WHAT IS RESEARCH?

          A careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific

methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “RESEARCH IS A SYSTEMATIC
INQUIRY TO DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN, PREDICT, AND CONTROL THE OBSERVED PHENOMENON. RESEARCH
INVOLVES INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE METHODS.”

INDUCTIVE RESEARCH methods are used to analyze an observed event. DEDUCTIVE METHODS are
used to verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research (Links
to an external site.) and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative
research. (Links to an external site.)

Research is conducted with a purpose to understand:

 What do organizations or businesses really want to find out?

 What are the processes that need to be followed to chase the idea?

 What are the arguments that need to be built around a concept?

 What is the evidence that will be required for people to believe in the idea or concept?

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

1. A systematic approach must be followed for accurate data. Rules and procedures are an
integral part of the process that set the objective. Researchers need to practice ethics and a
code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.

2. Research is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.

3. The data or knowledge that is derived is in real time from actual observations in natural settings.

4. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated
with it.

5. Research creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more
opportunities for research.

6. Research is analytical in nature. It makes use of all the available data so that there is no
ambiguity in inference.

7. Accuracy is one of the most important aspects of research. The information that is obtained
should be accurate and true to its nature. For example, laboratories provide a controlled
environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of
instruments or tools, and the final result of the experiment.
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF RESEARCH?

Following are the types of research methods:

BASIC RESEARCH: A basic research definition is data collected to enhance knowledge. The main
motivation is knowledge expansion. It is a non-commercial research that doesn’t facilitate in creating
or inventing anything. For example: an experiment to determine a simple fact.

APPLIED RESEARCH: Applied research focuses on analyzing and solving real-life problems. This type
refers to the study that helps solve practical problems using scientific methods. Studies play an
important role in solving issues that impact the overall well-being of humans. For example: finding a
specific cure for a disease.

PROBLEM ORIENTED RESEARCH: As the name suggests, problem-oriented research is conducted to

understand the exact nature of a problem to find out relevant solutions. The term “problem” refers to
multiple choices or issues when analyzing a situation.

For example, revenue of a car company has decreased by 12% in the last year. The following could be
the probable causes: there is no optimum production, poor quality of a product, no advertising, or
economic conditions.

PROBLEM SOLVING RESEARCH: This type of research is conducted by companies to understand and
resolve their own problems. The problem-solving method uses applied research to find solutions to the
existing problems.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: Qualitative research  (Links to an external site.)is a process that is about

inquiry. It helps create in-depth understanding of problems or issues in their natural settings. This is a
non-statistical method.

Qualitative research is heavily dependent on the experience of the researchers and the questions used
to probe the sample. The sample size (Links to an external site.) is usually restricted to 6-10
people. Open-ended questions (Links to an external site.) are asked in a manner that encourages
answers that lead to another question or group of questions. The purpose of asking open-ended
questions is to gather as much information as possible from the sample.

The following are the methods used for qualitative research:

1. One-to-one interview

2. Focus groups.

3. Ethnographic research

4. Content/Text Analysis

5. Case study research

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: Qualitative research (Links to an external site.) is a structured way of

collecting data and analyzing it to draw conclusions. Unlike qualitative methods, this method uses a
computational and statistical process to collect and analyze data. Quantitative data is all about
numbers.
Quantitative research involves a larger population — more people means more data. With more data to
analyze, you can obtain more accurate results. This method uses close-ended questions  (Links to an
external site.)because the researchers are typically looking to gather statistical data.

Online surveys (Links to an external site.), questionnaires (Links to an external site.), and polls (Links to

an external site.) are preferable data collection tools used in quantitative research. There are various
methods of deploying surveys or questionnaires.

Online surveys allow survey creators to reach large amounts of people or smaller focus groups for
different types of research that meet different goals. Survey respondents can receive surveys on mobile
phones, in emails, or can simply use the internet to access surveys.

CATEGORY OF RESEARCH BASED ON METHODOLOGY OR RESEARCH DESIGN USED

1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

          This type of research endeavors to describe systematically, factually, accurately, and objectively
a situation, problem, or phenomenon. It seeks to describe "what is." 

2. CORRELATIONAL/ ASSOCIATIONAL RESEARCH

          In this type of research, the investigator tries to probe the significance of relationship between
two or more factors or characteristics. 

3. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH

          In this type of inquiry, the researcher seeks to clarify why and how a relationship exists between
two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon. 

4. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH

          This kind of study is undertaken when the investigator is after probing or exploring areas where
little is known about the research problem. 

5. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

          In this type of research, the researcher probes into the cause of an effect by exploring one or
more experimental groups to one or more treatments or conditions. 

6. EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH

          Research is of this type when the investigator delves on analyzing the possible effect of a factor
which cannot be manipulated or controlled. 

7. HISTORICAL RESEARCH

          In historical research, the investigator attempts to reconstruct the past objectively and accurately
or to explain an incident that happened in the past with the use of data taken from the past.

8. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
          This type of research is done when the researcher is concerned with explaining or describing a
phenomenon holistically, with the use of multiple data collection techniques. 

A PERSONALIZED APPROACH IN WRITING RESEARCH

1. Get Involved.

          Start by selecting a subject that really interests you and then carry out your research personally,
using both primary and secondary sources.

2. Keep a Journal.

          Consider writing in a journal during your research. Thinking and writing about your work will help
you make sense of and evaluate new information.

3. Personalized It.

          Present the result of your searching in light of your own thoughts and decisions about what
information means. Your readers want to consider a new twist on your topic, not just look at facts they
could gather themselves.

4. Follow the Steps.

          Finally, follow the steps in researching.

Selecting Research Topic

STEPS IN THE PROCESS OF RESEARCHING

1. FIND A RESEARCH TOPIC

          Meaningful research projects start with a personal need or desire to know.

          If you have the need to know, you may already have a good subject for your research paper. If
you are not sure, think about it. Think about the subjects you have studied in school, the hobbies you
have enjoyed, the materials you have read, the movies or television programs you have seen. Think
about the controversial topics, recent stories in the news, the political and social conditions of a city, the
interest of the young people, and things that are important in your life. To do good research, you need
to find a subject that interest you and seems practical for the time and resources available.

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE CHOICE OF RESEARCH TOPIC

a. Novel

b. Relevant

c. Interesting

d. Feasible
e. Researchable

f. Ethical

2. THINK ABOUT YOUR SUBJECT

          Once you have selected a general subject, you need to explore it further. You can start by taking
out your journal and writing down everything you know (and do not know) about your subject. Use
the who, what when, where, why and how questions.

3. LIMIT YOUR SUBJECT

Once you have done all your preliminary thinking, you need to take steps to find a limiting subject. 

So, with a general subject area in mind, you are ready to begin the process of zeroing in one a specific,
limited topic, one you can adequately cover in a specific time.

        Example:

               Broad                               Transportation

              Limited                              Types of Transportation

              More Limited                    Types of Transportation in Baliwag, Bulacan

4. WRITE A THESIS STATEMENT

          With a limited subject in hand, you will want next to compose a sentence to serve as the
controlling idea for your research. This called the Thesis Statement-as sentence that states what you
believe your research will prove. Even though your original thesis statement may change as you do more
research, it will guide you and make your research more productive.

HERE ARE SOME TIPS TO HELP YOU DEVELOP A USEFUL THESIS STATEMENT:

a. Consider carefully the general information you have already gathered about your subject and
decide what specifically        you would like to cover in your research.

b. Put your idea in the form of a question.

      Example:  What programs are currently in effect to help endangered species of eagles?

c. Now turn your question into sentence that states exactly what you would like to say about your
subject.

     Example: The current program to reintroduce the eagles into the forests of the country are not
achieving the desired results.
The Process

         A THESIS STATEMENT is usually a single sentence that contains two main elements- a limited
subject plus a specific attitude towards the subject. To arrive at a final thesis, you may follow this
process:

1. Select your Subject

2. Narrow your subject

3. Select a working thesis

4. Put your thesis in the form of a question

5. Compose a final thesis statement

SELECTING A TOPIC

The ability to develop a good research topic is an important skill. An instructor may assign you a
specific topic, but most often instructors require you to select your own topic of interest. When deciding
on a topic, there are a few things that you will need to do:

 BRAINSTORM FOR IDEAS

 CHOOSE A TOPIC THAT WILL ENABLE YOU TO READ AND UNDERSTAND THE LITERATURE

 ENSURE THAT THE TOPIC IS MANAGEABLE AND THAT MATERIAL IS AVAILABLE

 MAKE A LIST OF KEY WORDS

 BE FLEXIBLE

 DEFINE YOUR TOPIC AS A FOCUSED RESEARCH QUESTION

 RESEARCH AND READ MORE ABOUT YOUR TOPIC

 FORMULATE A THESIS STATEMENT

Be aware that selecting a good topic may not be easy. It must be narrow and focused enough to be
interesting, yet broad enough to find adequate information. Before selecting your topic, make sure you
know what your final project should look like. Each class or instructor will likely require a different
format or style of research project.

