A CULTURE OF THE HERITAGE IN INDIAN

STREET

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Contents

1.0 Detailed synopsis.................................................................................. 6

1.1 Introduction :- .................................................................................................. 6
1.2 Aim:- ................................................................................................................ 8
1.3 Scope:- ............................................................................................................. 8
1.4 Objective:- ....................................................................................................... 8
1.5 Methodology:- ................................................................................................. 9
1.6 Limitations:- ..................................................................................................... 9

2.0 Literature review ................................................................................. 10

2.1 Urban Functions of Street Spaces: ................................................................. 10
2.2 Features of streetscape as a Reflection of Urban Functions; .......................... 11
2.3 List of Elements .............................................................................................. 13

3.0 Research methodology ..................................................................... 13

3.1 Research methodology .................................................................................. 13
3.2 What is street :- ............................................................................................. 13

4.0 Method and Data ................................................................................ 15

4.1 Perspective of research ; ................................................................................ 15
4.1.1 Semiotic Tools for Architecture; ................................................................. 16
4.1.2 Ornamentation and Decoration .................................................................. 16
4.2 Visual Identity ................................................................................................ 17
4.3 Visual Palette ................................................................................................. 18
4.3 Visual Priority List........................................................................................... 18
4.4 Visual pattern................................................................................................. 18
Typology of façades ............................................................................................. 19

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 Entrances in Dhoondhar region, use of arches with rectangular framing. 20
4.5 Architectural perspective toward the character of principal streets ; ............ 20
4.5.1 commercial streets...................................................................................... 21
4.5.2 The residential streets................................................................................. 21
4.5.2.1 Social Factors .......................................................................................... 22
Composition of inhabitants;................................................................................. 22
Services ; .............................................................................................................. 22
4.5.2.2 Economic Aspects.................................................................................... 22
Income distribution; ............................................................................................ 23
Occupation; ......................................................................................................... 23
Mode of transport; .............................................................................................. 23
4.5.2.3 Physical .................................................................................................... 23
Hierarchy; ............................................................................................................ 24
Spatial Shaft; ........................................................................................................ 24
Density;................................................................................................................ 24
4.6 Identification of street planning ..................................................................... 24
4.7 Identifying heritage ........................................................................................ 25
4.7.1 Definition of heritage ................................................................................. 25
4.7.2 Cultural heritage or “national heritage” ...................................................... 25
4.7.2.0 Cultural heritage can be distinguished through two kinds ....................... 26
4.7.2.1 Physical or “tangible heritage .................................................................. 26
Movable tangible heritage ................................................................................... 26
Immovable tangible heritage ............................................................................... 26
4.7.2.2 Intangible cultural heritage ...................................................................... 26
Natural heritage................................................................................................... 27
4.7.2.3 Importance of heritage ............................................................................ 27

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4.7.2.3 The significance of districts ...................................................................... 27
4.8 Short history of urban heritage theory by architect’s ..................................... 28
4.8.1 John Ruskin ................................................................................................. 28
4.8.2 Camillo Sitte ................................................................................................ 29
4.8.3 Patrick Geddes ............................................................................................ 30
4.9 Physical and Spiritual Attributes of Heritage Street’s .................................... 32
4.10 Urban heritage streets revitalization ............................................................ 33

5.0 Case study ............................................................................................... 34

5.1 JAIPUR – HISTORY OF A CITY .......................................................................... 34
5.2 Study Area Introduction ................................................................................. 35
5.3 Analysis .......................................................................................................... 37
5.4 CITY AND ITS EVOLUTION .............................................................................. 38
5.6 Relation between history to people: .............................................................. 45
5.7 URBAN FORM AND ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY .............................................. 46
5.7.1 Streets and chowks ..................................................................................... 46
5.8 Structural Relation ......................................................................................... 49
5.9 Relation between building and street façade................................................. 51
5.10 Typology of Gates in Jaipur .......................................................................... 54
5.11 INTANGIBLE HERITAGE ................................................................................. 55
5.11.1 Building arts and crafts.............................................................................. 55
5.11.2 Built heritage............................................................................................. 58
5.12 CHALLENGES TO HERITAGE-BASED URBAN DEVELOPMENT ......................... 61
5.12.1 Lack of awareness towards heritage ......................................................... 61
5.12.2 Electrical wiring and services..................................................................... 63
5.12.3 Vehicular traffic and parking ..................................................................... 64

6.0 conclusion…… ........................................................................................ 65

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6.1 References use for research .......................................................... 66

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1.0 Detailed synopsis

1.1 Introduction :-

Streets, as one type of land use, are generally treated as developed or

impervious areas, or more specifically, as carrying transport function in
most land use/ land cover (LULC) studies this simplified classification
entirely neglects the value of streets as a type of public space with the
most complexity. Streets space, as an important place for urban vitality,
and its place related activities and functions, recreation, aesthetics,
public health and social interaction. If the physical appearance of
streets space can reflect fundamental urban function for heritage city.
Because of the richness and complex city of this function the street
space can serve, it remains intangible how and where those street
serveing different place related function which show the our heritage
richness. It would be greatly desirable for architects and researchers to
obtain an indicator of specific urban function for street space. About
the function of street space can not be collected as straightforward and
directly other land use information to know the heritage and there
history which help to make and define the soul of the city With the
developing street. Traditional sensing as a standard approach to
existing LULC research viewpoint can hardly capture the relevant
dimensions not only due to resolution issue but also of the lack of a
citizen perspective. Taking advantage of this research paper aim to
characterize and classify the beauty of heritage on the land which use
for the street. Street have traditionally been considered an essential
element of urban from and also heritage form and structure. As a form

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of urban land use to, street are normally treated as liner public space
connected to each other in a network, with buildings and other
structure on one or each site. This particular structure allow than to
serve many function. such as mobility, commerce, recreation,
aesthetics, public health and social interaction. Street shopper,
pedestrian and vehicular traffics in heritage street may have been a
catalyst for city dynamic. This catalyst provides a continuous movement
within the outdoor of street. The street offer a variety of forms,
fashion, pattern, design and colors and tradition of the city. The
heritage facades which are rich in art and craft decorations of its
heritage in characteristic. Heritage street committee is heritage shop
owners union. In other heritage city they unity due to their high
awareness on their heritage properties value.

