4G TECHNOLOGY

A Paper Presentation on

4G TECHNOLOGY

Presented by,

SANTHOSH KUMAR .V K.SURESH

Santhosh_sairam11@yahoo.com
suresh_210887@yahoo.co.in

II M.C.A II M.C.A

Ph.No:9705756796
Ph.No:9966101070

1
 4G TECHNOLOGY

Abstract
There is a great demand of user
needs for accessing more
interactive multimedia application
like video on demand and
seamless connection while
moving from one network from
other without any disturbance and
maintaining the high data rate at
lower cost. Current technologies
are able to provide the services
like multimedia applications but
they failed to provide high data
rate, transmission cost and
seamless connectivity on user
mobility from one network to
another and at the same time
maintaining its Quality of Service
(QoS).
Some groups namely;
3GPP, 3GPP2, and WiMAX are
working to achieve the key
aspects of the 4G technology
which has been defined in IMT
Advance. The major components
of the 4G technology are OFDM
modulation, transmission of data
using MIMO, use of smart
antennas, SDR, IPV6 and IP
Mobility. It is expected that the
groups (3GPP, 3GPP2, and
WiMAX) will achieve key
components and will successfully
deploy 4G technology by 2011.

Contents
Abstract..........................................................................................2
Contents.........................................................................................2
1. Introduction Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM) using
Voice communication was the TDM/FDM technology with 200
major factor for second-generation kHz frequency band. The 2G
mobile and it was considerably technology was designed only for
successfully with the standard the voice communication and

2

internet service for transferring
user data were not available. Since
both voice and data
communications services
including Internet service were
needed and the research on 3G
systems were on the way. The
protocols and standards were
developed to allow data
transmission over the existing 2G
infrastructure. The first is 2.5G
(GPRS, EDGE, and CDMA Phase
1) technology that allows data
transfer at a better rate than 2G
(GSM). Today, data transfer
applications like video
conferencing, music or video
downloads, video, and TV
services at high data rate are more
in demand that force us to third
generation (3G) deployment
which includes standard UMTS
and CDMA 2000.
To increase the speed
various new technologies have
come into picture. And in the
future, higher speed data
transmission with low cost than
3G technology will be important
factor to enter forward the fourth
generation (4G). Anytime and
anywhere service and accessing
of application, with a high degree
of customization and
personalization of user application
and users can interact with the
other protocol based user devices,
will be another factor. The current
3G system works on IP5.0 and 4G
systems will work on IP6.0 and
the user will be able to receive
voice, data and smooth streaming
of video transmission at anytime
and anywhere at much higher data
rates than 3G technologies. The
data rate range for 4G will be
3
4G TECHNOLOGY
between 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s
speeds for both stationary and
moving devices with best quality
and high level of security.
Broadband applications
may be like wireless broadband
access, Multimedia Messaging
Service (MMS), video chat,
mobile TV, HDTV content,
Digital Video Broadcasting
(DVB) demands high data rate
and the quality of service(QoS)
but this type of data rate and QoS
are not available in 3G
technology. 4G wireless
technology will be able to provide
the seamless services as per the
requirements which are set by
these applications.
The objectives of the 4G
wireless communication is defined
by the 4G working group which
includes standard a spectrally
efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and
bits/s/Hz/site), High network
capacity: more simultaneous users
per cell, Smooth handoff across
heterogeneous networks, Seamless
connectivity and global roaming
across multiple networks,
Interoperability with existing
wireless standards, an all IP,
packet switched network.
Still 4G is not clearly
defined or documented anywhere
what are the basic requirements to
build 4G wireless technology, like
3G is clearly defined in IMT-2000
(International Mobile
Telecommunications 2000). IMT-
Advanced is the closest where
some of the 4G requirements can
be found. For supporting high
data rate and high mobility in fast
moving car (60kilometers/hours)

