SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.

1 Introduction

Chapter-1
Successive Differentiation
Topic-1.1

Introduction
Successive Differentiation is the process of differentiating a given function successively ‘n’
times and the results of such differentiation are called successive derivatives.

Notions of higher order derivatives of y  f  x 

dy
1st Derivative: f '  x  or y ' or y1 or
dx

d2y
2 Derivative: f ''  x  or y '' or y2 or
nd
dx 2

d3y
3 Derivative: f '''  x  or y ''' or y3 or
rd
dx3

dny
th
n Derivative: f
 n
 x  or y  n
or yn or
dx n

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.1 Introduction

1.1: nth derivative of some standard functions

d n ax
n 
Example 1.1.1: Prove that e  = a n eax , where ' a ' is a constant
dx

Solution:- Let y  eax

Differentiating y w.r.t x
d
y1  eax  aeax
dx

Differentiating y1 w.r.t x
d ax
y2  a e  a 2eax
dx

Differentiating y2 w.r.t x
d ax
y3  a 2 e  a3eax
dx

Similarly, y4  a 4eax ,

d n ax
yn  n e  a neax
dx

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.1 Introduction

dn  n 
Example 1.1.2: Prove that sin  ax  b   a n sin  ax  b 
n   , where a and b are
dx  2 
constants.

Solution:Let y  sin(ax  b)

Differentiating y w.r.t x
d      
y1  sin  ax  b   a cos  ax  b   a sin  ax  b    sin      cos  
dx  2   2 

Differentiating y1 w.r.t x
d      
y2  a sin  ax  b    a 2 cos  ax  b    a 2 sin  ax  b  2 
dx  2  2  2

Differentiating y2 w.r.t x
d      
y3  a 2 sin  ax  b  2   a 3 cos  ax  b  2   a 3 sin  ax  b  3 
dx  2  2  2

 
yn  a n sin  ax  b  n 
 2
dn  n 
 yn  sin  ax  b   a n sin  ax  b  
 2 
n
dx

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.1 Introduction

dn  n 
Example 1.1.3 Prove that cos  ax  b   a n cos  ax  b 
n   , where a and b are
dx  2 
constants.

Solution: Let y  cos  ax  b 

Differentiating y w.r.t x
     
cos  ax  b   a sin  ax  b   a cos  ax  b  
d
y1   cos      sin  
dx  2   2 
Differentiating y1 w.r.t x
d      
y2  a cos  ax  b    a 2 sin  ax  b    a 2 cos  ax  b  2 
dx  2  2  2

Differentiating y2 w.r.t x
d      
y3  a 2 cos  ax  b  2    a 3 sin  ax  b  2   a 3 cos  ax  b  3 
dx  2  2  2

 
yn  a n cos  ax  b  n 
 2
dn  n 
yn  cos  ax  b   a n cos  ax  b 
dx n
 2 

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.1 Introduction

d n ax
 e   b 
n
Example 1.1.4: Prove that e sin  bx  c   a 2  b2 ax
sin  bx  c  n tan 1   
dx n   a 
where a, b and c are constants.

Solution: Let y  eax sin(bx  c)

Differentiating y w.r.t x
y1  aeax sin  bx  c   beax cos  bx  c 
 eax  a sin  bx  c   b cos  bx  c  

b
Let a  r cos  and b  r sin  , where a 2  b 2  r 2 and   tan 1  
a

 y1  eax  r cos   sin  bx  c   r sin   cos  bx  c  

 reax sin  bx  c   cos   cos  bx  c   sin  
 reax sin  bx  c     sin  A  B   sin A  cos B  cos A  sin B

Differentiating y1 w.r.t x
 y2  r  aeax sin  bx  c     be ax cos  bx  c    
 reax  a sin  bx  c     b cos  bx  c    
 reax  r cos   sin  bx  c     r sin   cos  bx  c    
 r 2e ax sin  bx  c     cos   cos  bx  c     sin  
 r 2e ax sin  bx  c  2   sin  A  B   sin A  cos B  cos A  sin B

Similarly

y3  r 3eax sin  bx  c  3 

yn  r n eax sin  bx  c  n 

 e   b 
n
 a 2  b2 ax
sin  bx  c  n tan 1   
  a 
d n ax
 e   b 
n
 e sin  bx  c   a 2  b2 ax
sin  bx  c  n tan 1   
dx n   a 

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.1 Introduction

d n ax
 e   b 
n
Example 1.1.5: Prove that e cos  bx  c   a 2  b2 ax
cos  bx  c  n tan 1    ,
dx n   a 
where a, b and c are constants.

