Some specific fluid properties Note : Horizontal Plane Vertical Plane Inclined Plane 4.

Note : Horizontal Plane Vertical Plane Inclined Plane 4. Laminar and Turbulent Flow: In Laminar Convective Temporal
1. Wetting property is due to surface tension. Surface Surface Surface flow, the particles moves in layers sliding Type of flow
mass Acceleration Acceleration
1. Density = (measured in kg/m3). 2. Higher temperature, more chances of smoothly over the adjacent layers while
volume x
 Steady & uniform 0 0
2. Density of liquid & gas is directly proportional cavitation. x
xp
xp
x in turbulent flow particles have the
3. At 100ºC, vapour pressure of water = Area A
C.G.
C.G. random and erratic movement, Steady & non-uniform Exists 0
to pressure and inversely to temperature C.G.
C.P.
C.P
3. Specific gravity/relative density Atmospheric pressure. intermixing in the adjacent layers. Which Unsteady & uniform 0 Exists
4. Air cavitation is less damaging than vapour F= Ax F= Ax F= Ax causes continuous momentum transfer. Unsteady & non-uniform Exists Exists
Density of liquid cavitation. Flow of blood in veins and arteries occurs
= Density of water at 4ºC Ig I g sin 2  as a viscous flow. Hence, Laminar flow. Measurement of fluid pressure
5. Ideal fluids  No-viscosity  no “No slip”
xp = x xp = x A water supply pipe carries water at high
4. If R.D < 1, then fluid is lighter than water. condition Ax Ax Manometer Mechanical gauges
6. No slip condition is due to fluid viscosity. speed leading to rapid mixing which Based on principle of balancing Mechanical pressure measuring
Weight of substance x & x p for same horizontal plane surface from causes highly turbulent conditions.
5. Specific weight = , ( = a column of fluid by the same instruments with a deflecting
Volume of substance 4 5. Rotational and Irrotational Flow: When or other column needle (used in filling air in tyres)
liquid surface
g in N/m )3
 Pressure Inside The Liquid Drop: Pld  fluid particles rotate about their mass
d Rotational Stability: When a small angular
6. Some Important Relation centre during movement. Flow is said to Simple Differential
2 displacement sets up a restoring couple, then
1 milibar = 10–3 bar =100 N/m2 be rotational otherwise irrotational. manometer manometer
1 mm of Hg = 10–3 m of Hg = 10–3 ×  Pressure Inside The Liquid Jet: Plj  stability is known as rotational stability.
Rotational Flow  Forced Vortex, Flow To measure pressure at a point To measure the pressure difference
d
13.6 m of water = 10–3 × 13.6 × 9810 U-Tube manometer Inverted differential
inside boundary layer.
8 Single column manometer manometer
N/m2 = 133.42 N/m2  Pressure Inside the Soap Bubble: Psb  FB = Buoyant Force Irrotational Flow  Free Vortex, Flow Piezometer
d Micro manometer
1 N/mm2 = 106 N/m2 Couple (Restoring) outside boundary layer.
B No. Type of Manometer Fluid Types Pressure measurement
9.81 N 4 cos  In a straight tube of uniform diameter and
1 Kgf/cm2 = = 98.1 × 103 N/  Expression For Capillary Rise: h  uniform roughness, the flow properties
104 m 2 wd G 1. Piezometer Liquid Positive
 < 90º Cohesion < Adhesion Wetting of surface Concave top surface Rise in does not vary across the length of the pipe. (Gauge pressure)
m2 capillary tube
 > 90º Adhesion < cohesion Does not wets the Convex top surface Drop Hence, Uniform flow.
N KN 2. U-tube Manometer Both liquid & Both positive &
7. water = 9810 3
 9.81 3 Patm
in capillary tube
Submerged body Floating body Flow above the drain having a wash basin gases Negative Pressure
m m Stable equilibrium G below B M above G is a free vortex motion (Irrotational flow).
8. mercury = 13.6 w 3. Inclined Tube Gases Both (+ve & -ve)
Pvaccum BM > BG 6. Compressible and Incompressible Flow: Manometer ( for very low pressure) (mostly +ve)
1 P local GM = MB – BG = +Ve
In compressible flow density of fluid
9. Specific volume = P =P – P
absolute atm vaccum
Unstable equilibrium G above B M below G 4. Differential &
Density P =P + P
absolute atm gauge
changes from time to time while in Inverted Differential Both liquid & Pressure difference
BM < MG
gases Between 2 points
 Pabs GM = MB – BG = –Ve Incompressible flow it remains constant.
 d du Neutral equilibrium G and B coincide GM = 0  Stream Line: There are a set of concentric 5. Bourdon Pressure Both liquid & It measures pressure
 Viscosity: d 
dt dy Metacentre (M) is the point of intersection of gauge gases at a point
dt Absolute circle with origin at centre.
vaccum lines of action of buoyant force before and after  Stream lines neither touch nor cross each Acceleration on a stream line
 Note : rotation. other. Line tangent to it give direction of
 Kinematic Visocity: V   m2/sec. • Buoyant force is independent of distance of body Instantaneous velocity.
 Continuity Equation: A1V1  A 2 V2 Trangential Acceleration Vn (s,n,t) Vs (s,n,t) Normal Acceleration
from free surface of liquid and also the density  Tracing of motion of different fluid particle. It is due to change in It is due to the
du of solid body.  Hydrostatic Force magnitude of velocity. If change in the