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1.2 Aim:-

Identify to street which define our heritage and development of street

and their patterns aesthetics design and outsider shopers pedestrian
and visually communicate with the help of murals.
1.3 Scope:-

To help of architects and planners in future development to make

heritage streets in jaipur.

1.4 Objective:-
1) This research is to identify the strategy of street development in

historic city.

2) Using deferent type elements .

3) Typology of façade and gates

4) Case study-

a) jaipur

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1.5 Methodology:-

The principal results from here were used for the visual preference list
generation leading to the visual identity designs of the city

Flow chart of research methodology;

select study
area

study
site selection research
paper

collecting data
online study
data collecting

1.6 Limitations:-

Research is totally focused on commercial street not residential street

studied .

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2.0 Literature review

2.1 Urban Functions of Street Spaces:

Streets have traditionally been considered an essential element of

urban form and structure . As a form of urban land use, streets are
normally treated as linear public spaces connected to each
other in a network, with buildings and other structures on one or
each side. This particular structure allows them to serve many
urban functions, such as mobility, commerce, recreation, aesthetics,
public health, and social interactions. Among those functions, two
main types of functions can be differentiated Transport-related and
place-related functions . The former refers to the function of public
infrastructure through which the movement of people, goods, and
vehicles occurs, which has been a main focus of the discussions in
transportation literature. The latter includes serving any kind of
non-transport-related human activities taking place in this public
space that may have one or many economic, civic, political, cultural,
and social values. However, in most LULC studies, streets are
generally treated as developed or impervious areas, or more
specifically, as carrying the transport-related function, while their
place-related functions have been largely overlooked in land
classification. The place-related functions of streets have been
widely researched in the literature of urban studies, with a focus on
pedestrians at the individual scale and their everyday activities and
social interactions, such as walking, meeting, staying, and playing .
In these studies, special attention has been paid to how humans
perceive, make use of, and interact with the physical environment of
street spaces as accessible, safe, and vibrant urban places that can
support various activities separately or simultaneously, as
exemplified by the ‘livable streets’ and ‘complete streets’
movements . The common idea in these notions about streets

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centers on improving people’s well-being and promoting urban
prosperity, reflecting a recognition of the street space as an integral
factor to achieve sustainable urban development. Specifically,
studies of cities around the world have found that proper
management of street spaces plays a key role in five aspects of
urban prosperity: Infrastructure development, environmental
sustainability, productivity, quality of life, and equity and social
inclusion .Unlike other land uses, such as residential, commercial,
and industrial types, the various during planning and the
information about these functions is rarely collected during use,
although administrative agencies of transportation and urban
planning usually maintain the classification of transport uses for
roads, such as hierarchical road systems. Instead, the place-related
functions of streets usually emerge as a result of human interaction
with the physical environment of street spaces, hence the latter
could somehow reflect those urban functions. Therefore, the
richness and variation of the multi-functionality of streets and the
lack of information about place-related functions in administrative
data pose challenges to land-use classification in that how and
where those streets serving deferent functions are delineated and
distributed spatially across a heritage city.

2.2 Features of streetscape as a Reflection of Urban Functions;

The physical appearance of urban form and structure is a strong

indication of urban land uses, and thus is a traditional interest of
LULC studies .Remote sensing from aerial and satellite imageries of
earth surfaces has become a standard approach to extracting land
use information that indicates the functions of land covers. This
approach has been working quite well for typical land uses, e.g.,
residence, commerce, and industry, other than streets. In nature, the
standard approach takes a top-down bird’s eye viewpoint, which is

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good enough for two-dimensional land features, yet is incapable of
sensing the street as a three dimensional space, including the
pavement of lanes, trees, facades of buildings on the sides, and other
features. More importantly, the standard approach does not take a
citizen perspective that senses and perceives the physical
appearance of streets from a human viewpoint. The measurement
and quality of the streetscape, which refers to the appearance and
arrangement
of physical features of the street space, have been a central topic in
the urban design literature . Features characterizing the streetscape
have been proposed, such as streetscape skeleton variables and
streetscape or scene elements, among which important features
include enclosure, openness, and greenery. Enclosure is the
property of a contained street space with room-like proportions
related to the amount of building facades on each side of the street.
Openness refers to the amount of sky visibility in the scene.
Greenery is the proportion of green space covered by trees or other
vegetation in the scene. With the proliferation have been widely
used to extract the streetscape features from data, such as building
footprints, street parcels, and tree canopy mappings, in large-scale
analysis at the city level. They have largely mitigated the drawbacks
of the time-consuming approach of field , which are restricted to
small-scale empirical studies.
A series of recent studies managed to extract streetscape features
from SVIs and applied them in a range of applications, including the
perception and quality of the urban environment , street livability
and walk ability , environmental audit for human health and
wellbeing , urban inequality and socioeconomic changes of
neighborhoods , urban safety , and information retrieval for adjacent
land uses . Among these studies, many assume implicitly or
explicitly that the extracted streetscape features, representing the
physical appearance of streets, from SVIs can reflect place-related
functions that serve human activities both on the street and those
associated with the uses of buildings on the sides .

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2.3 List of Elements

The list of elements, arranged according to priority in

identification, after analysis using semiotic tools shows the
importance of articulation and ornamentation of street
facades. It is through the elements like wall paintings, cornice
design, door window frames, etc., that people recognize Jaipur.
Thus, it can be said that ornamentation plays a vital role in
street façade design.

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 Research methodology

The study started with the review of established knowledge

regarding this field in the literature. This led to the research gap
identification and approach to fill this gap. The approach chosen has
to be justified by doing case study of already tried and tested
methods. In this case, studies were selected by its use in the study,
i.e. for methods of data collection and for using the data to arrive at
desired result. The data collection processes emerged after this step
and the data was synthesized using semiotic tools. The principal
results from here were used for the visual preference list generation
leading to the visual identity designs of the city.