or fast moving trains (250 km/hr)
and it is predicted that the new
potential wireless system will
support 100 Mbps on
mobility and 1 Gbps
approximately on without
mobility at lower cost. This
potential new wireless system
could be developed by 2010. Its
characteristics should be like high
degree of commonality of design
worldwide to provide backward
compatibility, compatibility of
services within IMT-Advanced
and with the fixed networks, high
quality, and small terminal
suitable for worldwide use,
worldwide roaming capability,
capability to run high data rate
multimedia applications within a
wide range of services and
terminals.
The parameter outlined by
the ITU (International
Telecommunication Union) which
required in order to meet the
targeted data rate and QoS
(Quality of service) as already
discussed above in the main
objective of 4G wireless
technology are going to be based
on OFDMA (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple
Access) modulation with MIMO
(multiple inputs, multiple outputs)
and other smart antenna
enhancements. 4G is also called
network of networks like low
network latency, integration of
mobile broadband heterogeneous
network, smooth sharing of
networks, seamless connection
during handoff from one cell to
another cell, providing mobile
subscriber with always-best-
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4G TECHNOLOGY
connected, and high QoS
broadband experience.
2. Evolution of 4G wireless
Technology
In order to make smooth transition
from 3G to 4G the mobile
communication companies are
promoting Super 3G/LTE. The
companies are upgrading 3G
Technology by initializing the
introduction of High Speed
Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) service, which increases
the downlink data rate of packet
services, and by finalizing
specifications for High Speed
Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA),
which enhances uplink speed.
HSDPA and HSUPA cover area
by 3-4 times relative to W-CDMA
and by providing the high
transmission rate with low cost
per bit transmission. The main
objective of the Super 3G is to
construct simple, low cost system
by removing the complexity from
wireless network and mobile
handsets. The 3G provides packet
and voice services separately
where as Super 3G is based on
ALL-IP network covering both
packet and voice services. As
from diagram we can infer that by
the 2010 we would be able to
achieve the 1 Gbps in motion at
low speed and 100 Mbps at high
speed. On December 25, 2006,
NTT DOCOMO became the first
in the world to achieve a packet
signal speed of 5 Gbps in an
outdoor test in a low-speed
environment (10 km/h). The test
was undertaken to demonstrate the
expected maximum transmission
 4G TECHNOLOGY

speed in an actual cell 2.4 SDR (Software-Defined

environment, taking into account Radio)
interference from peripheral cells. 2.5 IPv6 and IP mobility

2.1 OFDMA (Orthogonal

Frequency Division Multiple
Access) modulation

Multipath phenomena in CDMA

We are steadily
approaching towards 4G wireless
technologies by upgrading the
current 3G technology by
increasing the data rate speed and
by reducing the cost of
transmission which is the main
objective of 4G wireless
technology.
There are some key components
for the successful deployment of
the 4G wireless technology.
can tolerate long delay but it does
not capture the entire energy, only
fraction of the energy of the
multipath signal because of
limited no. of capability of taking
the signal. In OFDM as from the
below figure it can be understand
the long guard band interval is
long enough to absorb all inter-
symbols-interference.
Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
not only provides clear advantages
for physical layer performance,
but also a framework for
improving layer 2 performance by
proposing an additional degree of
freedom. Using ODFM, it is
possible to exploit the time
domain, the space domain, the
frequency domain and even the
code domain to optimize radio
channel usage. It ensures very
robust transmission in multi-path
environments with reduced
receiver complexity.

2.1 OFDMA (Orthogonal

Frequency Division Multiple
Access) modulation
2.2 Implementation of MIMO
(multiple inputs, multiple
outputs)
In OFDM, a data stream is
2.3 Smart antenna enhancements
split into Nc parallel lower data
5
 4G TECHNOLOGY

streams (a few kHz) that are no. of capability interference is

modulated on separate subcarriers. of taking the absorbed
The split the signal is called signal.
orthogonal subcarriers and these 2 Multipath self- Multipath self-
subcarriers are modulated by . interference interference does
Inverse Discrete Fourier affects CDMA. not affect OFDM.
Transformation (IDFT) and
hence it does not affect the signals 3 CDMA the Only a few tones
on multipath effects. The long . interference are affected or lost
guard band is inserted between affects all in OFDM
each OFDM symbol to absorb all symbols.
inter signal symbols interference.
This significantly improves the 4 CDMA several OFDM spreads the
physical layer performance. The . symbols may be impulse noise over
OFDM signal is also compatible lost because of a burst reducing its
with other enhancement impulse noise. effect
technologies like smart antennas 5 CDMA is very This results in
and MIMO. . sensitive to complex algorithms
Multiple access technology timing and and overhead
(Orthogonal Frequency Division requires fast unlike OFDM.
Multiple Access; OFDMA) can acquisition
also be used for modulation of 6 CDMA rake Implementation of
OFDM. In this case, each OFDM . receiver is more equalization,
signal symbol can transmit complex than interference
information to/from several users OFDM digital cancellation, and
using a different set of subcarriers front end (FFT). adaptive antenna
(subchannels). This not only array algorithms is
provides additional flexibility for simpler in OFDM.
resource allocation (increasing the
capacity), but also enables cross- 7 CDMA requires Which is not in the
layer optimization of radio link . fast and precise case of OFDM.
usage. power control as
it is very sensitive
2.1.1 Advantages of
OFDM over CDMA
to received power
fluctuations
CDMA OFDM
8 CDMA Which is not in the
1 CDMA can It captures entire
. technology is less case of OFDM.
. tolerate long energy because of
sensitive to
delay but it does capability to absorb
capacity
not capture the high no. of OFDM
enhancement by
entire energy, signal subcarriers.
using smart
only fraction of In OFDM, as long
antenna
the energy of the as guard interval is
techniques than
multipath signal long enough, all
OFDM
because of limited inter-symbol-
technology

