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Questions 1.1
Date/Time January 31, 2021 at 2:15 PM (UTC/GMT) You answered 20 questions, and left 0 questions blank.
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1. Give two examples each of the bad and the good effects of vibration.
Your Answer:
w
1. Bad effects:
(a) Blade and disk failure in turbines
(b) Poor surface finish in metal cutting
Good effects: (a) vibratory conveyors and hoppers
(b) Pile driving and vibratory finishing processes
2. What are the three elementary parts of a vibrating system?

Your Answer:
w
Means to store potential energy: spring

Means to store kinetic energy: mass
Means by which energy is lost: damper
3. Define the degree of freedom of a vibrating system.

Your Answer:
w
Degree of freedom is the minimum numbers of independent coordinates required to determine

completely the positions of all parts of a system at any instant of time.
4. What is the difference between a discrete and a continuous system? Is it possible to solve any vibration
problem as a discrete one?
Your Answer:
w
A discrete system is one that has a finite number of degrees of freedom. A continuous system is one
that has an infinite number of degrees of freedom. Any continuous system can be approximated as a
discrete system.
5. In vibration analysis, can damping always be disregarded?
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1/31/2021 Your Results for "Review Questions 1.1"
Your Answer:
w
It may not be possible to disregard damping always, especially if the system is excited near resonance.
6. Can a nonlinear vibration problem be identified by looking at its governing differential equation?
Your Answer:
w
Yes. If the differential equation is nonlinear, the corresponding system will be nonlinear.
7. What is the difference between deterministic and random vibration? Give two practical examples of
each.
Your Answer:
w
If the system parameters are completely known and the magnitude of excitation acting on the vibratory
system are known at any given time, the resulting vibration is known as deterministic vibration.
Examples are (i) simple pendulum, and (ii) vibration of a cantilever beam subjected to harmonic base
motion. If the system parameters and/or excitation of a system are random or nondeterministic, the
resulting vibration is called random vibration. Examples are (i) vibration of an automobile due to road
roughness, and (ii) vibration of a multistory building subjected to an earthquake.
8. What methods are available for solving the governing equations of a vibration problem?
Your Answer:
w
Standard methods of solving differential equations, Laplace transform methods, matrix methods, and
numerical methods.
9. How do you connect several springs to increase the overall stiffness?

Your Answer:
w
In parallel.
10. Define spring stiffness and damping constant.

Your Answer:
w
Spring stiffness is the force necessary to deform the spring by a unit amount. Damping constant is the
force necessary to cause a unit velocity across the damper.
11. What are the common types of damping?

Your Answer:
w
Viscous damping, Coulomb (dry-friction) damping, and solid(hysteretic) damping.
12. State three different ways of expressing a periodic function in terms of its harmonics.
Your Answer:
w
Fourier series in terms of trigonometric functions, complex Fourier series, and frequency spectrum.
13. Define these terms: cycle, amplitude, phase angle, linear frequency, period, and natural frequency.
Your Answer:
w
Cycle: The movement of vibratory body from its equilibrium position to its extreme position in one
direction, then to the equilibrium position, then to its extreme position in other direction, and back to
equilibrium position is called a cycle of vibration.
Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a vibrating body from its equilibrium position is called the
amplitude of vibration.
Phase angle: The angular difference between the occurrence of the maxima of two harmonic motions
having the same frequency is called the phase difference.
Linear frequency: The number of cycles per unit time.
Period: The time taken to complete one cycle of motion is called the period.
Natural frequency: If a system, after an initial disturbance, is left to vibrate on its own, the frequency
with which it oscillates without external forces, is known as its natural frequency.
14. How are τ, ω, and ƒ related to each other?

Your Answer:
w
τ = 2π/ω = 1/ƒ
15. How can we obtain the frequency, phase, and amplitude of a harmonic motion from the corresponding
rotating vector?
Your Answer:
w
Frequency: Angular velocity of the rotating vector (ω). Phase: If the vertical projection of the rotating
vector is nonzero at time t = 0, the angular difference from the occurrence of zero vertical projection to
t = 0 is called the phase.
Amplitude: maximum projection of the rotating vector on the vertical axis.
16. How do you add two harmonic motions having different frequencies?
Your Answer:
w
If x1(t)=Asinω1t and x2(t)=Asinω2t=Asin(ω1t+δω1t), x(t)=x1(t)+x2(t)=2Asin(&omega1t+

(1/2)δ&omega1t).cos((δω1t)/2)
17. What are beats?

Your Answer:
w
When two harmonic motions, with frequencies close to one another, are added, the resulting motion
exhibits a phenomenon known as beats. In beat phenomenon, the amplitude builds up and dies down
at a frequency known as beat frequency.
18. Define the terms decibel and octave.