Solution: Let y  eax cos(bx  c)

Differentiating y w.r.t x
y1  aeax cos  bx  c   be ax sin  bx  c 
 eax  a cos  bx  c   b sin  bx  c  

b
Let a  r cos  and b  r sin  , where a 2  b 2  r 2 and   tan 1  
a

 y1  e ax  r cos   cos  bx  c   r sin   sin  bx  c  

 reax cos   cos  bx  c   sin   sin  bx  c  
 reax cos  bx  c     cos  A  B   cos A  cos B  sin A  sin B

Differentiating y1 w.r.t x
 y2  r  aeax cos  bx  c     be ax sin  bx  c    
 reax  a cos  bx  c     b sin  bx  c    
 reax  r cos   cos  bx  c     r sin   sin  bx  c    
 r 2eax cos   cos  bx  c     sin   sin  bx  c    
 r 2eax cos  bx  c  2   cos  A  B   cos A  cos B  sin A  sin B

Similarly

y3  r 3eax cos  bx  c  3 

yn  r n e ax cos  bx  c  n 

 e   b 
n
 a 2  b2 ax
sin  bx  c  n tan 1   
  a 

d n ax
 e   b 
n
 n e cos  bx  c   a 2  b2 ax
cos  bx  c  n tan 1   
dx   a 

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.1 Introduction

Example 1.1.6:
dn x
  k sin  bx  c  n tan  b 
n
k sin  bx  c    log k   b2 1
2 x
Prove that  
dx n  log k  

Solution: y  k x sin  bx  c 

Differentiating y w.r.t x
y1  k x log k sin  bx  c   k xb cos  bx  c 
 k x log k sin  bx  c   b cos  bx  c  

 b 
Let log k  r cos  and b  r sin  , where r   log k   b2 and   tan 1 
2

 log k 

 y1  k x  r cos   sin  bx  c   r sin   cos  bx  c  

 rk x sin  bx  c   cos   cos  bx  c   sin  
 rk x sin  bx  c     sin  A  B   sin A  cos B  cos A  sin B

Differentiating y1 w.r.t x
 y2  r  k x log k sin  bx  c     bk x cos  bx  c    
 rk x log k sin  bx  c     b cos  bx  c    
 rk x  r cos   sin  bx  c     r sin   cos  bx  c    
 r 2 k x sin  bx  c  2   sin  A  B   sin A  cos B  cos A  sin B

Similarly, y3  r 3k x sin  bx  c  3 

 yn  r n k x sin  bx  c  n 

  k sin  bx  c  n tan  b 

n
  log k   b2 1
2 x
 
 log k  

dn x
  k sin  bx  c  n tan  b 
n
 k sin  bx  c    log k   b2 1
2 x
 
dx n  log k  

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.1 Introduction

Example 1.1.7:
dn x
  k cos  bx  c  n tan  b 
n
k cos  bx  c    log k   b2 1
2 x
Prove that  
dx n  log k  

Solution: y  k x cos  bx  c 

Differentiating y w.r.t x
y1  k x log k cos  bx  c   k xb sin  bx  c 
 k x log k cos  bx  c   b sin  bx  c  

 b 
Let log k  r cos  and b  r sin  , where r   log k   b2 and   tan 1 
2

 log k 

 y1  k x  r cos   cos  bx  c   r sin   sin  bx  c  

 rk x cos   cos  bx  c   sin   sin  bx  c  
 rk x cos  bx  c     cos  A  B   cos A  cos B  sin A  sin B

