CMP1401: Introduction To Programming With C: Ece Gelal Soyak Bahc Es Ehir Universitesi

Multi-Dimensional Arrays Arrays as Function Parameters Summary
CMP1401: Introduction to Programming with C
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Ece Gelal Soyak
Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi
P
C M
Week 10: Arrays(cont’d) and Multi-Dimensional Arrays
Dc. 15, 2020
Ece Gelal Soyak · Bahcesehir University CMP1401 · Week 10 – Dec. 15, 2020 1 / 24
In this lecture...
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4
More on arrays
Passing an array to a function as argument
Multi-dimensional arrays
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Returning an array from a function (LATER when we learn about pointers)
C M
What are Multi-Dimensional Arrays?
“Arrays of arrays”
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Examples:
int coordinates[4][3] = {{0, 0, 0},
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{1, 0, 1},
{1, 0, 5}
P
C M
{4, 7, 9}};
char color[4][10] = {“Blue”, “Red”, “Orange”, “Yellow”};
Two-Dimensional Arrays (2-D arrays)

Arrays that require two subscripts to identify a particular element
Often used to represent tables
1st subscript identifies element’s row; 2nd subscript identifies its

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column
Example: int x[3][4];

14
P
C M
Memory Map of Multi-Dimensional Array

Memory map of matrix x, with 2 rows and 3 columns: int x[2][3];
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14
P
C M
http://www.mattababy.org/∼belmonte/Teaching/CCC/CCC/transparent figure5.gif
Initializing Multi-Dimensional Arrays
Initializing 2-D array:
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4
int a [3][4] = {
{0, 1, 2, 3} , /∗ initializers for row indexed by 0 ∗/
1
{4, 5, 6, 7} , /∗ initializers for row indexed by 1 ∗/
{8, 9, 10, 11} /∗ initializers for row indexed by 2 ∗/
};
Initializing 3-D array:

P
M
int test [2][3][4] = {
C };
{ {3, 4, 2, 3}, {0, −3, 9, 11}, {23, 12, 23, 2} },
{ {13, 4, 56, 3}, {5, 9, 3, 5}, {3, 1, 4, 9} }
Example: 2-D Arrays in Memory
#include <stdio.h>
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int main()
{
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int arr [3][3]={10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90};
Output:
0x7ffed428ae80
printf (
printf (
”%p\n”, arr ) ;
”%p\n”, arr[0] ) ;
P 0x7ffed428ae80
0x7ffed428ae8c
M
printf ( ”%p\n”, arr[1] ) ;
10
printf ( ”%d\n”, arr [0][0] ) ;
}
C
Processing a 2-D Array
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14
P
C M
Example: Initializing in Declarations
Print these arrays by rows:
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4
int Array1 [2][3] = { {1, 2, 3} , {4, 5, 6} };
int Array2 [2][3] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
1
int Array3 [2][3] = { {1, 2} , {4 } };
for ( int row=0; row<2; row++ )

{
P Rows of Array1:
123
456
}
{
C M
for ( int col=0; col <3; col++ )
printf ( ”%d ”, Array1[row][col ] ) ;
printf ( ” \n”) ;
Rows of Array2:
123
450
Rows of Array3:
120
400
Example - 1
1
#include <stdio.h>
0
int main()
{
4
int array1[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } };
int array2[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
1
int i , j ;
printf ( ”Values in array1 by row are:\n” ) ;
for ( i = 0; i < 2; i ++ )
{
for ( j = 0; j < 3; j ++ )
P
printf ( ”%d ”, array1[ i ][ j ] ) ;
{
C M
printf ( ” \n” ) ;
cout << ”\nValues in array2 by row are:” << endl;

for ( i = 0; i < 2; i ++ )
for ( j = 0; j < 3; j ++ )
printf ( ”%d ”, array2[ i ][ j ] ) ;
printf ( ” \n” ) ;
}
return 0;
Ece Gelal Soyak
} · Bahcesehir University CMP1401 · Week 10 – Dec. 15, 2020 10 / 24
Output of Example-1
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14
P
C M
Example-2
1
#include <stdio.h>
0
int main()
{
4
int a [3][2], i , j ;
for ( i =0; i <3; i ++ )
1
{
for ( j =0; j <2 ; j ++ )
Output:
P
{
a[ i ][ j ]= i ;
} 00
}
for ( i =0; i <3; i ++ )
{
} C M
for ( j =0; j <2 ; j ++ )
printf ( ”%d” , a[ i ][ j ] ) ;
11
22
printf ( ” \n” ) ;
}
return 0;
}
Example-3
#include <stdio.h>
1
int main()
{
0
int a [5][5], i , j ;
for ( i =0; i <5; i ++ )
4
{
for ( j =0; j <5; j ++ )
1
{
if ( i ==j )
a[ i ][ j ] = 1;
}
else
a[ i ][ j ] = 0;
P Output:
}
for ( i =0; i <5; i ++)
{
C M
for ( j =0; j <5 ; j ++)
{
printf ( ”%d” , a[ i ][ j ] ) ;
??? (try to guess!)
}
printf ( ” \n” ) ;
}
return 0;
Ece Gelal}Soyak · Bahcesehir University CMP1401 · Week 10 – Dec. 15, 2020 13 / 24
Main Differences of Arrays from Other C Data Types
1
1. It is not possible to assign one array to another using an assignment
operator =.
Array variable’s name is nothing but a constant
4 0
Constants cannot be changed → assignments to array variables are illegal.
1
int a [] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
int b [] = {1, 2, 3, 5};
a = b;
a[3] = b [3];
P
// illegal in C and C++
// legal, assigning to array location
“passed by reference”)
M
2. An array passed as a parameter is not copied (array is treated as
C
Array name is a reference to first array location
Array name can be used to access any content by indexing
Array name can be used to change the array contents although array is not
explicitly passed by reference
Passing an Array to a Function (1/2)