6

because of
CDMA intra-cell
interference
behavior.
2.2 Implementation of MIMO
(multiple inputs, multiple
outputs).
In order to improve the
communication performance
between sender and receiver, the
multiple antennas are used at both
transmitter and receiver end.
MIMO multiplex the signals from
the multiple transmitting antennas
as it is suitable for OFDM because
time symbols can be processed
independently after OFDM
waveform is correctly designed
for the channel. This aspects of
OFDM reduces the complexity
while transmission and makes
processing simple. The signal
transmitted by m antennas and
signal received by n antennas and
the processing of the received
signal may produce significant
performance improvement such as
range, quality of received signal
and spectrum efficiency. Hence
MIMO is more efficient when
many multiple path signals are
received. The gain in spectrum
efficiency is directly related to the
minimum number of antennas in
the link. The MIMO enables
significant increase in the data
throughput and link range with
additional bandwidth or transmit
power. It achieves this by higher
spectral efficiency more bits per
second per hertz of bandwidth)
and link reliability or diversity
(reduced fading). Because of these
7
4G TECHNOLOGY
properties MIMO has become
current theme of wireless
research.
2.3 Smart antenna
enhancements.
The main purpose of the radio
communication depends on the
advancements of the antennas
which refer to smart or intelligent
antennas. In early 90s, in order to
meet growing data rate needs of
the data communication, many
transmission techniques were
proposed such as spatial
multiplexing which increases the
bandwidth conservation and
power efficiency. Spatial
multiplexing provides the
multiple deployment of antennas
at the transmitting and receiving
end and then independent streams
of data can be transmitted as
requested by the user can be
transmitted simultaneously from
the all transmitting antennas. Thus
increasing the throughput into
multiple folds with minimum
number of the transmitting and
receiving antennas.
There are two types of
smart antennas which are switched
beam smart antennas and adaptive
array smart antennas. Switched

beam systems have several
available fixed beam patterns
which help in making decisions as
to which beam to access at any
given point of time based on the
requirements of the system. While
adaptive arrays allow the antenna
to steer the beam to any direction
of interest while simultaneously
nulling interfering signals.
The reliability in
transmitting high speed data in the
fading channel can be improved
by using more antennas at the
transmitter or at the receiver. This
is called transmit or receive
diversity. Both transmit/receive
diversity and transmit spatial
multiplexing are categorized into
the space-time coding techniques,
which does not necessarily require
the channel knowledge at the time
of transmitting the signals. The
other category is closed-loop
multiple antenna technologies
which use the channel knowledge
at the transmitter.
2.4 SDR (Software-Defined
Radio)
A basic SDR produces a radio that
is capable of receiving and
transmitting a different form of
radio protocol (sometimes referred
to as a waveform) as per the needs
just by running different
software. A SDR will allow to
increase network capacity at
specific time (e.g. during a sports
event) and the operator can
reconfigure its network by adding
several modems at a given Base
Transceiver Station (BTS). SDR
will allow reconfigure network
structure as per the needs. At the
8
4G TECHNOLOGY
present SDR implementation is
done by the infrastructure which
develops multi-band, multi-
standard base stations and
terminals. SDR can be a powerful
aid for manufacturer by providing
multi-standard, multi-band
equipment with reduced
development effort and costs
through simultaneous multi-
channel processing. Software
radios have significant utility for
the military and cell phone
services, both of which must serve
a wide variety of changing radio
protocols in real time. In the long
term, software-defined radio is
expected by its proponents to
become the dominant technology
in radio communications.
2.5 IPv6 and IP mobility
4G wireless technology will be
using mobile IPv6 which allows
assigning more number of
addresses than IPv4. In IPv6 each
device have own IP address. User
can keep their IP address even if
user changes the access point.
Presently translate IP with each
change because there are not
enough IP addresses. The
following diagram shows that
each IPv6 packet can have
multiple source addresses and
multiple destination