USE THE STEPS BELOW TO GUIDE YOU THROUGH THE PROCESS OF SELECTING A RESEARCH TOPIC.

STEP 1: BRAINSTORM FOR IDEAS

Choose a topic that interests you. Use the following questions to help generate topic ideas.

 Do you have a strong opinion on a current social or political controversy

 Did you read or see a news story recently that has piqued your interest or made you angry or
anxious?
  Do you have a personal issue, problem or interest that you would like to know more about?

 Do you have a research paper due for a class this semester?

 Is there an aspect of a class that you are interested in learning more about?

Look at some of the following topically oriented Web sites and research sites for ideas.

 Are you interested in current events, government, politics or the social sciences?

 Try Washington File

 Are you interested in health or medicine?

 Look in Healthfinder.gov, Health & Wellness Resource Center or the National Library of

Medicine

 Are you interested in the Humanities; art, literature, music?

 Browse links from the National Endowment for the Humanities

 For other subject areas try:

 the Scout Report or the New York Times/ College Web site

Write down any key words or concepts that may be of interest to you. Could these terms help be used
to form a more focused research topic?

Be aware of overused ideas when deciding a topic. You may wish to avoid topics such as, abortion, gun
control, teen pregnancy, or suicide unless you feel you have a unique approach to the topic. Ask the
instructor for ideas if you feel you are stuck or need additional guidance.

STEP 2: READ GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Read a general encyclopedia article on the top two or three topics you are considering. Reading a broad
summary enables you to get an overview of the topic and see how your idea relates to broader,
narrower, and related issues. It also provides a great source for finding words commonly used to
describe the topic. These keywords may be very useful to your later research. If you can’t find an article
on your topic, try using broader terms and ask for help from a librarian.

For example, the Encyclopedia Britannica Online (or the printed version of this encyclopedia, in
Thompson Library's Reference Collection on Reference Table 1) may not have an article on Social and
Political Implications of Jackie Robinsons Breaking of the Color Barrier in Major League Baseball but
there will be articles on baseball history and on Jackie Robinson.

Browse the Encyclopedia Americana for information on your topic ideas. Notice that both online
encyclopedias provide links to magazine articles and Web sites. These are listed in the left or the right
margins.

 Use periodical indexes to scan current magazine, journal or newspaper articles on your topic.
Ask a librarian if they can help you to browse articles on your topics of interest.
  Use Web search engines. Google and Bing are currently considered to be two of the best search
engines to find web sites on the topic.

STEP 3: FOCUS ON YOUR TOPIC

Keep it manageable.

A topic will be very difficult to research if it is too broad or narrow. One way to narrow a broad topic
such as "the environment" is to limit your topic. Some common ways to limit a topic are:

 by geographical area

Example: What environmental issues are most important in the Southwestern United States

 by culture

Example: How does the environment fit into the Navajo world view?

 by time frame

Example: What are the most prominent environmental issues of the last 10 years?

 by discipline

Example: How does environmental awareness effect business practices today?

 by population group

Example: What are the effects of air pollution on senior citizens?

Remember that a topic may be too difficult to research if it is too:

 locally confined - Topics this specific may only be covered in these (local) newspapers, if at all.

Example: What sources of pollution affect the Genesee County water supply?

 recent - If a topic is quite recent, books or journal articles may not be available, but newspaper
or magazine articles may. Also, Web sites related to the topic may or may not be available.

 broadly interdisciplinary - You could be overwhelmed with superficial information.

Example: How can the environment contribute to the culture, politics, and society of the Western
states?

 popular - You will only find very popular articles about some topics such as sports figures and
high-profile celebrities and musicians.

If you have any difficulties or questions with focusing your topic, discuss the topic with your instructor,
or with a librarian. 

STEP 4: MAKE A LIST OF USEFUL KEYWORDS

Keep track of the words that are used to describe your topic.

 Look for words that best describe your topic.

  Look for them in when reading encyclopedia articles and background and general information

 Find broader and narrower terms, synonyms, key concepts for key words to widen your search
capabilities

 Make note of these words and use them later when searching databases and catalogs

STEP 5: BE FLEXIBLE

It is common to modify your topic during the research process. You can never be sure of what you may
find. You may find too much and need to narrow your focus, or too little and need to broaden your
focus. This is a normal part of the research process. When researching, you may not wish to change your
topic, but you may decide that some other aspect of the topic is more interesting or manageable. 

