Q1.

(a) Explain and give examples for the electrical term below:
i. Alternating Current and Direct Current
Alternating Current (AC) describe the flow of charge that charges direction periodically
at a given frequency. As a result, the voltage level also reverses along with the current.
AC is used to deliver power to house, office building, etc.
Direct Current (DC) describes the flow of charge constantly in one direction. As a result,
the voltage and current is constant. DC is used to deliver power to electronic gadgets,
etc.

ii. The peak voltage of a sinusoidal supply

The general mathematical expression for a sinusoid is given by,
V(t) = Vm sin (ωt +ø)
V(t) = Vm sin ωt
Vm is the aplitude or peak value (m volt for voltage)
For example : v(t) = 12 cos (50t + 10˚)
Answer : (12 V, 10˚ , 50 rads/sec,0.126 sec, 7.937 Hz)

iii. The effective or root means square value

RMS is equal to the value of the direct current that would produce the same average
power dissipation in a resistive load. Electrical engineers often need to know the power,
P, dissipated by an electrical resistance, R. It is easy to do the calculation when there is
a constant current, I, through the resistance. For a load of R ohm’s, power is defined
simply as P = I² X R

iv. Frequency and period

f is the frequency in hertz (hz) and can be defined or calculated by,
f = I/T
T is the period in second (s) and can be defined or calculate by,
 T = 2π/ω
b) Please write the domain and phasor domain expression for the sinusoidal
waveform given in Figure Q1 (b) below.

Voltage (v)
Vm = 565.7v

Time (s)

Vm= -565.7v

Figure Q1 (b)

Answer : V(t) = Vm sin ωt

c) In Malaysia, the industrial user with large power consumption would have to
observe their site power factor to be less than 0.85 at all times to increase the
efficiency in sending power electrically.

i. Define power sector

ratio between the active power to the apparent power.
Average power P
P= ¿ ¿ Vrms. Irms . cos ∅ ÷Vrms . Irms = cos ∅
apparent power S
The value of pf lies from zero to 1.

ii. List down the steps normally taken by the industry to improve the power factor
at their site.
- use the higher power rating of generator
- use the bigger cable size to maintain higher current flow
- use the capasitor connected across the load (parallel with load)
- connecting a synchronous machine in parallel with load

d) A 50 kVA, 5000/500V, 50 Hz, single phase transformer has the high voltage
winding with a resistance of 8Ω and low voltage winding with a resistance of
0.06 Ω . The no load losses which represent core losses of the transformer
amount to 1000W.
i. Calculate the efficiency of the transformer when delivering its full-rated output
at a power factor of 0.8.
Given:
S=50kVA, V1 = 5000v, V2 = 500v, f = 50Hz, R1 = 8Ω, R2 = 0.06 Ω , Pi = 1000w
Cos ∅ = 0.8

I1 = S / V1 = 50 X10ᶟ ÷ 5000 = 10A

I2 = S / V2 = 50 X10ᶟ ÷ 5000 = 100A
Pw1 = I1² R1 = 10² x 8 = 800w
Pw2 = I2² R2 = 100² x 0.06 = 600w
Pw at full load = Pw1 + Pw2
= 800w + 600w = 1400w
% η = ((S x Cos ∅) / (S x Cos ∅ + Pw + Pi )) X 100%

= ( 50 X10ᶟ x 0.8) / (50 X10ᶟ x 0.8 + 1400 + 1000) x 100%

= 94.39%
ii. With the same power factor, what will be the efficiency if the output drops
down to 80% of the rated value?

Pw at 80% of rated value = ( 80/100)² x 1400

= 896w
S at 80% of rated value = 0.8 x 50 X10ᶟ
= 40kVA
% η at 80% of rated value =

((40 X10ᶟ x 0.8 X 0.8) / (40 X10ᶟ x 0.8 X 0.8 + 896 +1000))*100%

= 94.40%

e) A 3- phase induction motor used to drive many types of loads like air-
conditioning, pump etc. with the aid of diagram and formula, explain the
following.
i. Constructional and operational principle;
Induction motor is two types
1. Stator > high grade alloy steel lamination
2. Rotor > squirrel rotor, wound rotor
 Partaining to the induction motor, power factor by static capasitor.

ii. Synchronous / angular speed (Ns), rotor speed (Ns), slip (s) and their
relationship.