Differentiating y1 w.r.t x
 y2  r  k x log k cos  bx  c     bk x sin  bx  c    
 rk x log k cos  bx  c     b sin  bx  c    
 rk x  r cos   cos  bx  c     r sin   sin  bx  c    
 r 2 k x cos  bx  c  2   cos  A  B   cos A  cos B  sin A  sin B

Similarly

y3  r 3k x cos  bx  c  3 

  k cos  bx  c  n tan  b 

n
yn  r n k x cos  bx  c  n    log k   b2 1
2 x
 
 log k  
dn x
    b 
n
k cos  bx  c    log k  b k x cos  bx  c  n tan 1 
2 2

dx n   log k  

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.1 Introduction

dn  1  (1)n (m  n  1)!a n
Example 1.1.8: Prove that n   , where a and b are
dx   ax  b m  (m  1)!(ax  b) m n
constants.

1
  ax  b 
m
Solution: y 
 ax  b 
m

Differentiating y successively w.r.t x

y1   m  ax  b   1 ma  ax  b 
 m 1  m 1
a 

 1 ma(m  1)  ax  b   1 m  m  1 a 2  ax  b 

 m2  m2
y2  a 
2

y3   1 m  m  1 a 2 (m  2)  ax  b   1 m  m  1 (m  2)a 3  ax  b 

 m 3  m 3
a 
2 3

 1 m  m  1 (m  2)(m  3) (m  n  1)a n  ax  b 

 mn
yn 
n

1 2  3 (m  1)
  1 m  (m  1) (m  n  1)a n  ax  b 
 mn

n

1 2  3 (m  1)

 1 (m  1)  m  (m  1) (m  n  1)a n  ax  b 
 mn
1 2  3
n


1 2  3 (m  1)

 1 (m  n  1)!a n  ax  b 
n  mn


(m  1)!

 1 (m  n  1)!a n
n


(m  1)! ax  b 
m n

   1 (m  n  1)!a n
n
dn 1
 n  m

  ax  b   (m  1)! ax  b 
mn
dx

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.1 Introduction

dn (1)n 1 (n  1)!a n
Example 1.1.9 Prove that log  ax  b    , where a and b are constants.
dx n   ax  b 
n

Solution: Let y  log(ax  b),

Differentiating y successively w.r.t x

y  log  ax  b 
1
 a  a  ax  b 
1
y1 
 ax  b 
y2   a  ax  b   1 a 2  ax  b 
11 2
a 

 1 a 2 (2)  ax  b   1 1 2  a3  ax  b 

2 1 3
y3  a 
2

y4   1 1 2  a 3 (3)  ax  b   1 1 2  3 a 4  ax  b 

31 4
a 
2 3

 1 1 2  3 (n  1)  a n  ax  b    1 (n  1)!a n  ax  b 

n 1 n n 1 n
yn 

 1 (n  1)!a n
n 1


 ax  b 
n

dn (1) n 1 (n  1)!a n
 log  ax  b   
dx n  
 ax  b 
n

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.1 Introduction

Summary of the Results

d n ax
1. n
e  a n eax
dx

dn  n 
2. sin  ax  b   a n sin  ax  b  
 2 
n
dx

dn  n 
3. cos  ax  b   a n cos  ax  b  
 2 
n
dx

d n ax   b 
a  b 2  2 eax sin  bx  c  n tan 1   
n
4. e sin  bx  c   2

dx n   a 

d n ax   b 
a  b 2  2 eax cos  bx  c  n tan 1   
n
5. e cos  bx  c   2

dx n   a 

dn x   b 
   
n
6. n
k sin bx  c  (log k ) 2
 b 2 2 x
k sin bx  c  n tan 1  
dx   log k 

dn x   b 
k cos bx  c    (log k )  b2  2 k x cos bx  c  n tan 1 
n
2
7. 
dx n   log k  

dn  1  (1)n (m  n  1)!a n
8.   
dx n   ax  b m  (m  1)!(ax  b) m n

dn (1)n1 (n  1)!a n
 
log ax  b  
dx n 
9.
(ax  b)n

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