH2 to J3 of PCME and verify that sampling signal with frequency 1/9th of the clock, is
available. The sampling signal is also frame sync. Since in this experiment we have
single channel PCM system.
 Keep Ch2 displaying the sampling sync signal. Using pigtail banana pin, connect AF
signal to J1 of SH. Now connect Ch1 to J2 of SH to display S/H signal. Increase AF
signal and verify that staircase (S/H) waveform is present.
 Next connect Ch1 to J2 of PCME and verify that PCM waveform is available. Vary AF
signal and verify that PCM signal also varies. Verify that in PCM waveform a zero
follows each PCM word.
 Reduce AF signal to zero. Verify that PCM signal becomes of fixed pattern.

Results:
Plot the Input signal and corresponding Bit streams