3.2 What is street :-

Streets, as one type of land use, are generally
treated as developed or impervious areas ,or more specifically, as
carrying the transport function in most land-use/land-cover (LULC)
studies. This oversimplified classification entirely neglects the value
of streets as a type of public space with the most complexity. Street

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space, as an important place for urban vitality, and its place-related
activities and functions, such as recreation, aesthetics, public health,
and social interactions, have been discussed and understood
separately in specific domains of the literature . There is still a lack
of large-scale empirical studies that quantitatively test if the
physical appearance of a street space can reflect fundamental urban
functions for a large city. Furthermore, because of the richness and
complexity of these functions the street space can serve, it remains
intangible that how and where those streets serving deferent place-
related functions are delineated and distributed spatially across a
city. It would be greatly desirable for planners and researchers to
obtain an indicator of specific urban functions for street spaces, as
the information about the functions of street spaces cannot be
collected as straightforwardly and directly as other land-use
information. The physical appearance of the street space, termed
streetscape, and its characteristics have been the central interest for
urban designers and planners. Traditional remote sensing as a
standard approach to existing LULC research, taking a sky
viewpoint, can hardly capture the relevant dimensions not only due
to the resolution issue but also because of the lack of a citizen
perspective. The proliferation of street view images (SVIs), such as
Google StreetView, provides an unprecedented opportunity to
characterize the streetscape from a citizen perspective at the human
scale for an entire city. Taking advantage of this approach, The
proposed classification scheme for the streetscape can serve as an
indirect indicator of place-related functions, if not a direct one, once
its relationship with urban functions is empirically tested and
established. This approach was empirically applied to jaipur city to
demonstrate its validity. The rest of this paper is organized as
follows. The second section reviews the various urban functions that
streets can serve from different domains of the literature and
discusses the data approaches to the measurement of the physical
appearance of street spaces. The third section introduces the study
area and proposes an analytical framework of characterizing and

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classifying street spaces in order to test the correspondence of
street features to urban functions. This is followed by a detailed
description of the involved methods and data within the framework.
Section discusses the analytical results after applying the framework
to the study area. Section draws the conclusions and speculates on
future work.

4.0 Method and Data

4.1 Perspective of research ;

The literature was studied to develop an understanding of the

application of semiotics ( use for visual element) in architecture
through which data collection and analysis framework prepared.

What we understand with Semiotics….

“Umberto Eco”(he was an Italian medievalist, philosopher, semiotic

an, culture critic, political, and social commentator and
novelist).believed that semiology is not only a theoretical study, but
also includes methodological ways of semiotics. Thus, he came up
with a broad definition for semiotics. Semiotics is concerned with
everything that can be taken as a sign. In contrast to Saussure’s
model of the sign in the form of a self-contained died, Peirce offered
the triadic model:-

•) The represent amen: the form which the sign takes (not
necessarily material).
•) An interpret ant : not an interpreter but rather the sense made of
the sign;

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•) An object: to which the sign refers.

Architectural qualities can be broken down into four parts—spatial

organization, physical structure, social parameters, and cultural
parameters. The first two parameters can be combined to call it the
mechanics of architecture, mainly dealing with the functioning of the
built environment. The last two parameters can collectively be
called sociocultural background of the built environment visual
perception of the street facade of a Historic Town …

4.1.1 Semiotic Tools for Architecture;

According to Louis Herbert, in his book ‘Tools for Text and Image
Analysis: An Introduction to Applied Semiotics’, has given 10 tools
for semiotic analysis of texts and images . The study considers
façade as one composition and thus transforms it into an image. This
way, the architecture of street façade, qualifies for the semiotic
analysis.

4.1.2 Ornamentation and Decoration

The ornamentation can be seen at edges of districts, at entrances of

streets, at corners, at crossings, traffic pause points, major views
cape, etc. The amount of ornamentation is also determined by the
maintenance needed for the ornaments and where they are placed .
Ornament and decoration have three interrelated functions . They
are to give a locality a theme by having same elevation treatment, to
enhance the physical and social qualities of an area, and lastly to
develop the image of the city.

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The study started with the review of established knowledge
regarding this field in the literature. This led to the research gap
identification and approach to fill this gap. The approach chosen has
to be justified by doing case study of already tried and tested
methods. In this case, studies were selected by its use in the study,
i.e. for methods of data collection and for using the data to arrive at
desired result. The data collection processes emerged after this step
and the data was synthesized using semiotic tools. The principal
results from here were used for the visual preference list generation
leading to the visual identity designs of the city.

4.2 Visual Identity

The research shows that Jaipur has a strong visual identity in

minds
of local residents. This shared identity is reflected in the
survey results
where people chose a particular type of arches, roofscape,
traditional elements, etc. The survey also revealed that the
history of the place has a major role in the creation of this
identity and people of the place have knowledge about thi
historical background. Moorish arch used in Jaipur. Source
refferance Massing of gateways in Jaipur. Visual Perception of
the Street Facade of a Historic Town.They relate these stories
with architecture and create their own perception about
architectural identity of the place.

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 4.3 Visual Palette

The visual palette created as the last step of this study shows
the elements that form identifying features of architecture of
the area. The elements have been broke down to meta-
elements and their importance is established through
validation. The elements like cornice details, wall paintings,
and massing. grabbed viewer’s attention first and helped in
recognition of the place. Thus, they have been used in the final
palette that can be used by urban designers and planners while
proposingstreet facades of new developments in the city.

4.3 Visual Priority List

The visual priority list of elements that according to

people, creates architectural identity of the place, has
been prepared. The elements were identified through
user preference survey and priority was decided after
semiotic analysis. The list starts
with colours, eaves, motifs, signage design, gateways,
surface materials, arches, jharokha, roofscape, and ends
in chhatri and jaali design.

4.4 Visual pattern

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Typology of façades

• Façades of Jaipur and surroundings typically have gokhdas

(sitting spaces) on either side of the entrance.

• The openings are often characterized by the use of cusped,

trefoil or pointed arches with rectangular or chhatri (vaulted
dome) type framing, flanked with lotus columns. An increased
ornamentation is seen in later post Jaipur Marwari patterned
havelis as compared to the Dhoondhari ones from the 18th
century.

• Stylistically, the bangaldar (curvilinear) roof became

prevalent in stone chhatris and chhajjas (sunshades) and was
later used in other areas of
Rajasthan too.

Entrance with chhatri type framing, the

bangaldar chhatri was used extensively in the Dhoondhar region

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Entrances in Dhoondhar region, use of arches with rectangular framing.

