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From about 130 and especially since the behavioral revolution in 1950 the study of politics
has been influenced by the concept is derived from biology and physical sciences, in which
the focus is on systems. System is bounded regions in space-time, involving energy
interchange among their parts, which are associated in functional relationship. In simpler
words, it means that every living and non-living body consist of two or more parts, which are
constantly acting and interceding with each other as well as with the environment around it,
as a single operating whole, or as a system. Examples of such operating wholes or system
are countless, for the whole universe is full of them. Some are very small and other
immense in dimensions. The atom is a system, and so are molecules, crystals, viruses,
clocks, engines, ocean fleets, animals (including humans), small groups, like families or
schools, societies (including state or political systems), planets, solar systems, galaxies,
etc. If, however, we restrict ourselves to living systems, they are really behavior systems,
which extend from viruses and animal to human societies and political system. Moreover, a
system consists of two or more subsystems. For instance, human body, which is in itself a
system, consist of several subsystem, such as the nervous system, the digestive system,
the circulatory system, etc.
DEFINITION OF A SYSTEM
A system is a structural functional organization of two or more separate but interdependent
parts, which form an integrated whole o achieve some objectives. Each system has two or
more subsystems within it, while it is itself a subsystem of a larger system, which forms its
environment. For example, a family is a subsystem of the society, or a political party is a
subsystem of the state which is itself a political system.
Every system has the following characteristics
1: INTER-DEPENDENCE
It means that the functioning of a system depends on the proper functioning of each one of
its component parts.
2: DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
A system maintains itself throughout a limited period of time. If anything goes wrong in it,
some regulatory mechanism comes into operation to restore equilibrium.
3: ACTIVITY
A system maintains itself by constantly interacting with the environment around it. Such a
system is known as an open system.
Modernity
A political system is said to be democratic if its political subsystem, like political parties or
interest groups, enjoy autonomy with regard to the decision-making governmental system. If
not, it is a traditional political system. Hence there are four types of political systems, as
under
Traditional non-democratic political system.
The inputs,
The outputs,
According to Easton, there are, besides the political system, two other political systems.
One of them is bellow it, which he called Para-political system, e.g. political panics,
pressure groups, etc. and the other is above it, namely the international political system. But
it is the national political system which is political system par excellence because it alone
makes and implements authoritative decisions allocating values or goods and resources to
individuals, and groups, in the society.