Keep in mind the assigned length of the research paper, project, bibliography, or other research
assignment. Be aware of the depth of coverage needed and the due date. These important factors may
help you decide how much and when you will modify your topic. You instructor will probably provide
specific requirements, if not the table below may provide a rough guide:

Assigned Length of Research Suggested guidelines for approximate number and types of
Paper or Project sources needed

1–2-page paper 2-3 magazine articles or Web sites

3–5-page paper 4-8 items, including book, articles (scholarly and/or popular) and
Web sites

Annotated Bibliography 6-15 items including books, scholarly articles, Web sites and other
items

10–15-page research paper 12-20 items, including books, scholarly articles, web sites and other
items

STEP 6: DEFINE YOUR TOPIC AS A FOCUSED RESEARCH QUESTION

You will often begin with a word, develop a more focused interest in an aspect of something relating to
that word, then begin to have questions about the topic. 

For example:

Ideas = Frank Lloyd Wright or modern architecture

Research Question = How has Frank Lloyd Wright influenced modern architecture?
Focused Research Question = What design principles used by Frank Lloyd Wright are common in
contemporary homes?
STEP 7: RESEARCH AND READ MORE ABOUT YOUR TOPIC

Use the key words you have gathered to research in the catalog, article databases, and Internet search
engines. Find more information to help you answer your research question.
You will need to do some research and reading before you select your final topic. Can you find enough
information to answer your research question? Remember, SELECTING A TOPIC is an important and
complex part of the research process.

STEP 8: FORMULATE A THESIS STATEMENT

Write your topic as a thesis statement. This may be the answer to your research question and/or a way
to clearly state the purpose of your research. Your thesis statement will usually be one or two sentences
that states precisely what is to be answered, proven, or what you will inform your audience about
your topic.
The development of a thesis assumes there is sufficient evidence to support the thesis statement.

For example, a thesis statement could be: Frank Lloyd Wright's design principles, including his use of
ornamental detail and his sense of space and texture opened a new era of American architecture. His
work has influenced contemporary residential design. 

The title of your paper may not be exactly the same as your research question or your thesis statement,
but the title should clearly convey the focus, purpose and meaning of your research.

For example, a title could be: Frank Lloyd Wright: Key Principles of Design For the Modern Home

Remember to follow any specific instructions from your instructor.

FORMAT OF RESEARCH PAPER

FRONT MATERIAL

Title Page

          It gives the full title of the research, the researcher's name, name of college or university, degree
conferred and the date of submission. The Information required in the title page is arrange in inverted
pyramid.

Approval Sheet

          It contains the signature of the researcher's adviser, panel members, reader or critic and the dean
of the college granting the degree.

Acknowledgement Page

          It embodies the researcher's expression of gratitude to individuals or organizations which have
aided him in completing the study. Thus, only those who gave him substantial help should be
recognized.
Abstract

          It is a brief summary of the research that was completed. The following have to be included in the
abstract: title of the study, name of the researcher, nature of the document, degree conferred, granting
institution, year the manuscript was written, number of pages, statement of the problem, research
methods and procedures, as well as the findings of the study.

Table of Contents

          This front material orients the reader on the content of the research report. Entry in the table of
content parallels those found in the different chapters of the report and their respective subsections.
The exact numbering of pages in the body of the report is indicated in the same way in this particular
preliminary material.

List of Tables and Figures

          This come right after the table of content. Tables and figures cited in the body of the report are
presented consecutively in one page, based on their sequence in the text of the report.

BODY SECTION

CHAPTER I- THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

          Introduction

          Background of the Study

          Statement of the Problem

          Theoretical Framework

          Conceptual Framework

          Significance of the Study

          Scope and Delimitation

          Definition of Terms

CHAPTER II - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

            Introductory Paragraph

            Foreign Literature

            Local Literature

          Foreign Studies

            Local Studies

            Synthesis

CHAPTER III - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

            Research Design/Research Method Used

            Population and Sample of the Study

            Research Instrument/Data Collection Instrument

            Data Gathering Collection

            Data Analysis/Statistical Treatment of Data

CHAPTER IV - DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

CHAPTER V - SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

BACK MATERIAL

 Bibliography/References

         A complete list of references and other resources used by the researcher.

