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Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to find which pattern of inheritance was the one
followed by the mutations for vestigial wings and yellow body in Drosophila
melanogaster, by observing the direct and reciprocal cross. After examining the parental
strain and the first generation, by anesthetizing the flies with ether, the hypothesis was
developed. It was stated that the inheritance pattern for vestigial wings would be
autosomal recessive, and for yellow body, sex- linked recessive. Later on, the second
generation was also observed. With these results, chi square was determined and later the
p value was found. The p value for the direct cross was 0.20< P < 0.10, and for the
reciprocal cross was P < 0.001. For the direct cross, the hypothesis was a good fit.
However, for the reciprocal cross, the hypothesis appeared to be a bad fit. Using
scientific literature as reference, it is known that our hypothesis is true. Therefore, for
future studies, in order to reduce the error, we suggest that a smaller fixed number of flies
be used, and that there is a better understanding of the mutation, so there is no mistake
whenaclassifying.
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discoveries, which earned him a Nobel Prize organism in genetics. (Nobel Prize
in 1933, Drosophila has become the model Organization)
7 abdomen segments
slightly bigger than male
Female
Tip of abdomen is pointed
No sex comb red eyes
yellow- brown body
5 abdomen segments color
slightly smaller than female 4 bristles in scutello
Tip of abdomen is round elongated wings
Male Sex comb is present
Last two segments of
abdomen are darker
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(A) (B) (C)
To test the null hypothesis, that states that Each tube bearing Drosophila had a culture
there is no real difference between the medium to feed the flies. It was comprised
observed and the expected data, Chi- square of either mashed bananas or corn, and agar
(x2) is used. It is a statistical method, a to solidify. The tubes were covered with
goodness- of- fit test. (Russell 2006) clean cotton.
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Afterwards, the flies were placed in their Statistical Analysis: Subsequently, the chi
corresponding tubes, leaving them in a square value was found, making use of the
horizontal position while they were still following equation,
anesthetized, to avoid the Drosophila from
Ʃ (O- E)2/ E
sticking to the culture medium. Flies that
had died in the process had their wings Where O equals the number of observed
extended to the back. individuals for a characteristic and E is the
number of expected individuals for that
Classifying the flies of the F2 : Two weeks
characteristic.
later, in the second laboratory period, the
second generation for each parental strain Using a table of X2 and P value, the
was observed. They were handled in the goodness of fit for our hypothesis was
same manner as in the first laboratory determined, and whether the deviation of the
period, sorted and counted. expected from the observed is significant.
Results
The targeted problem was to (Table 3). This was done for the
determine the pattern of inheritance direct cross and for the reciprocal
for vestigial wings and yellow body. cross. The chi square was also found,
Based on the hypothesis, the relative to determine if the hypothesis was a
frequencies for phenotype were goodafita(Tablea4). After, the p
found, using Punnett square and value for each cross was found,
Mendelian genetics. For the direct using the Chi Square and p value
cross this frequency was 6: 2: 6: 2 table. These values were: 0.20< P <
(Table 2). Likewise, the frequency 0.10 and P < 0.001, for direc and
for the reciprocal cross was reciprocalacross,arespectively.
determined, which was 9: 3: 3: 1
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Table 2: Expected genotypes and relative frequencies for the dihybrid direct cross.
(A) Genotype for the parental strain. (B) Genotype for the first generation. (C) Expected
genotypes for the second generation. (D) Expected phenotypes for the second generation.
Direct Cross
(A) Generación P1: Xf Xf ABAB
XF Y AbAb
Table 3: Expected genotypes and relative frequencies for the dihybrid reciprocal
cross. (A) Genotype for the parental strain. (B) Genotype for the first generation. (C)
Expected relative frequencies for genotype and phenotype for the second generation. D)
Expected phenotypes for the second generation.
Reciprocal Cross
(A) Generación P: XF XF AbAb
Xf Y ABAB
(B) Generación F1: XF Xf ABAb
XF Y ABAb
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(C) Generación F2:
XFAB XFAb YAB YAb
XFAB XFXF ABAB XFXF ABAb XFY ABAB XFY ABAb
XFAb XFXF ABAb XFXF AbAb XFY ABAb XFY AbAb
XfAB XFXf ABAB XFXf ABAb XfY ABAB XfY ABAb
XfAb XFXf ABAb XFXf AbAb XfY ABAb XfY AbAb
Table 4: Chi- square table. Describes the data in terms of expected and observed
individuals.
Phenotype Observed Expected (O- E)2 (O- E)2/E
Wildtype 80 64.125 252.0156 3.9301
Vestigial wings 16 21.3750 28.8906 1.8057
Yellow body 63 66.38 11.4244 0.1721
Direct Vestigial wings, yellow 12 21.3750 87.8906 4.1118
body
Total 5.9079
P value .20< P <.10
Wildtype 141 105.75 1242.5625 11.7501
Vestigial wings 14 35.25 451.5625 12.8103
Reciprocal Yellow body 31 35.25 18.0625 0.5827
Vestigial wings, yellow 2 11.75 95.90 8.1617
body
Total 32.7804
P value P < 0.001
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was used to find the P value. , which was P large, and to evaluate both crosses under the
< 0.001. This suggests that the deviation in same circumstances.
the observed is significant; the hypothesis
The importance of this experiment is, that by
should have been rejected.
studying mutations in Drosophila, not only
It is known for a fact, thanks to scientific for yellow body and vestigial wings, but in
literature, that the inheritance pattern for general, we are able to better understand
vestigial wings and yellow body is illnesses in humans. This is because 75% of
autosomal recessive and sex- linked human genetic disease genes have clear
recessive, respectively. What is the possible homologues in the fly (Reiter and Bier 2002).
reason for this discrepancy? The problem Drosophila has been used as a model system
might lie in the classification process. to study resistance to viruses (Teixeira et al.
Mistakes while classifying the flies 2008). Another example is the use of
influenced the final result. Another reason Drosophila melanogaster to study cancer,
why the result may have deviated from what namely gastrointestinal tumors, and find
is known is that the sample size was too treatments for this sickness. (Sérgia Velho et
large and was not equal for both crosses. al. 2010)
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