4.5 Architectural perspective toward the character of principal streets ;

Streets are enclosed spaces designed to allow movement between

buildings. They form a part of the elements that define an urban
setting. They define spaces for commercial, social, and cultural
encounter and exchanges, as well political spaces for parades and
demonstrations described a street as a path and defined it as a
channel along which an observer customarily, occasionally, and
potentially moves. From this street, people can observe the city.
Principal streets are also referred to as high streets, and they
represent major commercial streets in towns or cities. They are
common in city centers or central business districts, and they are
the locus for shops and retail establishments . Principal streets are
complex cultural entities of towns that are characterized by the local
identity. These streets connect goods, services, and users . In the
18th century, principal streets were located within traditional towns

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with a strong root of urbanity such that consumers gain access to
products through retail establishments, small shops, and service
outlets . Urbanization places important value on principal streets as
public realms that meet our daily needs. In the present study, the
concept of principal street encompasses a mixed commercial and
residential street that stretches to a monument that exerts a
powerful local, cultural, and historical significance.
The elements of a principal street include buildings, service lines,
street furniture, vegetation, and other physical structures in built
form that changes with time. These changes occur in built-up
additions in old works or in new ones . The urban setting is
undergoing an evolutionary process, and street elements tend to be
reproduced or disappear . Elements that are part of a well-
connected and accessible street are likely to survive, whereas
elements connected to weak local structures are likely to disappear.
These additions and removal of elements are due to the relationship
and connection that communities have with street elements. The
elements that survive contribute to the functioning of a street.

4.5.1 commercial streets

the shops open up into the street. The commercial
environment dominates. The poor use sidewalks to open up petti shops
and have thus found a means of living in the urban environment.

4.5.2 The residential streets,

located in sectors away from the major
circulation arteries, become an extension of the living spaces. Streets
substitute for play grounds, clubs, and for the physical needs of the
living spaces to an extent. It is evident that a dynamic environment nas
to be created to achieve this multi-functional layout.

The factors influencing street layout are three' fold:

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A) Social

B) Economical

C) Physical

4.5.2.1 Social Factors

The social condition of a particular locale is reflected in the street
layout. Social factors affecting the use of open space and streets are:

Composition of inhabitants;

The social structure is reflected in the composition of the inhabitants.

Religious standing plays an important role in the social intimacy of
India.

Services ;

The physical configuration of spaces is influenced by various services

available to the residents of a neighborhood.

4.5.2.2 Economic Aspects

Economic aspects are important in the layout of streets. The economy

of the users influences the use and maintenance of open spaces, as
evidenced by the following:

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 Income distribution;

Income distribution among groups of residents residing in a

neighborhood has a more direct impact on the space organization than
other factors. It is a good indicator of the capacity of the users to
purchase services.

Occupation;

Housing location is important in relation to distance from the work

place. The time and effort one can spend in community activities also
depends upon the type of occupation.

Mode of transport;

The modes of transportation have a direct relationship with the

economic capacity of the residents. It also influences the type of street
spaces required by the users.

4.5.2.3 Physical

Physical planning of streets, which reflects the social and economic

situation of the society, has an immediate impact on promoting or
discouraging a particular type of street function. The planning of streets
is easily controlled by laws.

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Hierarchy;

Functional sequence from commercial to residential, the transition

from public to private spaces, from accessible to limited access streets,
creates a hierarchical sequence.

Spatial Shaft;

The three dimensional space created using the width of the street,
facades of the building, overhangs, the interplay of shadow and light,
expansion and contraction, stimulates the perception of the users and
promotes interaction between the user and his environment. Climate
plays an important role in the user's interaction.

Density;

The number of users on a street is dependent on the density. Densely

built neighborhoods increase the use of open space which is
comparatively less than in a sparsely built neighborhood.

4.6 Identification of street planning

This section identifys the planning trends, to which India has been
exposed. With a brief introduction to traditional design norms and
changing planning profession, the section focuses on the laws which
control the physical development. As the purpose of this part is to
create a base for analysis of the physical development of streets, detail
account of desing norms or the laws of town planning like safety codes,

24
zoning regulations, is not given. The section elaborates on the laws
developing hierarchy and spatial shaft as well as determining density
and level of services.

4.7 Identifying heritage

Urban heritage comprises archaeological sites, remains, ruins, and

monuments protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and
their counterparts in the States, and also a large number of
unprotected buildings, groups of buildings, neighborhoods, and public
spaces including landscapes and natural features which provide
character and distinctive identity to cities. Conservation plans and
projects for cities must take into account both the protected and
unprotected components of the urban heritage.

4.7.1 Definition of heritage

Heritage connecting past with present for a better future. Heritage

has many different ways and forms which are classified as follows:

4.7.2 Cultural heritage or “national heritage”

It is the creative expression of people’s existence in the past

represented through the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible

25
attributes that are inherited from past generations maintained in
the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations.

4.7.2.0 Cultural heritage can be distinguished through two kinds

4.7.2.1 Physical or “tangible heritage

Includes material heritage, which can be physically touched and

considered worthy of preservation for future generations.
Tangible heritage in its meaning includes two types:

Movable tangible heritage

Objects that can be moved easily from one place to another.

Immovable tangible heritage

Buildings which cannot be removed from its place of origin.

4.7.2.2 Intangible cultural heritage

Immaterial heritage, which means the practices, representations,

expressions, knowledge, music, dance, theatre and religious
ceremonies that, is transmitted from generation to generation in
response to their environment, their interaction with nature
provides them with sense of identity.

26
Natural heritage

Natural features consisting of physical, biological and geological

formations or habitat of threatened plants or animal species, which
are of outstanding universal value from the aesthetic or scientific
point of view.

4.7.2.3 Importance of heritage

Conveys diverse messages and values that contribute to give a

meaning to people’s life.

1. Represents the identity of a social group.

2. Represents a vehicle for understanding the diversity of people

and developing a policy for peace and mutual comprehension.

2. A source of economic development.

4.7.2.3 The significance of districts

The local urban context is considered, the district or

quarter/neighborhood that is the identifying symbol both for the
evaluation of the city, and for the new urban extension, and it is also
fundamental for sustainable development.
Considering the identity theme, the neighborhood is not seen as a
means for participation but as a vehicle for strengthening the bonds
between residents and their environment. In this context, topographical

27
circumstances such as a dividing river or a green belt may significantly
contribute to the formation of different districts.
Since the identity of the neighborhood grows from the continuous
relationship between the place and its residents, the neighborhood is
expected to become its residents’ cultural creation and at the same time a
means for the preservation of the cultural continuity of the city.