 Newton’s Law Of Viscosity:    dy

spacing b/w stream line direction of fluid
Horizontal F  WAx h  x
dx dy dz changes tangensial acceleration moving on a curved
• Mechanical gauges are used for measuring high  = Equation of stream line exists
n
path

s
pressure values which does not requires high u v w
n Ig  Streak Line: It is line traced by series of
 du  precision. Vertical F  WAx h  x   Acceleration Of A Fluid Particle
 Non- Newtonian Fluid:   A    B Ax fluid particles passing through a fixed
 dy  • Air cavitation is less damaging than vapour cavi-
Ig point. It is formed by continous uu vu wu u
pi
c
pas
te tation. sin 2  ax    
tro la s
tic Inclined F  WAx h  x  introduction of dye or smoke from a point x 
y z  t

0

xo umstic
i P ps Ax 
1, B

Th am Gy pla g
0
B Bin
gh tic do nin
pec Pseu r thi
Facts about pressure in the flow. Temporal
n<

Convective
1, eo ea
Note: We generally follow Eulerian concept, as its acceleration
n= B 0 Rh
1,
n>
Sh 1. Longer runway’s needed at higher altitude due  Path Lines: It is actual path traced by a fluid acceleration
difficult to keep the track of a single fluid particle.
Newtonian particle over a period of time. It is based on
1

to reduced drag and lift.

<

v s v vn v
n

1
Types of fluid : lagrangian concept. Two path lines can
0,

 =
a s  Vs + s a n  Vs + s
B=

=0
,n Dilatant 2. Nose bleeding starts at higher altitude due to
B >1 (Shear Thickening)
1. Steady and Unsteady Flow: At any given location, intersect each other. s t s t
0, n difference in body’s blood pressure &
B= Ideal Fluid
the flow and fluid properties do not change with Continuity Equation: It is based on principle convective local tangential convective local
atmosphere pressure. tan gential acceleration n o r ma l n o r ma l
du/dy
time, then its steady flow otherwise unsteady. of conservation of mass. Fluid mass can neither
 Ex. 3. Motor capacity reduces at higher altitude. be created nor can be destroyed hence mass of
acceleration acceleration
4. Cooking takes longer time at higher altitudes. v p f acceleration
(a) Thixotropic Ink, Ketchup, Enamels etc. = 0,  0,  0  Steady flow fluid entering a fixed region should be equal to
(b) Bingham plastic Sewage, Sludge, Drilling  Buoyancy And Floatation t t t mass of fluid leaving that fixed region in a
mud, Gel, Toothpaste, Cream Buoyant force = Net upward force = weight of liquid 2. Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow: A flow is said
displaced to be uniform flow in which velocity & flow both particular time.
(c) Rheopectic Gypsum in water & Ben-
tonite slurry.  Point of application of buoyant force is the C.G. of in magnitude and direction do not change along (a) Steady Flow in 1-D,  AV = Constant No Acceleration Tangential Convective
Acceleration
(d) Pseudo Plastic Paint, Paper, Pulp, Blood, the displaced liquid & it is called centre of buoyancy. the direction of flow for given instant of time.  1 A1 V 1 =  2 A2 V 2
Syrup, Polymer, Lipstick, Nailpaint  Buoyant force is independent of distance of 3. One, two or three Dimensional Flow: If flow (b) Steady Incompressible in 1-D,
(e) Dilatant Quick sand, Sugar in body from free surface of liquid and also the parameters varies in one dimension wrt space A1V1 = A2V2
water, Butter density of solid body. only then its one dimensional otherwise its 2 Total Acceleration = Convective accelera-
CIVIL ENGINEERING CIVIL BOOSTER - Dnt trust us, Just Check it’s or 3 dimension respectively. tion with respect to space + local acceleration
Both Normal and
ROCKET CHART content & Then Go for it - ( LEAVE THE REST, V = V(x, t)  one dimensional with respect to time. Tangential Convective
Normal Convective Accelation
GET THE BEST ) . Available on amazon flipkart. V = V(x, y, t)  two dimensional Acceleration
FOR QUICK REVISION
V = V(x, y, z, t)  three dimensional
 current meter is used to measure velocity in open Hydraulic Jump Eq.
 Rotational Component  U max R 2 Q
  P  4 S.SOROUT, 9255624029
channel. Q  D
1  w v  2   x  2q 2 (y 2  y1 )3 FOLLOWING BOOKS