Induction motor
Synchronous motor Rotating magnetic field ----> physical speed--Synchronous speed

Synchronous generator

Formula of the Synchronous speed Ns = 120F / P

Rotor Speed
The rotor speed is defined as a speed at which the motor of induction motor rotater.
Slip is defined as the difference in speed between stator flux speed (sync speed), and
rotor speed.
The value is usually expressed in %.
Slip value at no load is usually 1% and can reach to 5% at full load.

Slip, s = (ns – nr) / ns x 100%

Rotor speed = N = (120F / P) X (1- S) Rpm
iii. State 3 types of starting circuit
1. Starter motor and drive mechanism
2. Ignition switch
3. Starter relay or solenoid

iv. Disadvantage of induction motor.

- at heavy load it draws high initial starting current.
- 3-phase induction motor speed difficult as compare to DC machine
- operates lagging power factor which result to increase I²R losses.
Q2.
a) Describe the function and purpose of using a power transformer in electrical
power system.

A transformer is an electrical device which by the principle of electromagnetic induction ,

transfer electric energy from one electric circuit to another without changing the
frequency.The energy transfer usually take place with a change of voltage and current.

b) Describe in detail and its components, the losses of a power transformer when
energized but not supplying any energy to any load (no-load condition).

A power transformer dissipates a constant no-load loss as long as it is energized at

constant voltage 24 hours a day, for all conditions of loading. Transformer no-load loss,
often called core loss or iron loss, is the power loss in. the two main components of the
core are hystoresis loss and eddy-current loss.

c) A one-phase transformer 200 kVA, 11000/400 V, 50 Hz has 1000 turns on the

primary side. Assuming the transformer is ideal, at the rated value calculate the
value of the primary and secondary currents and the number of turns in the
secondary, assuming a load power factor of unity.

VA rating of the transformer = V1Z1 = V2Z2

Z1[ FL ] = VA rating / V1
Z2[ FL ] = VA rating / V2
E1 = 11000v
E2 = 400v
f = 50Hz
N1 = 1000
N2 = ?
E1[FL]
E2 / E 1 = N 2 / N 1
400 / 11000 = N2 / 1000
N2 =36.36

E1 = V1
E2 = V 2
I1 [ FL] = 200 X10ᶟ ÷ 11000 = 18.18A -> Primary
I2 [ FL] = 200 X10ᶟ ÷ 400 = 500A -> Secondary

The number of turns in the secondary, assuming a load power factor of unity
N1 / N2 = L1/ L2
1000 / N2 = 11000 / 400
Secondary turn = 36.36
d) Describe the squirrel cage rotor of an induction motor through a sketch. Label
the parts accordingly.
Squirrel cage motor is one of the types of induction motors. In order to generate motion,
it hardens electromagnetism. As the output shaft is connected to the rotor inner
component which is looking like a cage. Hence it is called squirrel cage. The two-end
caps i.e, circular in shape are joined by rotor bars. These are acted based on the EMF
i.e, generated by the stator. This EMF is also generated outer housing that is made of
laminated metal sheets and wire coiling. The two main parts of any type of induction
motor are the stator and the rotor. The squirrel cage is a simple method of pulling an
electromagnetic induction effect.
Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Working Principle