addresses.
Mobile IP techniques allow
network roaming, a device can
move from one network to other
network. IP Mobility is often
termed ‘macro-mobility’ since it
will be global, and independent of
mechanisms (such as routing
protocols, link-layers technologies
and security architectures) of
different administrative IP-
domains. These methods are
applicable to data and probably
also voice. During handover in IP
Mobility the OFDM, MIMO
allows ‘macro-diversity’
processing with performance
gains. However, the
implementation of macro-diversity
implies that MIMO processing is
centralized and transmissions are
synchronous. In high mobility a
device is capable to cope with
more than 10 handovers per
minute. In contrast, a host
performing less than 10 handovers
is considered to have low
mobility.
3. Spectral efficiency in 4G
The 4G wireless technology
bandwidth efficiency will be
measured in terms of spectral
efficiency. Spectrum efficiency
9
4G TECHNOLOGY
describes that the amount of
information that can be
transmitted over a given
bandwidth in a specific
communication system. It is a
measure of how efficiently a
limited frequency spectrum is
utilized by the physical layer
protocol, and sometimes by the
media access control (the channel
access protocol). Clearly the bit
rate should be associated with an
amount of spectrum. For mobile
use, a good target is a network
performance of 5 bit/s/Hz, rising
to 8 bit/s/Hz in nomadic use.
For example, a
transmission technique using one
kilohertz of bandwidth to transmit
1000 bits per second has a spectral
efficiency of 1 (bit/s)/Hz. Also, a
V.92 modem for the telephone
network can transfer 56,000 bit/s
downstream and 48,000 bit/s
upstream over an analog telephone
network. Due to filtering in the
telephone exchange, the frequency
range is limited to between 300
hertz and 3,400 hertz,
corresponding to a bandwidth of
3400 − 300 = 3100 hertz. The
spectral efficiency is 56,000/3,100
= 18.1 (bit/s)/Hz downstream, and
48,000/3,100 = 15.5 (bit/s)/Hz
upstream.
3.1 Spectral efficiency target
A simple calculation illustrates the
order of magnitude. The design
target in terms of radio
performance is to achieve a
scalable capacity from 50 to 500
bit/s/Hz/km2 (including capacity
for indoor use). The expected best
performance of 3G is around 10
bit/s/Hz/km2 using High Speed

Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA), Multiple-Input
Multiple-Output (MIMO), etc. No
current technology is capable of
such performance.
3.2 Spectral efficiency objectives
As per the various traffic analyses
by analyzing the transmission and
receiving the data from various
mode of communication, the
Wireless World Initiative (WWI)
has issued target air interface
performance figures. A consensus
has been reached around peak
rates of 100 Mbit/s in mobile
situations and 1 Gbit/s in nomadic
and pedestrian situations, at least
as targets. So far, in a 10 MHz
spectrum, a carrier rate of 20
Mbit/s has been achieved when
the user is moving at high speed
and 40 Mbit/s in nomadic use.
These values will double after
introduction of MIMO. Clearly,
the bit rate should be associated
with an amount of spectrum. For
mobile use, a good target is a
network performance of 5
bit/s/Hz, rising to 8 bit/s/Hz in
nomadic use.
4. Working groups on 4G
wireless technology
There are many groups who work
together for the enhancement of
the cellular technology. There are
3 groups who are working for
deployment of 4G wireless
technology.
4.1 3GPP (The Third
Generation Partnership
Project)
10
4G TECHNOLOGY
4.2 3GPP2 (The Third
Generation Partnership Project
2)
4.3 WiMAX
4.1 3GPP (The 3rd Generation
Partnership Project)
The 3rd Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) is body which is
formed by collaborating the
groups of the telecommunications
associations to develop upcoming
a globally applicable third
generation (3G) mobile phone
specification within the scope of
International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 project
of the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU).
3GPP standardization major focus
is on Radio, Core Network and
Service architecture. 3GPP is
working to upgrade the mobile
communication by increasing the
data rate and reducing the cost. As
from the figure above it states that
3GPP focus on mobile
communication since 2007 and
3GPP is working in that direction
which will lead to enter in the 4G
technology by the 2011.