Appendices

          Material used or produced in the study, but which occupy too much space to be included in the
body of the report.

Curriculum Vitae

         Qualifications of the researcher.

REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW

          The review of the literature and studies involves the critiquing or looking over again what other
research have done in relation to the problem studied. Conducting the review serves numerous
purposes.

       1. Can broaden the researcher's knowledge base in the research area.

       2. It means of ensuring originality in the conduct of one's research.

       3. It is a way of ensuring clarity and focus on one's study.

      4. It provide the researcher insights on the weaknesses and strengths of the previous studies.

       5. It ca help the researcher in formulating the theoretical and conceptual framework.

WRITING THE REVIEW

       1. The text of the review should be brief and direct to the point.

       2. Have a plan on how you are to present the review.

       3. Emphasize relatedness.

       4. Review the literature, don't reproduce it.

PRESENTING THE REVIEW 

          There are three (3) ways of presenting the review namely:

       1. Chronological Approach

            Literature and studies are presented according to the year they were written. 

            A. Introduction

            B. Recent Literature and Studies

            C. Least Literature and Studies

             D. Synthesis of the Review 

       2. Thematic or Variable Approach

             Literature and studies with the same finding or themes are group together.  

            A. Introduction

            B. Literature and Studies Variable 1

            C. Literature and Studies Variable 2

             D. Synthesis of the Review 

      3. Country of Origin Approach

           Literature and studies are categorized by country where they came from. This scheme is
popularly used.

           A. Introduction

           B. Foreign Literature 

           C. Local Literature 

           D. Foreign Studies    

            E. Local Studies

            F. Synthesis of the Review 

INTRODUCTION

          It is in here where the researcher have to make the reader aware on how the paper present the
RRL.

SYNTHESIS
         It specify the uniqueness of the study to the literature and studies that the researcher included in
the review.

LITERATURE REVIEW

It is a comprehensive classification and evaluation of what other researchers have written about your
topic.

An exciting literature review presents conflicting or contradictory results of previous studies, w/c could
then be a research gap that will be filled by your study."
It identifies areas that could be studied when you can establish that there seems to be a lack of
attention on a given topic. A review of the relevant literature is needed.

"to establish gaps, which are the bases of “the significance of the research paper.

HOW TO SELECT RELEVANT LITERATURE

As a general rule, an undergraduate who is" doing a thesis should review about 20 to 50 materials. A
master’s thesis should be over 50 and a doctoral dissertation should use over 75.

Because you are expected to review about 20"to 30 materials, it is definite that you go about hundreds
of literatures before settling to the minimum number."

TIPS TO SELECT RELEVANT LITERATURE

 Read articles you find easy to understand first.

 Scan the said material for key arguments.

 Do an in-depth reading of the said material.

 Decide whether this material is of great relevance to your topic.

TWO TYPES OF DEFINITION OF VARIABLES

1. Lexical (Conceptual) – these are according to authoritative sources.

2. Operational – these are based on how the term is or will be used in your study.

WRITING THE LITERATURE REVIEW

The Literature Review is one whole essay that has its own introduction, body, and conclusion. Just like
in an essay, you start with your thesis statement and explore on This in the body.

You don’t just summarize the results of studies in this section; you also give your analysis of these
materials.

An exciting literature reviews present contrasting results or arguments as well as the lack of
studies in your topic.
A good literature review is one that Establishes the research gaps, those that are unknown about
your topic, and those which are known but are conflicting.

POINTERS IN WRITING THE LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Remember to select and analyze studies that have been done about your topic.

2. Choose a consistent way of organizing your literature . Organization involves the

ordering of the review itself. It should be chronological (organize the literature by the dates the
research was published), thematic or conceptual/topical (organize by main topics or issues;
emphasize the relationship of the issues to the main “problem”.

3. Present how the previous studies relate to one another. Present also the limitations of
these researches.

4. Discuss how your own research fits into the literature.

THE PROCESS OF REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Opening an article with a bibliographical list that begins with the author’s name like the ff.
examples is not good:

Aquino (2015) said…… Roxas (2016) stated…..

Examples of better article openings manifesting critical thinking through analysis, comparison and
contrast of ideas and findings are as follows:

 "One early work by (Castro, 2017) proves that.

 "Another study on the topic by (Torres, 2017) maintains that.
 "The latest study by (Gomez, 2018) reveals that.
 "A research study by (Rivera, 2017) explains that.

