INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

LIAQUAT UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL & HEALTH SCIENCES JAMSHORO

Subject: Bio-fluid Mechanics Year: 3rd, Semester: 5th

Lab Experiment # 05

Name: ____________________________________________ Roll No: ________________________

Date: _________________ Signature of Tutor: __________________ Grade: __________________

Objective: Demonstration of Bernoulli’s Theorem and its limitations in divergent-convergent

position.
Requirement: Bernoulli’s Theorem Equipment, Hydraulic Bench, Chronometer
Theory:
Bernoulli’s equation: Considering the flow in two different sections of a pipe and applying the
law of conservation of the energy, Bernoulli’s equation may be written as:
𝑝1 𝑣12 𝑝2 𝑣22
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

Where in this equipment 𝑍1 = 𝑍2 and 𝑝 = 𝛾. ℎ

That is, we want to demonstrate with these practices that in one given pipe with two sections 1
and 2, the energy between its sections is constant. The sum of the three previous terms is
constant and so, Bernoulli’s theorem can be shown as:
𝑝 𝑣2
𝐻= +
𝛾 2𝑔

Where:
𝑣2
= 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2𝑔
𝑝
= ℎ = 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝛾
Piezometric Height: It is the height of one water column associated with the pressure of the
gravitation field.
We consider that the ∆𝐻 is the pressure loss between both sections, so
∆𝑝 = 𝜌. 𝑔. 𝑄. ∆𝐻
Where, operating
∆𝑝
∆𝐻 =
𝜌𝑔𝑄
 And ∆𝑝 is the potential loss.
With this, we consider Bernoulli’s equation as:
𝑝1 𝑣12 𝑝2 𝑣22
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2 +∆𝐻
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

We can also know the velocity in the pipe, that is:

𝑝1 𝑣12 𝑝2 𝑣22
+ = +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

Where:
𝑉1 = 𝑉 (Particles velocity), 𝑉2 = 0

V2 𝑝2 − 𝑝1
= = ∆ℎ
2𝑔 𝛾

𝑉 = √2𝑔 ∆ℎ
The objective of this practical is to demonstrate Bernoulli’s equation. We have the static and total
pressure in different sections of Venturi’s tube, 𝑆𝑜 , 𝑆1 , 𝑆2 …..The total energy is constant in all
𝑣2
sections; 𝐸1 = 𝐸𝑠 + 𝐸𝑘 , where 𝐸𝑠 is obtained by 𝑝𝑖 /𝛾 and the kinetic energy is obtained by 2𝑔.

The static pressure is measured by the height of water column and the kinetic energy is measured
by the difference of height between pitot’s manometers and static reading (other manometers). On
the other hand, the water velocity can be obtained from following equation, 𝑉 = 𝑄/𝑆 where 𝑄 is
the water flow and the 𝑆 corresponds to the section of the tube.
Purge Valve

Manometer Flow Regulated Valve

Tubes Panel
Pitot’s Tube
Non-Return
Valve

Convergent- Divergent
Tube
Adjustable
Feet

Inlet Pipe :
Procedure:
1. Place the equipment in convergent or divergent direction according to water flow direction.
2. Connect the inlet pipe to the quick connector of the hydraulic bench.
3. The other pipe is located in the drain of the bench.
4. Fill all the manometric tubes.
5. Move the Pitot’s tube towards the position of the first pressure taking. Write down the height
obtained through both manometer tubes (static and pitot’ tubes).
6. Move the pitots tubes towards the next manometer pipe and write down the reading.
7. Repeat the previous steps for each pressure taking.

Observation Table:
Flow Section Mean Kinetic Piez. Kinetic Pitot
𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚2 velocity Height Height Height + 𝑚𝑊𝐶
𝑚/𝑠 𝑚𝑊𝐶 𝑚𝑊𝐶 Piez. Height
𝑚𝑊𝐶

Flow Section Mean Kinetic Piez. Kinetic Pitot

𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚2 velocity Height Height Height + 𝑚𝑊𝐶
𝑚/𝑠 𝑚𝑊𝐶 𝑚𝑊𝐶 Piez. Height
𝑚𝑊𝐶

Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________