4.8 Short history of urban heritage theory by architect’s

4.8.1 John Ruskin

Although a landscape-based approach is to be found more regularly

since the 1990s, an urban approach towards heritage is not that
recent. Already during the nineteenth century there were some
hints towards a wider scope of looking at the meaning and
management of heritage. John Ruskin, pioneer in the protection of
historic monuments who has been influential at an international
level when it comes to heritage protection, noted the importance of
a wider scope in heritage protection by introducing the possibility of
attributing value to more than just the ‘isolated richness of palaces’.
‘To this day’, Ruskin states in his Lamp of Memory, ‘the interest of
their fairest cities depends, not on the isolated richness of palaces,
but on the cherished and exquisite decoration of even the smallest
tenements of their proud periods’. He argues that inhabitation itself

28
is a valued element, but his focus is on the individual character of
such buildings, not on the whole; however, by arguing that the
smallest tenements can be just as important as the palaces, he
considers domestic architecture to be a fundamental and structural
element of the ‘fairest cities’. In addition, it shows
Ruskin’s belief in the relation between social processes and spatial
form. He did not identify the value of the whole, but made a start by
identifying the value of more than just some specific palaces. For
Ruskin, urban fabric consists of varied assemblies, in which all
buildings could be preserved. Moreover, he argues this specifically
only for the survival of a few pre-industrial cities in western
countries.

4.8.2 Camillo Sitte

One who does introduce an urban approach is Camillo Sitte. He

clearly expressed his belief in the importance of the urban fabric as
a whole for the understanding of the city. He published his ground-
breaking book Der Städtebau nach seinen künstlerischen
Grundsätzen (City Planning According to Artistic Principles) in 1889
and many practitioners have used his theory to guide planning
practice. Sitte’s book starts with a chapter on the relationship
between buildings, monuments, and places, where he argues that
beautiful buildings and monuments and a good/correct
arrangement of those belong together. For Sitte, ‘the modern disease
of isolated construction’ is to be condemned and monuments are
actually to be built within the urban fabric. At around the same time,
Otto Schlüter coined the term ‘cultural landscape’ (1899) which was
further defined by Carl O. Sauer (1925). This concept of ‘cultural
landscape’ became in the 1990s the first globally acknowledged

29
basic figure of landscape-based heritage management. While Ruskin
argues for the conservation of the individual elements that convey
memorial and social values, Sitte mostly argues their sum in historic
and esthetical values. Francoise Choay declares Sitte to be the first
of a generation of urban morphologists who really focused on the
existing city and its essential (tangible) elements. Sitte’s theories
also apply to the conservation of pre-industrial cities for their
picturesque and historic qualities. Charles Buls, a contemporary
supporter of Sitte’s
ideas, additionally argues that the demolishing of smaller structures
has to be placed within the bigger picture of the city, the immediate
context, and also in relation to meach other, as together they might
comprise value which is not understood when dealt with separately.
Sitte and Buls together provided us with a new objective in urban
planning: the preservation of urban structure and fabric.

4.8.3 Patrick Geddes

Some years later this approach became further established by the

works and theory of Patrick Geddes. He argues, in his famous book
Cities in Evolution (1915), how urban heritage underpins urban
development: ‘If town planning is to meet the needs of the city’s life,
to aid its growth, and advance its progress, it must surely know and
understand its city. To mitigate its evils, it needs diagnosis before
treatment’. When looking at the HUL recommendation, it is obvious
Geddes must have been an inspiration, as it aims to integrate,

Geddes’ famous concept of survey — to know and

understand a city — is based upon the idea of finding, by dissecting,
the essential character of a historic city, as this conditions both its
environment and occupation. When Geddes analyses the evolution

30
of a city, he analyses its behaviour both of and in the landscape. By
that he introduced methods to survey urban settlements and their
inhabitants in relation to their heritage, the beginning of an
evidence-based planning process, leading to the observational
model of survey to diagnosis and plan. This again is very much
related to the HUL approach, where the first step to implementing
such an approach is ‘to undertake comprehensive surveys and
mapping of the city’s natural, cultural and human resources’. Before
any demolition could take place, Geddes insisted on a detailed
survey of past, present, and future alternatives — very similar to
what is nowadays called ‘cultural significance assessment’ or
‘heritage impact assessment’, so, even though these words might be
new, the practices are surely not. Geddes would meticulously log a
building’s condition, but also set it contextually within its historical
significance and cultural meaning within local traditions and
customs. Geddes was truly aiming for more holistic research on the
city, conceptualized in his ‘thinking machine’ triad of place, work,
and folk, indicating a direct relation that exists between spatial
form, economic activity, and socio-cultural processes. Geddes also
called for participation of many actors and stimulated the local
community to get to know their city. A direct relation to heritage
management is apparent here as stakeholder
consultation, since its beginnings, has been a very important part of
it. Already in 1972, UNESCO states that the public should be closely
associated with the actions undertaken to protect cultural heritage,
be informed of what they can do, and ‘should be called on for
suggestions and help’ . This injunction is taken up in the HUL
recommendation where organizations are stimulated to ‘reach
consensus using participatory planning and stakeholder
consultations’. Geddes preferred to establish a process of locally
rooted interventions, postponing concrete design proposals, as he
valued the process over a final image. All in all, Geddes provided us
with the basis of an integrated, process-oriented approach towards

31
urban development which is now being explored and further
developed in the field of cultural heritage management.
Geddes approaches the city from a development point of view, not
focusing on heritage as such, although it is interesting he takes it
seriously.

4.9 Physical and Spiritual Attributes of Heritage Street’s

In the practice of urban heritage conservation worldwide there

were active roleplayers and multi-disciplinarian involved in the
transformation of an urban architectural heritage streets. Other
role-players were architects, engineers, landscape architects and
surveyors. They were experts on orchestrating the physical heritage
streets and space in between. In terms of managing the city urban
heritage managers were either under-controlled or over-controlled
in steering the city’s vision for conserving heritage properties in
order to increase the city’s revenues. Besides active role-players,
there were researchers whom backboned the urban heritage
conservation and revitalization development. Their research
contributions towards heritage street development were channeled
through their input of knowledge, information and guidelines to
heritage managers and developers. Though many urban designers
and researchers imposed high beam on evaluating urban the indoor
and outdoor of urban public space but spiritual attributes was found
as the least focused area. Even though a direct relationship between
physical and psychological attributes in perceiving the space could
be drawn but a close-study on human senses i.e. sight, hearing,
smell, taste and touch in appraising the physical quality of the
heritage streets environment were rarely conducted. The ambiance
of the heritage streets differs from newly-developed street. This