Using transitional devices and active verbs to link or express authors’ ideas in your paper can be very
helpful. Using correct words to link ideas will make you synthesize your literature review.

 Transitional devices – also, additionally, again, similarly, a similar opinion, however,

conversely, on the other hand, nevertheless, a contrasting opinion, a differential approach etc."

 Active verbs – analyze, argues, assess, assert, assume, claim, compare, contrast, conclude,
criticize, debate, defend, define, demonstrate, discuss, distinguish, differentiate, evaluate,
examine, emphasize, explain, exhibit etc."
PART OF THE RESEARCH PAPER

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND IT’S BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION - This is where you provide an introduction to the topic of your thesis: you gave the
context in terms of content of the research project.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY - This focuses on the question “who will benefit from the study?” It also
states the contribution and usefulness of your study in the society.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM - the problem must be reflected in your title. it means to talk about the
subject matter of your paper. in a way it means describing the issue you are going to investigate and
solve.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK - it represents the researchers synthesis of literature on how to explain it

phenomenon. it maps out the actions required in the course of the study given his previous knowledge
of other researchers point of view and his observations on the subject of the research.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION - the scope is the depth of exploration that a person plans for a topic. the
delimitations are control factors that the researcher chooses to narrow the scope of the study.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS - must be listed Alphabetically. defining important terms is essential to

ensure a common understanding of key concepts and terminology is shared between the dissertation
author and his or her audience particularly if the term is unusual or not widely known.

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER 2 PARTS

 Introductory paragraph
 Foreign literature
 Local literature
 Foreign study
 Local study
 Synthesis

RELATED LITERATURE- a literature review is basically a review of as much of the literature as possible
around a particular research problem/question this can include theoretical articles, critical reviews of
studies that have been conducted, outlines of methodologies, and so on.
Books, encyclopedias, journals, magazines, and newspapers from printed or online sources

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN - is a plan to answer your research question. A research method is a strategy used
to implement that plan. research design and methods are different but closely related, because good
research design ensures that the data you obtain will help you answer your research question more
effectively.

POPULATION SAMPLES - population sampling is the process of taking a subset of subjects that is
representative of the entire population the sample must have sufficient size to warrant statistical
analysis.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT - are measurement tools (for example questionnaires or scales) design to
obtain data on a topic of interest from research subjects.

VALIDATION PROCEDURE - method validation is the process used to confirm that the analytical
procedures employed for a specific test is suitable for its intended use. results from method validation
can be used to judge the quality, reliability, and consistency of analytical results, it is an integral part of
any good analytical practice.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE - Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information
on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research
question, test hypothesis, and evaluate outcomes.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA - is a summary of the procedure including statistical methods used.

CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY COMPLETIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

DISCUSSION - refer to the hypothesis objectives or questions assess the meaning of the results by
evaluating and interpreting speculation should be reasonable family justified and subject to test this is
the hardest part right because committees me challenge the invitation interpretation of the data in the
defense.

CONCLUSION - relate directly to the research questions or objectives do you represent the contribution
to the knowledge they also relate directly to the significance of the study which is always in someway to
improve the human condition.

RECOMMENDATION - this can take two forms: recommendations for further study, or
recommendations for change, or both. It’s recommendations showed trace directly to a conclusion.

REFERENCES - this will follow the specific format of an individual style guide such as APA Chicago or
other every name and you in the body of the text should be repeated in the list of references with no
exceptions.
APPENDICES - in a qualitative or quantitative, if the study involves an organization, a letter of permission
to conduct the study is required from the appropriate administrator at the organization. in a qualitative
study, a letter of invitation and consent form from all adult participants is included in the letter of
permission from parents if my nurse are in bold data collection instruments are included some
institution required a vita at the end.

examples

Title 

Awareness of Baliuag University Students towards Backpacking

Person and Value

The investigator or the researcher

Passive 

It was noted that

The following conclusions were drawn

Active

The researcher noted that

The writer come up with the following conclusion...

Tentative

The following conclusions appeared to be....

Findings seems to imply that....

Definite

Ranked first among the values was...

Flowery languages

The purpose of this extremly significant research was described very vividly, the prevailing
organizational culture of Manuel L. Quezon University and to explore its tremendous impact on the
commitment of the faculty to this prestigious institution....

Simple language

This study sought to describe the prevailing organizational culture of Manuel L. Quezon University and
its relationship to the faculty members' commitment to the institution...