ABB Automation Technology Products AB

LP5p Setting Calc. V2.3

Västerås Sweden

Settings for line protection

We have a 138 kV transmission line as shown in the figure:

138 kV Transmission System

Line data:
Z1 =0.5 + j5.0 ohm
Z 0=2.0 + j15.0 ohm

Z<

Line data:
Z1 =2.5 + j15.0 ohm
Z 0=10.0 + j60.0 ohm
Z m0=8.0 + j45.0 ohm

132
3
VT :
0.11
3

Z< IT : 1500 /1

The distance protection REL511 has the following functions:

• Three zones distance protection with General Fault Criteria
• Communication scheme: Permissive overreach with current reversal logic
• Instantaneous phase overcurrent protection
• Delayed phase overcurrent protection
• Residual directional overcurrent protection with communication scheme:
Permissive overreach with current reversal logic
• Three pole/single pole autoreclosing function

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Utb–LP5p-Setting Calc-Rev 2.3.

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ABB Automation Technology Products AB
LP5p Setting Calc. V2.3
Västerås Sweden

The current and impedance settings are done in secondary values.

Therefor factors for conversion of current and impedance values must be

defined:
1
I sec = I prim ⋅
1500
0.11 1500
Z sec = Z prim ⋅ ⋅ = Z prim ⋅1.25
132 1

Setting of the distance protection function:

Zone 1
Undelayed
The setting is chosen to 85 % of the line impedance:
Positive sequence:
Z1, set = 0.85 ⋅ (2.5 + j15.0 ) = 2.12 + j12.75 ohm( primary )
Zero sequence:
Z 0, set = 0.85 ⋅ (10.0 + j 60.0 ) = 8.50 + j 51.00 ohm( primary )

The fault resistance for phase to phase faults is limited to the arc
resistance, which can be estimated (minimum phase to phase fault current:
3 kA) by use of the van Warrington formula. The arc resistance is less
than 1.6 ohm. With the double end fault current to the fault the arc
resistance will be enlarged. A setting of 5 ohm (primary) is therefor
chosen.
The fault resistance for phase to ground faults is dependent on the
resistance between the fault point and real ground (tower footing
resistance). An effective tower footing resistance of 5 ohm is assumed. In
addition to this there will be some arcing resistance. With the double end
fault current to the fault the arc resistance will be enlarged. A setting of 15
ohm (primary) is therefor chosen.

Zone 2
The time delay of zone 2 is set to 0.4 s. Zone 2 is also used as the
overreach zone for the permissive overreach communication scheme. Zone
2 will in addition to this serve as back-up protection for faults at the remote
busbar.
The first requirement is that zone 2 shall overreach the remote busbar. For
the phase to phase loops a first attempt is to chose a setting of 125 % of
the line impedance:
Positive sequence:
Z1, set = 1.25 ⋅ (2.5 + j15.0) = 3.12 + j18.75 ohm( primary )

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Utb–LP5p-Setting Calc-Rev 2.3.

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ABB Automation Technology Products AB
LP5p Setting Calc. V2.3
Västerås Sweden

For the fault resistance a setting of 10 ohm is chosen.

Zone 2 must also have setting so that the selectivity to the other lines out
from the remote busbar is assured. This should be valid also with the
parallel line taken out of service. A fault at the zone 1 reach of the shortest
line from the remote busbar will give the following apparent impedance to
the studied distance protection:
I fault
Z app = 2.5 + j15.0 + ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ (0.5 + j 5.0)
I prot
With a fault current, from the remote busbar to the fault, of 3000 A, and
2000 A to the studied protection we get the following apparent impedance:
Z app = 3.1 + j 21.4 ohm( primary )
The setting above can be accepted.
For the phase to ground loops a first attempt is to chose a setting of 125 %
of the line impedance:
Positive sequence:
Z1, set = 1.25 ⋅ (2.5 + j15.0) = 3.12 + j18.75 ohm( primary )
Zero sequence:
Z 0, set = 1.25 ⋅ (10.0 + j 60.0 ) = 12.50 + j 75.00 ohm( primary )
For the fault resistance a setting of 20 ohm is chosen.
Zone 2 must also have setting so that the selectivity to the other lines out
from the remote busbar is assured. This should be valid also with the
parallel line taken out of service. A fault at the zone 1 reach of the shortest
line from the remote busbar will give the following apparent impedance
(equivalent positive sequence with the use of the Kn factor) to the studied
distance protection:
Z app = 3.0 + j 20.4 ohm( primary )
The setting above can be accepted.
Zone 3
Zone 3 is used for the current reversal logic. The zone is set in reverse
direction. The impedance setting is chosen to overreach the overreaching
zone 2 at the remote line end. The setting is chosen:
Positive sequence:
Z1, set = 1.25 ⋅ (3.12 + j18.75 − (2.5 + j15.0 )) = 0.81 + j 4.7 ohm( primary )