32
unique aura of heritage space can easily be detected by the end-
users visual and internal senses either it’s good or bad sense of
place. This leads to preference and choice in decision making for
visiting places. The most preferred visiting place is to places with
sense of place such as heritage streets either for urban recreation or
shopping pleasure. In exacting end users’ consumption from
marketplace in heritage streets the heritage streets shall have an
authentic attraction to offer. The heritage streets’ livability acts as a
significant indicator in valuing the heritage property. Its’ existence
acts as an evidence of survivalist quality and adaptability of
purchasing power all along the street. Its’ physical settings and
characteristic provide contextual cue and visual appropriateness to
end-users in appreciating visual richness. This personal sense will
assist them to develop personalization towards the space in the
heritage streets. Furthermore, if the vibrancy of colour, music,
trendy fashion, latest collection, antique collection and updated
design really made the marketing activity around the clock in the
heritage street will keep the end-users time, energy and money
busily occupied all the time. Thus, this research will share twofold:
physical attributes and spiritual attributes. These attributes should
be included in the heritage manager’s guidelines in revitalizing
urban heritage streets. this research focused on evaluating selected
urban architectural heritage revitalization streets and the space in
between heritage streets only.

4.10 Urban heritage streets revitalization

Urban heritage street revitalization defined as rejuvenation of

culturally significant outdoor space in between heritage buildings.
The livability of heritage streets were based on active participation
of manager, developers and end users in the said space without
scarification made to demolished the existing heritage setting. The

33
strategy of revitalization is through enhancement of its revitalizing
attributes in heritage streets.

5.0 Case study

5.1 JAIPUR – HISTORY OF A CITY

• The current district of Jaipur lies in Eastern Rajasthan, in the Banas

River basin and forms a part of Eastern Plain of Rajasthan.
The region is drained by a number of seasonal rivers of which
Banganga, Dhundh and Bandi are prominent.

• From the 10th century onwards, the district referred to as

Dhoondhar, formed one of the four distinguishable politico-cultural
regions of Eastern Rajasthan, in addition to Mewat, Hadauti and
Mewar. Dhoondhar region was roughly comprised of current

34
districts of Jaipur, Dausa and Tonk, with Jaipur and Amber further
constituting Dhoondhar subzone within the larger tract of
Dhoondhar region.

• In Aryan epics, Dhoondhar region (called Matsya Desh/ Mina Wati)

was the shortest trade route between north India and rich port
cities of Gujarat and Malabar. The region was held by Badgujars,
Rajputs and Minas till the 11th century.
• From the 11th century onwards, however, the
Dhoondhar region was increasingly under the power of Kachchwaha
dynasty of Rajputs.

5.2 Study Area Introduction

The primary architectural style followed in whole city was Maru–

Gurjara style, which directly translates to the architecture of desert.
Maru stands for desert and Gurjara to the community that originally
inhabited the place, as explained by one of the respondents in
survey. Surveys also revealed about lesser known fact that the city
was developed in phases and each phase made certain changes in
the existing

35
Elements chosen by people in survey. Source reference

structures . The present form that we see now is a result of many

years of evolution to various ideologies. Johari Bazar was chosen as
the study area due to variety of activities and the presence of
landmarks . This variety of built use and various backgrounds of
users bring in different perceptions to study. The stretch that was
studied started from Sanganeri Gate and ended at Badi Chaupar. The
main landmarks of this road are the Jama Masjid, the Sanganeri Gate,
and Badi Chaupad/Chaupar. The data collection strategy involved
the use of all either visitors, shoppers, shopkeepers or residents of
the Johari Bazar area. The study where people had to identify the
characteristics and architectural elements of the city, rank the
elements from mood board on the Likert scale and finally tell about
the context and history of the place

36
5.3 Analysis

The semiotic tools used for analysis have been discussed earlier in
the perspective of research. The three methods derive information
from each other at different stages.

37
5.4 CITY AND ITS EVOLUTION

38
Interpretation of the 18th century map from Kapad-dwara collection, Jaipur
with the gridiron pattern evident in the layout.

• The foundation of the city of Jaipur was established by Sawai Jai

Singh II (1700-1743) in 1727. The city was designed by Sawai Jai
Singh II himself and further developed and monitored by his
renowned counsellor Vidyadhar.

• The city planned in the gridiron pattern was built with

extraordinary foresight and futuristic planning and is probably the
only 18th century walled city in India that can still cater to the
present day pressures of vehicular traffic on roads.

• It included innovative concepts in traditional planning guidelines

along with an appropriate adaptation of the terrain itself. The direct
application of the mandala in the plan of Jaipur seems improbable,

39
though parallels can be found between the Jaipur planning
principles and traditional texts on spatial organization such as
Rajvallabha, the regional 15th century text written by the sutradhar
Mandan.
• Two significant facts responsible for the origin of the city
and its subsequent layout were:
a) The need of a new capital for 18th century Dhoondhar
as the earlier one of Amber built on a hill was getting
congested;
b) Sawai Raja Jai Singh’s vision of the new capital as a
strong political statement at par with Mughal cities and
as a thriving trade and commerce hub for the region.

A – Religious centre or temple

B – Political centre or for
C – Gates and walls
D – Havelis and houses

The generic plan of a medieval Rajasthani The hill town of Dausa with an organic
hill town- as in Dausa and Amber layout guided by t he topography

• The medieval towns of Rajasthan were of military, agrarian,

mercantile or religious nature. The presence of a deity marked the
reference point for the ruler’s abode and the rest of the city. The
name of the town was usually associated with the political or
religious centre (with the Ambikeshwar temple in the case of Amber
and with Sawai Jai Singh in the case of Jaipur).

• Unlike Dausa and Amber, the two previous capital cities of the
Dhoondhar region established on hill-top, whose planning was
guided by topographical structure of the areas, Jaipur city was

40
revolutionary both in terms of its grid-iron pattern planning and its
location at the base of the hills.

• There was also a significant economic shift from an agricultural

base in Dausa and Amber to trading in the capital of Jaipur.

• The site selected for establishing the new capital of Jaipur was a
valley located south of Amber and the plains beyond, a terrain that
was the bed of a dried lake. There used to be dense forest cover to
the north and the east of the city.