wx      Hot Wire Anemometer: Used for measurement 1.  y1 y 2 (y1  y 2 ) 2. Energy LossEL = AVAILABLE BY
2  dy dz  , of Instantaneous velocity and temperature at a 16 8 g 4y1 y 2 CIVIL Ki GOLI
 Friction Factor: F  4f f  R f  2
1  v u  1  u w  point in flow. u PUBLICATION:
y2 1
wz     , wy   
2  x y 

2  z x   Theoretical Discharge:  Trapezoidal Notch:
e
3. 
y1 2
 1  8F12  1  3
4. yc 
y1 y2 (y1  y2 )
2
1. CIVIL Ki GOLI
2. CIVIL BOOSTER
Note : A1A 2 2gh qA ct h  hL 2 8  5/ 2 3. REASONING Ki GOLI
Q th  Cd   3/ 2
Q = Cd1 2gLH  Cd2 2g tan H
1. Velocity potential exists only for ideal and A12  A 2 2 q th h Open-channel Flow 4. HARYANA Ki GOLI
3 15 2
irrotational flow. unsteady 5. SOLUTION OF CIVIL Ki
 Percentage Error In Discharge: Cipolletti-Weir:It is a trapezoidal weir whose slopes Steady
GOLI
2. Velocity of flow is in direction of decreasing Uniform Gradually Rapidly Spatially Gradually Rapidly Spatially
are adjusted in such a way that: 6. ELECTRICAL &
potential function. Q  Q act Canal Flow Varied Varied Varied Varied Varied Varied
% error  th  100 • Reduction in discharge due to end contraction (GVF) (RVF) (SVF) (GVUF) (RVUF) (SVUF) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
3. Equipotential line is the line joining points Q th ROCKET CHART
in rectangular weir = Increase in discharge due Flow in river Flow D/S of an Flow River Flow in A surge Surface runoff
having same potential function. U/S of a weir overflow over alluvial reach moving due to 7. UTTAR PRADESH Ki GOLI
to triangular portion. during winter spillway. side weir during rising flood upstream rainfall
 Velocity Potential Function (): 8. UTTRAKHAND Ki GOLI
 Entrance length in a pipe is the length where 9. PUNJAB Ki GOLI
% error  (1  C d )  100
  boundary layer increases and flow is fully devel- 10. WEST BENGAL Ki GOLI
 u  v oped. Type of flow Depth of Velocity of Froude Comments 11. HINDI ROCKET CHART
x y NOTE. flow flow No 12. CIVIL CAPSULE
For Laminar Flow L = 0.07 Re D
 When Pressure Difference Measured by Manom- Subcritical y > yc v < vc Fr < 1 Also called as streaming or transquil
 For Turbulent Flow Le = 50 D flow
 Stream Function (v): u   y v  eter
 Major Losses Head/Loses Critical y = yc v = vc Fr = 1
x When heavier fluid in manometer & lighter fluid Super Critical y < yc v > vc Fr > 1 Shooting flow, rapid flow, torrential flow

(i)Newton’s equation of motion in pipe. fLQ h  fLv Chart for Most Economical Sections
       hL  f
Fg  FP  FV  Ft  Fc  F  ma 12D5 2gD  Gedmetrical  Rectangular  Triangular  Trapezoidal
g  Parameters
h  x  h  1 Numbe r Equation Use s
(ii) Reynold’s equation of motion g
 l  1V:MH
my my