Zero sequence:
Z 0, set = 1.25 ⋅ (12.50 + j 75.00 − (10.0 + j 60.0 )) = 3.12 + j18.75 ohm( primary )

For the fault resistance a setting of 20 ohm is chosen.

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Utb–LP5p-Setting Calc-Rev 2.3.

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ABB Automation Technology Products AB
LP5p Setting Calc. V2.3
Västerås Sweden

Zone 4
Zone 4 shall serve as remote back-up protection for other objects in the
system (lines, transformers, etc.). The apparent impedance seen by the
protection for faults at other objects can be calculated. Here it is assumed
that a 60 MVA transformer at the remote substation shall be covered by
zone 3. The apparent impedance, seen by the distance protection at a fault
at the low voltage side of the transformer in the remote substation, is
calculated to about 60 ohm (primary). This corresponds to 400 % of the
line reactance. The settings must not give unwanted limitations of the
power transfer of the line at normal operation. We assume the following
settings:
Positive sequence:
Z1, set = 4.00 ⋅ (2.5 + j15.0) = 10.00 + j 60.00 ohm( primary )
Zero sequence:
Z 0, set = 4.00 ⋅ (10.0 + j 60.0 ) = 40.00 + j 240.00 ohm( primary )
For the fault resistance a setting of 30 ohm is chosen both for the phase-
phase loop and the phase-ground loop.
The maximum power to be transferred on the line is 300 MVA. With a
minimum operational voltage of 130 kV the minimum apparent impedance
at normal operation will be:

130 2
Z load min = = 56.3 ohm( primary )
300
The resistive reach should be limited to about 45 ohm (primary).
General Fault Criterion
The setting of the general fault criterion shall be done so that all other
zones are covered.
Positive sequence: Reactive setting both phase-phase and phase-ground
loop: X 1, set ≥ 60.00 ohm( primary )

Zero sequence: Reactive setting both phase-phase and phase-ground

loop: X 0,set ≥ 240.00 ohm( primary )

Resistive setting phase-phase loop:

Rset ≥ 2 ⋅10 + 30.00 = 50.0 ohm( primary )
Resistive setting phase-ground loop:
1
Rset ≥ ⋅ ( 2 ⋅10 + 40.00) + 30 = 50.0 ohm( primary )
3
The load area is defined by impedance angle less than 30°. In this area the
resistive reach is equal to the above values. For other impedance angles a
resistive reach 10 % higher is chosen.
The reach is chosen to be the same in forward and reverse direction.

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Utb–LP5p-Setting Calc-Rev 2.3.

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LP5p Setting Calc. V2.3
Västerås Sweden

Setting of Communication logic for distance protection

The protection shall serve as an overreach permissive scheme.
The following settings are chosen:
Permissive overreach scheme, 0 ms coordination time as there is no
requirement for this in the permissive overreach scheme.