#include <stdio.h>
void Change ( int list [], int numElts) // Empty brackets [ ] indicate parameter is an array
{
}
for ( int k=1; k<numElts; k++ ) list [k] += list [k−1];
void Print ( const int list [], int numElts )
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4
{
for ( int k=0; k< numElts; k++) printf ( ”%d \n”, list [k] ) ;
1
}
P
int main()
{
const int SIZE = 5;
M
int numbers[SIZE];
for ( int k=0; k<SIZE; k++ ) numbers[k] = k+1;
printf ( ”Before\n −−−−−−−−\n” );
C
Print (numbers, SIZE); // Size of the array should be separately provided
printf ( ” \n After \n −−−−−−−−\n” );
Change (numbers, SIZE);
Print (numbers, SIZE);
return 0;
}
Passing an Array to a Function (2/2)

Output:
Before
− − − − −−
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Identifier numbers is the location of array’s first
1
2
3
element
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numbers does not change as a result of being
passed to function “Change”
P
4
5 But contents of numbers do change
M
After
Array name is “passed by value” -- like all
− − − − −−
parameters
C
1
3 But array itself behaves like “passed by
6 reference”
10
15
const Parameters
The parameter for the function “Print” in previous slide is defined as a

constant array
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4
The values stored in a constant array can be accessed
void Print ( const int list [], int numElts )

{
list [3] = 0;
1
But the entries of a constant array cannot be changed
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// −−> causes compilation error!
M
}
C
This assignment generates a compilation error :
In function ‘Print’ :
assignment of read-only location ...
Attention! Careful when assigning a value to an arbitrary array index!
Array Size as a Parameter
Size of array parameter is not included in the formal parameter

May be passed as another parameter
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May be stored in a global variable
const int CLASS SIZE = 220;

14
P
int Grades[CLASS SIZE];
int index = 0;
M
while (cin >> score && index<MAX GRADES)
{
Grades[index] = score;
}
index++;
C
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
double getAverage(int arr [], int size)

{
int i ;
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4
double avg, sum = 0;
1
for ( i = 0; i < size; ++i) sum += arr[i ];
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avg = sum / size;
return avg; Outputs:
}
Average value is: 214.400000
int main ()
{
C M
int balance[5] = {1000, 2, 3, 17, 50};
double avg;
avg = getAverage( balance, 5 ) ;
printf ( ”Average value is: %f ”, avg ) ;
return 0;
}
Call by Value on Array Items (Cheating!)
1
#include <stdio.h>
void Display (char ch)
0
{
printf ( ”%c ”, ch ) ;
4
}
1
int main()
{
char arr [] = { ’ a’ , ’ b’ , ’ c’ , ’ d’ , ’ e’ , ’ f ’ , ’ g’ , ’ h’ , ’ i ’ , ’ j ’ };
for ( int x=0; x<10; x++)
{
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// Pass each element one by one using subscript
}
}
return 0;
C M
Display ( arr [x] ) ;
Output: a b c d e f g h i j
Passing Arrays to Functions as Parameters
When an array is an argument to a function, only the address of the

first element of the array is passed, not a copy of the entire array.
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14
Empty brackets [ ] are used to indicate that the parameter is an array
Size of the array should be separately provided
P
May be passed as another parameter
May be the value of a global constant variable
C M
Using a const modifier for parameters is good, defensive
programming
Allows the compiler to catch accidental attempts to modify a parameter
Protects the values of the array entries from being modified
Exercise - 1
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Write a program that gets the midterm, project, and final scores of 10 1
4
students from the user.
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The midterm, project, and final will be weighted by 30%, 30%, and
%40, respectively. Accordingly, compute the final weighted scores of
all students.
C M
Suppose that minimum passing score is the average of final scores.
So, display the final score of each student along with the passing
information.
Exercise - 2
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14
Write a program that gets two matrices of size 3x3 consisting of
double elements.
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The program will add the matrices, and display the resulting matrix.
C M
Exercise - 3
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14
Write a program that gets two matrices of size 3x2 and 2x4,
respectively.
P
The program will multiply and display the resulting matrix.
C M

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Multi-Dimensional Arrays Arrays as Function Parameters Summary

CMP1401: Introduction to Programming with C

Dc. 15, 2020

What are Multi-Dimensional Arrays?

char color[4][10] = {“Blue”, “Red”, “Orange”, “Yellow”};

Two-Dimensional Arrays (2-D arrays)

1st subscript identifies element’s row; 2nd subscript identifies its

Example: int x[3][4];

Memory Map of Multi-Dimensional Array

Initializing Multi-Dimensional Arrays

Initializing 2-D array:

Initializing 3-D array:

Example: 2-D Arrays in Memory

Processing a 2-D Array

Example: Initializing in Declarations

Print these arrays by rows:

for ( int row=0; row<2; row++ )

printf ( ”%d ”, Array1[row][col ] ) ;

cout << ”\nValues in array2 by row are:” << endl;

Main Differences of Arrays from Other C Data Types

Passing an Array to a Function (1/2)

void Print ( const int list [], int numElts )

Passing an Array to a Function (2/2)

The parameter for the function “Print” in previous slide is defined as a

void Print ( const int list [], int numElts )

Attention! Careful when assigning a value to an arbitrary array index!

Array Size as a Parameter

Size of array parameter is not included in the formal parameter

const int CLASS SIZE = 220;

double getAverage(int arr [], int size)

Call by Value on Array Items (Cheating!)

Passing Arrays to Functions as Parameters

When an array is an argument to a function, only the address of the

Size of the array should be separately provided

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