4.2 3GPP2 (The 3rd Generation
Partnership Project)
Again there is another working
group on mobile communication
is called the Third Generation
Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) is
formed by collaborating third
generation (3G)
telecommunications
specifications-setting project
comprising North American and
Asian interests developing global
specifications for ANSI/TIA/EIA-
41. Cellular Radio
telecommunication Intersystem
Operations network evolution to
3G and global specifications for
the radio transmission
technologies (RTTs) supported by
ANSI/TIA/EIA-41. 3GPP2 is the
standardization group focuses on
CDMA 2000 which includes the
set of 3G standard based on earlier
2G CDMA technology.
4.3 WiMAX
As we can see in the above figure
that WiMAX is using the some of
the major key component of 4G
technology which is defined in
IMT-Advance. WiMAX is using
the OFDM modulation technique
for transmission of the signals but
other features of the 4G
technology such as MIMO, smart
antennas capabilities and IP
mobility which are not available
in the WiMAX. As it is shown in
figure in the WiMAX section in
2008 Mobile WiMAX is using
SISO and 60-65% of SIMO with
frequency spectrum of the10MHz.
And in 2009 WiMAX will be
using SIMO/MIMO and data rate
of 23/46 Mbps in downlink and
11
4G TECHNOLOGY
data rate of 12 Mbps in uplink
with frequency spectrum of 10
MHz In 2011 WiMAX will be
able to achieve the 100 Mbps with
high mobility which is defined in
the IMT Advance. In 2011
WiMAX will fully enter into 4G
technology because it is expected
that the WiMAX will using all the
major key component of the 4G
technology. At present WiMAX is
one of the potential candidate for
the 4G technology. WiMAX has
served as a catalyst for 3GPP
(Third Generation Partnership
Project) and 3GPP2 to accelerate
their next round of innovation,
adopting OFDM modulation and
implementing MIMO and other
smart antenna technologies with
high mobility. Both 3GPP and
3GPP2 camps have clearly
defined their paths toward 4G.
Mobile WiMAX was
being commercialized in 2007 and
It had been expected that the
WiMAX will have several
advantages, including throughput,
cost, time-to-market. It does seem
to have a time-to-market
advantage over LTE (Long Term
Evolution) and UMB (Ultra
Mobile Broadband). However, the
first generation of mobile
WiMAX technologies without
MIMO enhancements will not be
able to deliver significantly
higher throughput as compare to
3.5G technologies such as
HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink
Packet Access), which has already
been deployed commercially.
WiMAX vendor had predicted the
cost advantages of the WiMAX.

Mobile company sprint claims that
Mobile WiMAX will deliver a
cost-per-bit performance of 10
times EVDO (Evolution-Data
Optimized). The spectral
efficiency of WiMAX is better but
the coverage area of the WiMAX
is smaller, possibly at only half to
one-quarter the cell radius of an
equivalent HSPA (High-Speed
Packet Access) cell.
Over period of time
WiMAX will improve by
increasing throughput and lower
cost, but 3GPP and 3GPP2
technologies are also evolving to
support higher throughput, lower
latency and better economics by
leveraging MIMO and other smart
antenna technologies, wider
spectrum bands and eventually
OFDM modulation. 3GPP and
3GPP2 are still getting stronger
support from technology
companies, and they are already
being integrated into laptops and
other embedded devices.
5. Demonstration of 4G wireless
technology
There are companies who have
successfully tested and
implemented the 4G technology.
The companies are NTT
DoCoMo, Mobile and Nortel
Networks, and Nokia Siemens
Networks.
5.1 NTT DoCoMo
NTT DoCoMo after successful
experimentation in February 2007
announced the completion of a 4G
trial where they achieved a
maximum packet transmission
rate of approximately 5Gbps in
12
4G TECHNOLOGY
the downlink using 100MHz
frequency bandwidth to a mobile
station moving at 10km/h. Fourth
generation (4G) technology
implementation is in the
laboratory now and also in the
field trials in certain areas of the
world. Some people define the 4G
goal as increasing data transfer
rates to 100Mb/sec. Recently,
NTT DoCoMo, the Japanese
telecommunications giant and
Japan's largest wireless carrier,
has claimed to achieve a
maximum packet transmission
rate of approximately 5Gb/sec in a
downlink transmission. The
transmission used a 100MHz
channel bandwidth and the target
receiving device was a mobile
device moving at 10km/hour.
Since the maximum transmission
rates closest to commercialization
today are approaching 10Mb/sec.
5.2 T-Mobile and Nortel
Networks
Mobile operator T-Mobile and
Nortel Networks after successfully
testing a new high-speed wireless
technology, designed to make
mobile connections as fast as
fixed fiber links. A connection
was maintained while driving in a
car in range of three cell sites on a
highway in Bonn, Germany at an
average speed of 67 kmph. The
experiment achieved data rates of
up to 170 Mbit/s for downloads
and up to 50 Mbit/s for uploads,
the operator said, about three
times faster than the new high-
speed broadband technology
VDSL it is currently rolling out
across the country. If the Long-
Term Evolution (LTE) technology