• The physical constraints that informed the building of Jaipur city

included the hills on the north that housed the fort of Jaigarh and the
Amber palace beyond, and the hills on the east, which contained the
sacred spot of Galtaji.

• To facilitate water supply to the new city, the Darbhavati river in

the north was dammed to create the Jai Sagar and Man Sagar (that
later housed the Jal Mahal) lakes. Later the Jhotwara river in the
north-west was diverted through the Amani Shah Nallah and a
number of canals were channelized through Brahmapuri and Jai
Niwas to supply water to the city.

41
The site with the natural east west ridge and the 18th century dimensional norms
surrounding forts as defense feature

• The east-west axis of the town was divided by three perpendicular

roads into eight portions with the central ones of equal size and the
outer ones as per the remaining dimensions till the Chand Pol in the
west and Suraj Pol in the east. A sawaya (a quarter extra) system of
measurement was used in the planning and details of Jaipur, with
usedimensions that are a quarter more than a whole number.

42
The intersection of the axes to define the Badi chaupar Division into eight portions, ends
chaupar (city square) of the roads marked by gates in the city wall

43
• Later in the 18th and 19th centuries, there were additions in the
built fabric of the city and the palace such as the Hawa Mahal and a
number of temples added by Sawai Pratap Singh under whom the
Jaipur architectural vocabulary reached its peak in terms of
stylization.

• Two major contributors to the city development and

establishment of modern infrastructure were Sawai Ram Singh II
(1835 – 1879) and Sawai Man Singh II (1922 – 1969).

• In the 19th century, with the accession of Sawai Ram Singh II, the
city extended beyond the old city walls, adapted newer modes of
transport such as the railways with a railway station located on the
western outskirts, started using gaslights on the streets and adopted
modernized drainage and piped water supply system.

• There were interesting additions in the urban fabric within the

walled city with new buildings constructed in the Indo Saracenic
vocabulary such as the Mubarak Mahal within the Palace Complex,
the Naya Mahal or Vidhan Sabha and the Maharaja’s College in 1873
(now Rajasthan School of Arts); and the Ramniwas Bagh that was
later enhanced with the visual focus of the monumental Albert Hall
Museum to the south of the walled city.

• The 20th century observed further modernization and urban

renovations within the walled city, including the restoration work of
the city walls and gates and, converting the inner temporary houses
in the sectors into more permanent structures; pioneered by the
famous Mirza Ismail who was appointed as the Prime Minister of
Jaipur in the early 20th century. A number of new colonies such as
the Bani Park came outside the walled city.

• In 1947, the four largest Rajput states, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner

and Jaipur opted to join secular India. Jaipur then became the capital

44
of Rajasthan leading to further attraction of administrative and
economic activities. These factors led to increased development of
residential areas to cater to the growing population.

5.6 Relation between history to people:

Jaipur is one such city, where
architecture forms its identity and that identity has been intact from
the eighteenth century. In modern times, the unplanned
development in historic cities has destroyed the views cape of the
otherwise beautifully designed aesthetics . Moreover, views cape of
a heritage precinct has an important role to play in order to have an
understanding of this historic environment in towns and cities .
There are several studies on perceived quality of urban
environment that try to establish a harmonious relationship
between architecture of this viewscape that include streetscape and
landmarks, and people around it. In the Indian context, studies and
research focusing on the visibility of historic streetscapes and the
preservation of their view are not given importance. But there is a
need for such research to protect the views and to sustain the
cultural as well as the architectural identity of a city. These
landmarks are constantly threatened by surrounding urban
development which obscures the traditionally enjoyed views. This
study attempts to fill that gap by studying the architectural elements
that become its identity in the present scenario.

45
5.7 URBAN FORM AND ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY

5.7.1 Streets and chowks

View of a main bazaar street - the width of the main roads was kept 39 1/4 gaz - 108 feet, secondary roads
are half this size - 54 feet, the tertiary roads are 27 feet and the inner mohalla streets are 13 feet wide

• The main markets, havelis and temples on the main streets in

Jaipur were constructed by the state in the 18th century, thus
ensuring a uniform street façade is maintained. The widths of roads
were predetermined.

• According to a popular belief, the city was painted pink to

celebrate the visit of the Prince of Wales in 1876, during the reign of
Maharaja Sawai Ram Singh II, lending the city the name of ‘Pink
City’.

• Junctions of the main axial streets formed the two square public
open spaces called chaupars (Badi chaupar and Chhoti chaupar).

46
The width of the square chaupars was three times that of the main
street.

• Historically, the chaupars were outlets for intense social use with
water structures connected by underground aqueducts, supplying
numerous sources of drinking water at street level. Presently,
the centre of each chaupar has square enclosures with ornamental
fountains.

• The streets and chowks (central open squares in a town) of the

internal chowkries (sectors) with numerous clusters or mohallas
were not predetermined; hence show a mix of grid iron and organic
pattern, with the basic unit of built form being the rectangular
haveli.

• Original markets in the city include Kishanpole bazaar, Gangauri

bazaar, Johari bazaar, Sireh Deorhi bazaar, along the main north-
south and east-west axes that intersect at Chhoti and Badi Chaupars.

• Typical architectural features of the bazaar streets are - use of

chhajjas (sunshades) resulting in strong horizontal lines, projecting
vertical blocks on brackets, a modular system of arches filled with
delicate latticed screens to cut direct sun and glare of reflected sun
in the street.

47
Bazaar streets have temples above shops with wide staircase starting from pavement to the temple level.
Space above shops at first floor level originally functioned as galleries for watching royal processions,
religious festivals and public celebrations

Defined street façade at a chaupar with sunshades and latticed

colonnades at upper floors and shop fronts on the ground floor

Uniform planned shop fronts on bazaar streets with upper floors in

interesting juxtaposition

48
5.8 Structural Relation

The first step for this analysis is a selection of the facade that has to
be studied.
Step 1)Elements’ Selection.
The elements that are under observation have been taken from
survey results. The elements that are most recognized by people will
be studied on the street facades.

Step 2)Typology of Relation.

The typology of relation between these elements can be studied
under the main head, semiotics and architecture. From the
literature, these subheads which have been used are physical
structure, social
parameters, and cultural parameters.

Step 3)Expression of Relation. After identifying the possible

relations
between the elements from the street façade, the relations are
applied to elevations of street. The four relations that have been
observed here are:

• Colour,The colour palette chosen by people has ‘Jaipur pink’ which

is common to the whole walled city.