    

Fi VL
Reynolds No. F   Aeroplanes,
 Diagram y
1
y IV:mH

Fg  FP  FV  Ft  ma gh  Specific gravity of heavier liquid- v

B B

submarines, pipe flow

(iii) Navier-stock equation of motion gl  Specific gravity of lighter liquid  Condition  y
B
m = 1, q = 45ºFrom Horizontal
Fi V 2
    x  Reading Manometer 
Fg  FP  FV  ma Eulers No. Fp p Cavitation problem
h  Reading Piezometer. for most  = 45º  From vertical  B
2y
m
1   60º Hor.
 3 3   30º vert.
(iv) Euler’s equation of motion  Orificemeter: Economical
Fi V
   Mach No.  Aerodynamic
Fg  FP  ma Cd 0 A1A 0 2gh A Fe C  Area A = B.y = 2y.y  A  my2  A  (B  my)  y
 CC  C C  C  C testing, rocket, missile
2 2
Note : A  A2 A0 d c v
 2y 1 
1
Fi V  A  2y2  A  y2  A   3  3 y y 
 
 3 y 2

• Energy equation can be used to find the pressure Froude No.  OCF, spillway, weir
Where Fg gL (in most economical) (in most economical)
at a point in a pipeline using Bernoulli’s eq. Cc  Coefficient of Contraction.  = 2y m=1
Fi v
• Continuity eq. is used to find out the flow at two Cd  Coefficient of Discharge Weber No.  Veins, arteries,  Perimeter P  4y p  2 2y  P  2 3y
F  / L
sections of tapering pipes. CV  Coefficient of Velocity. rising bubble y2 y
 Pitot Tube –Velocity Of Flow: R
• Euler equation based on momentum conserva-  Hydraullic  R  y/2  2 2y  R
2
tion while Bernoulli is based on energy conser- P1 V12 Water hammer Pressure: Rapid/Sudden closure Radius
vation.   Constant of valve in a pipe carying flowing liquid destroys (R = A/P)
w 2g 4y
• Impulse momentum principle is used to find out the momentum of flowing liquid and sets up a high  Top width (T)  T  2y  T  2y  T
3
the force on a moving vane. vd pressure wave. This pressure wave travels with the
• Concept of moment of momentum (Angular mo-  Reynold’s Number: R e   speed of sound and causes hammering action in Dy D  y/2
3
D y
 Hydraullic   
4
mentum principle is used in lawn sprinkler prob- pipe called Knocking water hammer.
Nature of flow according to Reynold's number (Re)
lems)  Surge tanks are used to absorb the Increase in  A
Depth  D  T 
Laminar Transition Turbulent  
2 Flow in pipe Re < 2000 2000 < Re < 4000 Re > 4000 the pressure due to water hammer phenomenon.
P V
 + 2g + Z = Constant Flow between Re < 1000 1000 < Re < 2000 Re > 2000
Chezy’s Formula: V  C RS , Note: Circular section (a) For maximum discharge 2 = 302º22, d 
parallel plate 0.95 D, (b) For maximum velocity 2 = 257º27, d = 0.81 D
Static pressure Open channel flow Re < 500 500 < Re < 2000 Re > 2000 1 2 / 3 1/ 2
head Dynamic Hydrostatic pressure Flow through soil Re < 1 1 < Re < 2 Re > 2 Manning equation V  R S0
pressure head head  Laminar Flow Through Circular Pipe: n Types of Jump Fr EL/E1 Water surface
Dimension of C = L1/2 T–1, n = L–1/3 T1, f = Dimen- Undular 1-1.7 0 Undulating
r  dp  sionless We a k 1.7-2.5 5–18% Small rollers form
Stagnation pressure head   
2  dx  Os ci lla ti ng 2.5-4.5 18–45% Water oscillates in random manner
Piezometric pressure head
  Steady 4.5-9 45–70% Roller and jump action
 Velocity Distribution:  S S  strong  9  70% Very rough and choppy
dp dy  o 2f 
 Euler’s Equation: p  gd z  vdv  0 1  p  2  r2  Dynamic eq. for G.V.F.: = q  N P N Q
U max   R U  U  1  dx  1  3  NS = (for Turbine), NS = (for Pump)
  max 2  gy (H)5/4 (H m )3/ 4
4  x   R   
P v2
 Bernoullies Equation: z = constant.  D i s c h a r g e :
w 2g
 Rotameter is used to measure discharge while