Squirrel induction motor working is based on the principle of electromagnetism. When

the stator winding is supplied with a three-phase AC, it produces a rotating magnetic
field (RMF) which has a speed called synchronous speed. This RMF causes voltage
induced in the rotor bars. So, that short-circuit current flows through that. Due to these
rotor currents, a self-magnetic field is generated which interacts with the stator field.
Now, as per the principle, the rotor field starts opposing its cause. when the RMF
catches the rotor moment, the rotor current drops to zero. Then there would be no
relative moment between the rotor and RMF.
Hence, the zero tangential force is experienced by the rotor and reduces for a moment.
After this reduction in the moment of the rotor, the rotor current is induced again by the
reconstruction of relative motion between the RMF and the rotor. Hence the tangential
force of the rotor for the rotation is restored and starts by following the RMF. In this
case, the rotor maintains a constant speed, which is less than the speed of RMF and
synchronous speed. Here, the difference between the speed of RMF and the rotor is
measured in the form of slip. The final frequency of the rotor can be obtained by the
multiplication of slip and supply frequency.
Rotor converts given electrical energy into mechanical output. The shaft, a core, short-
circuited copper bars are the parts of the rotor. In order to avoid hysteresis and eddy
currents that are leading to power loss, the rotor is laminated. And I order to prevent
cogging, conductors are skewed which also helps to give a good transformation ratio.

A fan attached at the back of the rotor for heat exchange helps in maintaining under a
limit of the temperature of the motor. For the smooth rotation, bearings are provided in
the motor.
(e) A 3 phase induction motor with star connection has data on the motor plate
as follows:
Voltage / frequency: 400 V / 50 Hz
Number of poles: 4
Rotor speed: 1475 rpm
Power Rating: 10 Horsepower
Power Factor: 0.8

i.Determine the synchronous speed (Ns) and percentage slip (S) of the motor.
Ns = 120F / P
= 120(50) / 4
= 1500 rpm
S% = ((1500-1475) / 1475) X 100
= 1.69%

ii.Suddenly a bearing in the motor breaks and this slows down the speed of the
motor by 15%. Find out the new slip.

15% X 1475 = 221.25

1475 – 221.25 = 1253.75
New S% = ((1800-1253.75) / 1253.75) X 100
= 19.64%
Q3.
(a) Explain how the electricity of 230 V, single-phase is supplied to the residential
customer from the Tenaga Nasional, 400 V, three-phase overhead distribution
lines.

Electricity is generated in power plants which are often located far away from the
populated areas. There are various types of hydropower generating stations. A power
plant may consist two or more 3-phase alternator which are operated in parallel.
Electricity is generated in power plants distributed and transmitted within transmission
system. From 500kV Primary Transmission power line into step-down 500kV to 230kV ,
then distributed and transmitted into 230kV to 69kV sub-transmission power line. After
that the electricity transferred into distribution substation and step -downed from 69kV to
12kV distribution system into overhead distribution transformer and underground
distribution transformer and distribute into distribution line in 3 phase to residential
customer
b) The advantage of having ring connected socket outlet despite the higher cost
is:
It saves on the cost of wiring. typically a 230v ring main will be fused at 32A and be
wired in 2.5mm cable. However, 2.5mm cable is only suitable for up to 21A but if you
wire in a ring, half the current goes one way and half the other, allowing user to use
lower cost and easier to handle 2.5mm cable.

Maximum floor area 2.5mm² Cables

100M²
c) The four examples of electrical hazard sources that can be found in home or
office or:
1. Poor wiring and defective electric wires.
2. Outlets close to water.
3. Lightbulbs.
4. Covered electrical cords and wires.

(d) Draw a complete connection diagram of a Distribution Fuse Board supplying

to a house starting from the kW-hour meter. In your drawing, please include and
label the components below.
i. Cut-out fuse
ii. Residual Current Device the slip at full load
iii. Miniature Molded Circuit Breaker
iv. Neutral and earth pits

iii) Miniature
circuit breaker

i.Cut-off fuse ii) RCCD

e) A three-phase electrical source supplied by TNB to the substation of a
building using 3 wire with delta connection where the line voltage is 11 kV, 50 Hz.
Assume that there are no losses found in the substation, estimate the line current
supplied by TNB if the building losses balanced power by 700 kW with 0.8 lagging
power factor
Calculation of Line current of TNB
Line voltage: 11kv or11000V
Power: 700kw or 700000w
PF: 0.8
So total power (P) is: 700000/0.8=875000
Line current, I=P/V*√ 3
So 875000/11000*√ 3=138A