Your Answer:
w
Decibel (dB) is defined as:

dB=20log((X)/X0)
where X0 is a specified reference value of X.
Octave: The frequency range in which the maximum value is twice the minimum value is called an
octave band.
19. Explain Gibbs phenomenon.

Your Answer:
w
When a periodic function is approximated by n terms of the Fourier series, the approximation improves
everywhere except in the vicinity of the discontinuity as the value of n increases. This phenomenon is
called the Gibbs phenomenon.
20. What are half-range expansions?

Your Answer:
w
If a function, defined only in the interval 0 to τ, is extended arbitrarily to include the interval –τ to 0 for
the purpose of Fourier series expansion, the resulting expansion is known as the half-range expansion.
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40% Correct of 10 items:
4 correct: 40%
Questions 1.2
6 incorrect: 60%
Date/Time January 31, 2021 at 2:16 PM (UTC/GMT)
1. If energy is lost in any way during vibration, the system can be considered to be
damped.
Your Answer: True
2. Superposition principle is valid for both linear and nonlinear systems.
Your Answer: True

Correct Answer: False
3. The frequency with which an initially disturbed system vibrates on its own is known as
natural frequency.
Your Answer: False

Correct Answer: True
4. Any periodic function can be expanded into Fourier series.
Your Answer: False

5. Harmonic motion is a periodic motion.
Your Answer: True
6. The equivalent mass of several masses at different locations can be found using the
equivalence of kinetic energy.
Your Answer: True
7. The generalized coordinates are not necessarily Cartesian coordinates.
Your Answer: False

8. Discrete systems are same as lumped parameter systems.
Your Answer: False

9. Consider the sum of harmonic motions, , with

and The amplitude A is given by 30.8088.
Your Answer: True
10. Consider the sum of harmonic motions, , with

and The phase angle α is given by 1.57 rad.
Your Answer: True

Correct Answer: False
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0 correct: 0%
Questions 1.3
18 incorrect: 100%
1. Systems undergo dangerously large oscillations at __________
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: resonance
2. Undamped vibration is characterized by no loss of __________
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: energy
3. A vibratory system consists of a spring, damper, and __________
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: mass
4. If a motion repeats after equal intervals of time, it is called a __________ motion.
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: periodic
5. When acceleration is proportional to the displacement and directed towards the mean
position, the motion is called __________ harmonic.
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: simple
6. The time taken to complete one cycle of motion is called the __________ of vibration.
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: period
7. The number of cycles per unit time is called the __________ of vibration
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: frequency
8. Two harmonic motions having the same frequency are said to be __________.
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: synchronous
9. The angular difference between the occurrence of similar points of two harmonic
motions is called __________.
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: phase difference
10. Continuous or distributed systems can be considered to have __________ number of

degrees of freedom.
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: infinite
11. Systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom are called __________ systems.
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: discrete
12. The degree of freedom of a system denotes the minimum number of independent
__________ necessary to describe the positions of all parts of the system at any
insant of time.
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: coordinates
13. If a system vibrates due to initial disturbance only, it is called __________ vibration.
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: free
14. If a system vibrates due to an external excitation, it is called __________ vibration.
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: forced
15. Resonance denotes the coincidence of the frequency of external excitation with a
__________ frequency of the system.
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: natural
16. A function f(t) is called an odd function if __________.
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: f(–t) = –f(t)
17. The __________ range expansions can be used to represent functions defined only in
the interval 0 to τ.
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: half
18. __________ analysis deals with the Fourier series representation of periodic functions.
Your Answer: w
Correct Answer: Harmonic
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5 correct: 31%
Questions 1.4
11 incorrect: 69%
1. The world’s first seismograph was invented in
Your Answer: Egypt

Correct Answer: China
2. The first experiments on simple pendulum were conducted by
Your Answer: Galileo
3. The Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published by
Your Answer: Galileo

Correct Answer: Newton
4. Mode shapes of plates, by placing sand on vibrating plates, were first observed by
Your Answer: D’ Alembert

Correct Answer: Chladni
5. The thick beam theory was first presented by
Your Answer: Mindlin

Correct Answer: Timoshenko
6. The degree of freedom of single pendulum is:
Your Answer: 2
Correct Answer: 1
7. Vibration can be classified in
Your Answer: two ways

Correct Answer: several ways
8. Gibbs phenomenon denotes an anomalous behavior in the Fourier series representation

of a
Your Answer: periodic function
9. The graphical representation of the amplitudes and phase angles of the various
frequency components of a periodic function is known as
Your Answer: spectral diagram
10. When a system vibrates in a fluid medium, the damping is
Your Answer: Coulomb

Correct Answer: viscous
11. When parts of a vibrating system slide on a dry surface, the damping is
Your Answer: viscous