• The next relation seen in the street elevations is repetition of a

shape, called as ‘Jaipur’s symbolic shape’ by respondents. The shape
can be seen everywhere, as borders on cornices, top edge of the
gateways and even on the bounding wall of the walled city.

• The wall paintings: These paintings are done on surkhi plaster

finish walls with white lime paste. The designs are mostly geometric,
replicating door and window frame designs with flower vases

49
painted inside at some places. These patterns have come from the
block prints’ design of Sanganer area, and the art is
known as Sanganeri block print… as we seen in picture…

Wall painting from walled city. Source reference

50
Colour palette chosen for Jaipur. Source reference

5.9 Relation between building and street façade

Thus from the previous step, it can be inferred that buildings on the
street façade have a very strong relationship with each other, which
is not just about the use of architectural elements. The established
relations are ;
• colour,
• shapes, and
• painting patterns.

51
 a)Element Selection; A façade which use in a element in street
development..
b) Characterization; The first character of façade is that it has
traditional
element in the background

semiotic analysis of element and characterization;

Disintegration Classification
The background

52
 The middle ground

The foreground

The second character is seen in particular window design and jharokha design.
The arches are also a common character. Characterization can also be done
based on elements that appear in foreground. These can be signage, hoardings,
frontage, cornice, eaves, etc.

53
5.10 Typology of Gates in Jaipur

Sireh Deodhi Gate – royal ceremonial gate as Chand Pol – The Suraj Pol and Chand Pol mark the eastern and the
entry to the palace complex from the northsouth western ends of the east- west axis
axis or the Sireh Deodhi Bazaar

54
5.11 INTANGIBLE HERITAGE

5.11.1 Building arts and crafts

• The Dhoondhar rulers are known to be the patrons of arts and crafts from
the period of Raja Man Singh (1590 – 1614). Besides the buildings crafts of
stone carving, mirror works and inlays; an indigenous fresco technique done
on araish evolved, examples of which can be seen in Bairat caravan serai,
Bharmal Ki Chhatri from the period of Man Singh (influence from the Mughal
Court of Akbar), and in Ganesh Pol (1639), Amber, from the period of Mirza
Raja Jai Singh with Mughal influences later absorbed to develop integrated
style.

The meta-elements chosen have been disintegrated and layer of colour and
texture has been added to it. First is thedesign on cornice and eaves The last
element that according to this analysis, creates identity of Jaipur, is
thegateways .

Building crafts – stone carved columns and screens

55
Intricate glass inlay work inside Amber Palace

Frescoes in ceiling of Sita Ramji Temples at Galtaji

56
The continuity of stone crafts till date with use of the traditional knowledge systems

57
5.11.2 Built heritage

58
Cornice design of Jaipur. Source reference

Signage design of Jaipur. Source reference

Roofscape design of Jaipur. Source reference

59
Pointed arch used in gateways of the Walled City of Jaipur. Source reference

Moorish arch used in Jaipur. Source reference

Massing of gateways in Jaipur. Source reference

60
5.12 CHALLENGES TO HERITAGE-BASED URBAN DEVELOPMENT

5.12.1 Lack of awareness towards heritage

• Lack of interest and awareness of the people towards heritage conservation

has led to deteriorating condition of the heritage buildings

61
An inner street with evident visual clutter due to excessive commercial advertisements, electrical wires and
cables and encroachment by parked two wheelers

62
5.12.2 Electrical wiring and services

• The overhead wires and cables for electrical supply, telephone wiring and
television cables in the walled city area not only cause an aesthetic issue for
the built heritage as they are loose and unorganized obscuring the building
façades, but are possible sources of electric and fire hazard. Another threat is
main transformers situated in dense areas without sufficient setback from the
street creating a fire and safety hazard.

loose hanging cables and wires are a visual and physical threat

63
 5.12.3 Vehicular traffic and parking

Reference fore goggle image

• The longer east- west axis of the city that is marked by Suraj Pol and Chand
Pol is about three kilometres in length. Hence, the entire walled city was
meant to be accessible to the common man on foot. The main roads were used
by elephants, carriages, horses and camels and footpaths by pedestrians; and
the internal chowkries were a composition of self sustaining clusters, with
narrow road widths.

64
6.0 conclusion……

The study gives a palette of elements for designers to use while planning
street facades in new developments. The same methodology can be used to
investigate user preferences in these heritage areas and show their
significance the methodology can be used by other researchers to create
similar element palettes for other heritage areas in India. The analysis tools
used here can also be applied to individual building facades and identity of
certain buildings, that have anionic image attached to them, can also be
examined.
Moreover, the study can expanded to the analysis of spatial
planning in heritage areas of Indian cities sousing the same methodology. The
list of research came as a result of can be used by designers and planners to
come up with urban cape that is more sensitive to the context. These elements
are key identity makers of the architecture of the area and the people of these
heritage precincts relate with them the most, visually.

65
 6.1 References use for research

1. Ahmad, Y.: The scope and definitions of heritage: from tangible to

intangible. Int. J. Herit. Stud. 12(3), 292–300 (2006)
2. Chandler, D.: Semiotics for Beginners (2006)
3. Kamal, F; Urban morphology of eighteenth century Jaipur. Doctoral
dissertation, Aligarh Muslim University (2011)
4.Louis, H; Tools for text and image analysis: an introduction to applied
semiotics.
5. Moughtin, C;Urban Design: Street and Square. Routledge, London (2007)
6. Salam, A; Foundation and Early History of Jaipur City. Aligarh Muslim
University
(2011)
7. Satler, G; Some observations on design and interaction on a city street.
City Soc.
4(1), 20–43.
8. Map of Jaipur, Satellite image. Sourced from Google Earth
9. Map sourced from Princely Terrain: Amber, Jaipur and Shekhawati.
Edited by Shikha Jain (Shubi Publications, 2006)
10. Drawings sourced from Havelis: A Living Tradition or Rajasthan by
Shikha Jain (Shubhi Publications, 2004)
11. Anon., n.d. Indian Cultural Heritage. In: Indian Culture and Heritage.
s.l.:NCERT, pp. 195 - 208.

12. Salam, A.: Foundation and Early History of Jaipur City. Aligarh Muslim
University (2011)

13. Satler, G.: Some observations on design and interaction on a city street.
City
Soc. 4(1), 20–43 (1990)

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