proved promising in more
everyday situations, the Bonn-
based company would consider
upgrading its network with it, said
Philipp Humm, head of T-Mobile
Germany. A decision would be
made within six months. There is
increasing urgency for fourth-
generation (4G) wireless
networks, where growing demand
for mobile data is driven by such
tools as smart phones and
embedded laptops.
Canada’s Nortel Networks
has said it sees LTE as the most
likely upgrade path for about 80
percent of the world’s existing
mobile phone providers, with
others going for WiMAX.
5.3 Nokia Siemens Networks
Nokia Siemens Network
announced after testing that
achieved theoretical data rates of
up to 173 megabits per second,
LTE is in something of a race to
market with mobile WiMAX,
which only promises around
70Mbps but has a significant head
start. The fastest currently
available mobile broadband,
HSDPA, offers around 7.2Mbps.
Both LTE and mobile
WiMAX use the OFDM
modulation scheme and multiple-
input multiple-output (MIMO)
technology, which is based on the
use of multiple antennae. Mobile
WiMAX’s recent inclusion to the
3GPP family of standards has
raised the possibility of both
technologies becoming part of
what will be known as 4G.
13
4G TECHNOLOGY
In its announcement,
Nokia Siemens Networks said it
had completed the world’s first
multiuser field trial of LTE in an
urban environment. The trial,
which was in Berlin, utilized
20MHz of bandwidth in the
2.6GHz spectrum, which is set for
a hotly contested auction in the
U.K. next year. The trial
confirmed that LTE performance
requirements can be met using
3GPP standardized technologies
and it realized data rates of more
than 100Mbps over distances of
several hundred meters, while
maintaining excellent throughput
at the edge of typical urban mobile
radio cells, the company’s
statement read. Calling the trial an
important initial proof of concept
for LTE, Nokia Siemens
Networks’ chief technology
officer, Stephan Scholz, said that
LTE would further the company’s
goal of connecting 5 billion users
by 2015, due to LTE’s efficient
use of spectrum.
6. Conclusion
There has been constant
development in the cellular as we
have seen in 2G technology to 3G
technology which includes GSM,
GPRS, EDGE, CDMA,
CDMA200, HSPDA, WiMAX
etc. 2G only supports the voice
communicate and 2.5G supports
voice and data communication and
3G supports voice and data
communication but at higher rate
as compare to the 2.5G. But today
there is high demand of
multimedia applications like
online video, video conferencing.
And there is need of better quality
 4G TECHNOLOGY

of service (QoS) and device ITU: International

mobility from one network to Telecommunication Union
network at high speed. There is LTE : Long Term Evolution
strong need of technology better
than 3G. MIMO : Multiple Input
Multiple Output
A 4G technology which is OFDM : Orthogonal
an upgraded version of 3G Frequency Division
technology, will be introduced in
Multiplexing
the market by 2011 which will
meet the needs which were not SDR : Software Defined Radio
found in the 3G technology while UMB: Ultra Mobile Broad Band
maintaining its backward
WiMAX: Worldwide
compatibility. As we have seen in
Interoperability for
the working group of 4G
Microwave Access
technology namely 3GGP,
3GGP2 and WiMAX technologies
will continue to evolve and B. Bibliography
enhance its capability, with a Websites
clear roadmap of reaching 1 Gbps Tech News World: Who Will Win
in motion at low speed and 100 the 4G Race?
Mbps at high speed at lower cost. Date: 10/10/2008
The successful demonstration of http://www.technewsworld.com/
the 4G technology has been done story/58256.html
by the companies such as NTT
DoCoMo, Mobile and Nortel Frequently Asked Questions on
Networks, and Nokia Siemens 4G By Zahid Ghadialy
Networks. Date: 10/10/2008
http://www.3g4g.co.uk/4G/faq.h
A. Abbreviations tml
(Alphabetically Arranged)
3GGP : The Third Generation
Partnership
Project
3GGP2 : The Third
Generation Partnership
Project2
EVDO: Evolution-Data
Optimized
HSPA : High-Speed Packet
Access
IMT: International Mobile
Telecommunications

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