Correct Answer: Coulomb
12. When the stress-strain curve of the material of a vibrating system exhibits a hysteresis
loop, the damping is
Your Answer: solid
13. The equivalent spring constant of two parallel springs with stiffnesses k1 and k2 is
Your Answer:
Correct Answer:
14. The equivalent spring constant of two series springs with stiffnesses k1 and k1 is
Your Answer:
Correct Answer:
15. The spring constant of a cantilever beam with an end mass m is
Your Answer:
Correct Answer:
16. If f(-t)=f(t), function f(t) is said to be
Your Answer: even
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0 correct: 0%
Questions 1.5
5 incorrect: 100%
Submitted: 1 total question in quiz (with 1 question containing
multiple pairs), for a total of 5 scored items. More
information about scoring
1. Match the following:
Option Your Answer Correct Answer
1.1 Pythagoras A. invented the world’s first D. first person to investigate

(582-507 seismograph musical sounds on a scientific
B.C.) basis
1.2 Euclid (300 E. founder of modern C. wrote a treatise called

B.C.) experimental science “Introduction to Harmonics”
1.3 Zhang Heng B. published a book on the A. invented the world’s first
(132 A.D.) theory of sound seismograph
1.4 Galileo C. wrote a treatise called E. founder of modern

(1564- “Introduction to Harmonics” experimental science
1642)
1.5 Rayleigh D. first person to investigate B. published a book on the

(1877) musical sounds on a scientific theory of sound
basis
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0 correct: 0%
Questions 1.6
5 incorrect: 100%
1. Match the following:
1.1 Imbalance in diesel D. can give rise to chatter C. can cause wheels of
engines locomotives rise off the
track
1.2 Vibration in machine C. can cause wheels of D. can give rise to chatter
tools during metal locomotives rise off the
cutting track
1.3 Blade and disk A. cause discomfort to B. can cause failure of

vibration human activity turbines and aircraft
engines
1.4 Wind-induced vibration B. can cause failure of E. can cause failure of

turbines and aircraft bridges
engines
1.5 Transmission of E. can cause failure of A. cause discomfort to

vibration bridges human activity
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1 correct: 13%
Questions 1.7
7 incorrect: 88%
1. Consider four springs with the spring constants: k1 = 20lb/in, k2 = 50 lb/in, k3 = 100
lb/in, k4 = 200 lb/in. Match the Equivalent spring constants:
1.1 , , and are in parallel A. 11.7647 lb/in E. 370.0 lb/in
1.2 , , and are in series F. 170.0 A. 11.7647 lb/in
1.3 and are in parallel( ) G. 91.8919 lb/in D. 70.0 lb/in
1.4 and are in parallel( ) B. 18.9189 lb/in H. 300.0 lb/in
1.5 , and are in parallel( ) H. 300.0 lb/in F. 170.0
1.6 is in series with D. 70.0 lb/in G. 91.8919 lb/in
1.7 , , and are in parallel( ) C. 350.0 lb/in C. 350.0 lb/in
1.8 and are in series E. 370.0 lb/in B. 18.9189 lb/in
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Site Title: Mechanical Vibrations Summary of Results

2. What are the three elementary parts of a vibrating system?

Means to store potential energy: spring

3. Define the degree of freedom of a vibrating system.

Degree of freedom is the minimum numbers of independent coordinates required to determine

5. In vibration analysis, can damping always be disregarded?

9. How do you connect several springs to increase the overall stiffness?

10. Define spring stiffness and damping constant.

11. What are the common types of damping?

Viscous damping, Coulomb (dry-friction) damping, and solid(hysteretic) damping.

14. How are τ, ω, and ƒ related to each other?

If x1(t)=Asinω1t and x2(t)=Asinω2t=Asin(ω1t+δω1t), x(t)=x1(t)+x2(t)=2Asin(&omega1t+

17. What are beats?

18. Define the terms decibel and octave.

Decibel (dB) is defined as:

19. Explain Gibbs phenomenon.

20. What are half-range expansions?

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Your Answer: True

2. Superposition principle is valid for both linear and nonlinear systems.

Your Answer: True

Your Answer: False

4. Any periodic function can be expanded into Fourier series.

Your Answer: False

5. Harmonic motion is a periodic motion.

Your Answer: True

Your Answer: True

7. The generalized coordinates are not necessarily Cartesian coordinates.

Your Answer: False

8. Discrete systems are same as lumped parameter systems.

Your Answer: False

9. Consider the sum of harmonic motions, , with

Your Answer: True

10. Consider the sum of harmonic motions, , with

Your Answer: True

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1. Systems undergo dangerously large oscillations at __________

2. Undamped vibration is characterized by no loss of __________

3. A vibratory system consists of a spring, damper, and __________

4. If a motion repeats after equal intervals of time, it is called a __________ motion.

10. Continuous or distributed systems can be considered to have __________ number of

14. If a system vibrates due to an external excitation, it is called __________ vibration.

16. A function f(t) is called an odd function if __________.

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