Cytokine When is it released? Effect?

IL-1 vascular permeability, adaptive immune response, fever

TNF-a TLR vascular permeability,fever, apoptosis, immune resopnse
IL-6 adaptive immune response, fever, in bone marrow - longevity of plasma
IL-12 from macrophages adaptive immune response (NK cells), promotes Th1
CXCL8 chemotaxis chemoattractant for neutrophils, basophils, Tcells
IL-8 from macrophages Attracts neutrophils
IL-2 Th1 cells Tcell growth factor, activates B/NK (follicular proliferation), 2nd signal for
IL-4 Th2 cell IgE, More Th2, less Th1
1L-13 Th2 IGE,
IL-5 Th2 cell Eosinophilia, IgA
IL-10 Th2 cell, Treg Anti-inflamm, no Th1
TGF-B Treg, M2 macrophage anti-inflamm, class-switching IgA, initiaties fibrosis
IL-17 Th17 Mucosal immunity - macrophages and neutrophils
IL-7 Thymus cortex for dev of Tcell from double negative to double positive, pro B cell prolifer
IL-21 germinal center keeps B cells alive
Baff/Blys Mature B cell survival
IL-1B inflammasome release cytokines for inflammation, after recognizing dead cell products, c
CD31 diapedesis allongside collagenase allows neutrophils to extravasate
C5a chemotaxis neutrophils
LTB4 chemotaxis neutrophils
VEGF vascular permeability and proliferation
EGF epidermal/fibroblast growth/proliferation
TNF recruit macrophage
FGF angiogenesis
 Interferons When released? Effect
IFN-a by virally-infected cells prime nearby cells for
IFN-b virally-infected cells viral attack
ow - longevity of plasmaIFN-gamma Th1 cells activate th1, block Th2, increase MHC expression, I

oliferation), 2nd signal for CD8

positive, pro B cell proliferation/survival

nizing dead cell products, caspase-1 inactive neutrophil - Lselectin or LFA-1 binds Icam/g
On cell surface Ligand Signal?
MHC-2 TCR 1-Tcell
CD28/icos CD80/86 or B7 2-Tcell
CD40 CD40L 2-Bcell
L-selectin Gly-CAM1 HEV to enter HEV (inactive)
VLA-4/LFA-4 VCAM/ICAM to enter inflamed tissue
Cd21 C3d/ag (complemphosphorylates CD19, signalling
CD79 BCR/ag P-ITAM signalling pathway
CLA E-selectin Tcell binding vascular endothelum

CD32B/FCgammaRII Ag-IgG phosphataces. Less BCR signalling

CD22 Inhibits BCR signalling
PD1 PDL1 (tumor cell)when bound, kills Tcell
CD11b tumor- myeloid derived suppressor cells
CD34 tumor- myeloid derived suppressor cells
CD45 tumor- myeloid derived suppressor cells
CCR4 P-selecin/E-selecton neutrophils
Sialyl-Lewis X interacts w selecton neutrophils
LFA-4/LFA-1 ICAM-1/VCAM-1 on active neutrophils
 DNA Capsid
Parvo naked ss icosahedral
Adeno naked ds icosahedral
Papilloma naked ds icosahedral
Papoma naked ds icosahedral

Hepadnovirus (HBV) enveloped ds icosahedral

Herpes enveloped ds icosahedral
POX enveloped ds complex

HIV DRUGS
Lifecycle block drug type drug name mechanism
Co-receptor maraviroc blocks coreceptor CCR5, CXCR4
fusion enfurvitide blocks gp41 fusion

no 3'-OH, remature termination. Enters cell

without PO group as prodrug, host kinase
reverse transcription NRTI AZTzidovudinwill add PO
(also used in lamivodine
NUCLEOTIDE tenofovir
reverse transcription NNRTI Nevirapine (aallosteric, non-competitive inhibition, not i
Efavirenz
integration raltegravir blocks integration of viral/host DNA
protease Ritonavir blocks necessary cleaving of protein in devel
Saquinavir
 replication DRUG TYPE
linear nucleus acyclic nucleoside analogs
linear nucleus
nucleus
nucles

nucleus
linear nucleus
linear cytoplasm viral neuraminidase
viral neuraminidase
IFNa

side effect?

myelosuppression,
myopathy, neuropathy,
long term resistance, avoid
p450 inhibitors (liver
damage) reduces fetal transmission

life threatehing skin rash

resistance (give with RTI), d inhibits other protease inhibitors metabolism

can crystallize liver/kidney
DRUG NAMES mechanism virus
purine base, acyclic-ribose lHSV
acyclovir viral kinase 1P then host kinHSV 1, II, VZV
valacyclovir better absorption HSV, VZV
ganciclovir IV for retinivitis CMV
foscarnet no activation, binds allost CMV (ganciclovir resistant)
rimantadine binds M2 pt, inhibits releas influenza A
amantadine influenza A
Zanamivir inhibit viral neuraminidase infleunza AB
Oseltamivir (oral, safer) infleunza AB
ribonuclease degrades vira HBV/hep C
ribavirin G nucleoside analog hep C
direct acting antivir targets viral enzymes (prot hep C
resistance/side effects

immunocompromised, renal dx, encepholopahty

myelosuppression
renal dysfxn, hypocalcemia, chromosomal damage
early (24-48 hrs), resistance
anorexia, nausea, CNS,

flu-like symptoms, neurtoxicitiy, bone marrow suppression

teratogenic, inhaled
use w/ribavirin
Gram Positive
Cocci Catalase (oxyCoagulase Novobiocin Sensitivity
Staphylococcus Y
S. aureus Y Y
S. epidermidis Y N Y
S. saprophyticus Y N N

Catalase Group Hemolytic

Streptococcus N
Strep pyogenes N A B
Strep agalactiae N B B
Strep pneumonia N A
Strep viridines N A
Enterococcus
E. faecalis N Gamma/weakly alpha
E. facium N Gamma/weakly alpha

GRAM NEGATIVE
Rod Aerobe? Lactose fermenteEncapsulated?
E. coli Facultative a Y Y
Pseudomonas aeruginosa obligate aeroN Y
Legionella Pneumophila

Coccobacilli (short rods)

Pasturella multocida N Y
Francisella Tularensis
Haemophilis Influenzae Y (type B = vaccine)

Diplo cocci
Neisseria Oxidase? Ferment what? Encapsulated?
N. gonorrhae Yes Glucose No
N. meningitidis Yes Glucose and maltYes
Bacitracin Sensitivity? Special test? Bile Encapsulated?

Y Y
N CAMP, positive hippurate Y
Optochin sens Soluble Y
Optochin resistaInsoluble N

Can grow in saltInsoluble

can grow in saltInsoluble

Oxidase? Catalase? Acid Labile? Fimbriae?

Y Y
Y Y
Y

Y Y

Pilus?
Y
Y
GRAM POSITIVE
Bacilli Spores? Capsule? Aerobe? Anaerobe? Hemolytic?
Bacillus anthrY Y - made fro obligate n/a No
B. cereus Y Y - made fro obligate Beta

Catalase?
Listeria mon N Beta Y

Clostridium bY n/a obligate

Clostridium t Y n/a obligate

Curved rods Oxidase? Catalase? Acid Labile? Fimbriae? Urease

Vibrio chole Y Y Y
H. pylori (morY Y N Y Y
Campylobacter Y Y