Setting of Current reversal and Weak end infeed logic for distance
protection.
For the current reversal the timers’ tPickUp and tDelay shall be given.
tPickUp is chosen to 20 ms to assure shorter time than the breaker time.
T Delay is chosen to 50 ms to assure that the communication has time to
reset.
Setting of the phase overcurrent protection function:
The Instantaneous function is given a current setting to assure rapid
tripping of line faults close to the substation. The maximum phase current
through the bay is calculated for faults at the remote busbar and at the
home busbar. This current is found to be 6000 A at a three phase short
circuit at the remote busbar. The instantaneous phase overcurrent function
is therefor given a current setting of 8500 A (primary)
The delayed phase overcurrent function shall, if possible, cover the own
line for all faults. The setting must not endanger the normal operation. The
current setting must therefor be larger than the highest possible load
current. The largest load current can be calculated:
300
I load max = ≈ 1.3 kA
3 ⋅130
The time delay must be longer than the longest trip time for objects within
the reach of the delayed phase overcurrent protection.
The following settings are therefor chosen:
2000 A (primary), 1.2 s

Setting of the residual directional overcurrent protection:

This protective function has two main tasks:
• Absolutely selective and rapid protection of phase to ground faults on the
line. The protection uses an overreach communication scheme.
• Detection and trip of high resistive phase to ground faults as well as series
faults.
Assume that phase to ground faults with a fault resistance up to 200 ohm
shall be detected and cleared. If we consider faults with equal residual
current from both line ends the smallest current to be detected will be
about 200 A (primary).
The following settings are chosen:

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Utb–LP5p-Setting Calc-Rev 2.3.

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ABB Automation Technology Products AB
LP5p Setting Calc. V2.3
Västerås Sweden

200 A (primary), LOG inverse time characteristic, Directional function,

Setting of Communication logic for residual overcurrent protection

The protection shall serve as an overreach permissive scheme.
The following settings are chosen:
Permissive scheme, 0 ms coordination time as there is no requirement for
this in the permissive overreach scheme.

Setting of Current reversal and Weak end infeed logic for residual
overcurrent protection.
For the current reversal the timers tPickUp and tDelay shall be given.
tPickUp is chosen to 20 ms to assure shorter time than the breaker time.
T Delay is chosen to 50 ms to assure that the communication has time to
reset.

Setting of autoreclosing.
The autoreclosing shall be a three-phase autoreclosing for all faults. The
dead time shall be 0.5 s to assure the arcing fault to extinguish.

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Utb–LP5p-Setting Calc-Rev 2.3.

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ABB Automation technology Products AB
Setting Table
Line Terminal REL 511 *2.3
138 kV line protection terminal
Line: 1 138 kV
Protection terminal: REL 511 Directionality :

VT: 132/0.11 ArgNegRes 115

CT: 1500/1 ArgDir 15
Imp ratio (Zsec/Zprim): 1,25
Distance protection X1PP R1PP RFPP t1PP X1PE R1PE X0PE R0PE RFPE t1PE
Zone1 15,94 2,65 6,25 0 15,94 2,65 63,75 10,62 18,75 0
Zone2 23,44 3,9 12,5 0,4 23,44 3,9 93,75 15,62 25 0,4
Zone3 (reverse) 5,88 1,01 25 - 5,88 1,01 23,44 3,9 25 -
Zone4 75 12,5 37,5 0,8 75 12,5 300 50 37,5 0,8
Zone5 Not used
Genareal Fault Criterion (GFC) ArgLd RLd X1RvPP X1FwPP RFPP X1RvPE X1FwPE X0RvPE X0FwPE RFPE
30 62,5 75 75 68,8 75 75 300 300 68,8
Com. Scheme for Distance.prot Type tCoord tSendmin Unblock tSecurity
Perm.OR 0 0 NoRestart 0,035

Current reversal logic (Dist.prot) tPickUp tDelay

0,02 0,04

Overcurrent protection Iset % t

Undelayed step 560
Delayed step 133 1,2

Residual overcurrent protection Char IN> % Imin % t1 k tMin Dir IN>Dir %

LOG 13 100 - - 1,5 Dir 13

Com. Scheme for Res. O/C Type tCoord

Perm. 0

Current reversal logic (Res. O/C) tPickUp tDelay

0,02 0,04

Autoreclosing 3-phase No shots Ext t1 t1 t2 t3 t4

1 Off 0,5 - - -