MANGROVE FOREST IN VARIOUS PLACE

Elvira Indah Sari

20/464044/SV/18363
D4 Forest Manajement, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
elvira.i.s@mail.ugm.ac.id

A. INTRODUCTION
In this section will be described about the understanding of mangroves according
to several sources. Mangrove forests are typical forests along the coast and river estuary
and are affected by tides and grow on sheltered or flat beaches. Mangrove swamps have
three main functions i. e. physical, biological and economic roles (Lee et al., 2014).
Mangrove forest is an ecotone ecosystem that is widely distributed throughout tropical
coastlines (Ardiansyah et al 2019; Asadi et al 2018; Kauffman & Donato 2012).
Mangroves also have several functions for the surrounding environment. The
functions of mangroves is as a windbreak, protects and stabilizes the shoreline and
decreases coastal erosion, protects from waves, flood control and prevention of seawater
intrusion to the mainland, and filters pollutants. Then biologically, mangroves serve as a
spawning ground, nursery ground, and as a feeding ground for fish and other marine
biotas. In addition, it can also be utilized in producer of wood for raw materials and
building materials, food materials and medicines Also, this function is strategic as a
primary producer capable of supporting and stabilizing both marine and terrestrial
ecosystems.
However, globally, mangrove forest cover has decreased by 1.4% every year
since the 1980s. Between 1980 and 2005, a total of 20% of mangrove areas were lost and
transformed into aquaculture and other coastal developments. In Indonesia it is estimated
that a total of 40% of mangrove cover already exists lost in the last three decades. In
addition, Mangrove is also threatened by rising sea surface temperatures and rising sea
levels due to global climate change. In addition, the excessive use of mangroves leads to
ecology pressure and damage due to land conversion such as ponds, settlements and
 firewood cause loss of carbon due to decreased absorption rate and increased
concentration of greenhouse gases resulting from litter decomposition. Some of these
things will also affect the surrounding ecosystems. One of them is the death of
underwater life or coastal areas of the mangroves.

B. DISCUSSION
In this discussion, I took several sources of journals as material to be discussed.
Mangroves have been widely spread in Indonesia even in the world. several places that
will be discussed on this occasion, namely mangrove on the North Coast of Central Java,
Baluran National Park, Kemujan-Karimunjawa Islands, West Muna Regency on
Southeast Sulawesi, and Cancabato Bay on Philippines. These five places have different
characteristics and environmental problems.
Mangroves in the north coast area in central Java has several characteristics, both
in terms of plants and environmental conditions. Based on existing sources, in the area is
made observations to find out the types of species that exist and grouped according to
existing equations. Can be known, mangroves in this area can still be said to be vague.
So, that in the north coast area is still split into several categories of regions. Such areas
are Brebes, amount Tegal city, amount Pemalang, amount Pekalongan, Batang, amount
Kendal, amount Semarang, amount Demak, amount Jepara, amount Pati, and amount
Rembang. Each of these areas has a different area of mangrove. Then, each area has a
different type of vegetation or vegetation and soil conditions. Such differences can occur
due to many factors. Based on identification report mangrove damage and rehabilitation
plan forests on the north coast of Central Java 2011.
In this area, also overgrown with several species of plants, including Avicennia
marina and Rhizophora mucronata which is the dominant species in the north coast
mangroves. On the other hand, there are other species, namely Sesuvium portulacastrum
and Avicennia alba. from the description above, can be seen the increase in mangrove
area which in 2011 undetectable mangrove vegetation growing in the pond of
embankments and mangrove replanting; and growth and development natural mangrove
nursery during secondary Succession.
 The second area is mangroves forest in Bama Resort, Baluran National Park,
Indonesia. Mangrove conditions at Bama Resort and other parts of the BNP are among
the few the remaining primary mangrove forests in Java Island. Most of the mangroves in
the area have degraded or altered for coastal development and cultivation. Unlike before,
the species that dominate this area is Avicennia marina, Lagunculaira racemosa, and
Avicennia corniculatum. Compared to mangrove stands in other areas such as Palawan in
the Philippines, mangroves Bama Resort has lower total biomass. can be seen from the
results of the fact the dominant species Bama Resort, R. stylosa, only has an average
DBH of 14.7 cm while the dominant species Palawan, R. apiculata has an average DBH
of 39.5 cm.
The third place is mangrove forest in Kemujan-Karimunjawa Islands. Kemujan
Island is one of the largest mangrove forest areas in Karimunjawa. The island is divided
between mangroves and community settlements. However, with the existence of
residential forests the community poses some problems. The main problem of Kemujan
Island mangroves is deforestation and human activities that cause land use changes. In
the early years of the 21st Century, about 15.27 ha of mangrove forest was converted into
shrimp ponds. This problem increases the vulnerability of mangrove forests. Some
species in this area are in the spotlight because they are associated with their ability to
absorb carbon. These species include Rhizopora apiculata, Lumnitzera racemosa, and
Rhizopora stylos.
The fourth area is mangrove forest on the coast of West Muna Regency, Southeast
Sulawesi. Mangrove forests in the area are more focused on the socio-ecological aspects
of mangroves. Some of these aspects include changes in land use, increasing population,
settlements and infrastructure. Furthermore, pressure affects the increase in air
temperature and pollution that occurs ultimately impacts the social, ecological and
economic systems of the community. Efforts created by the government to reduce the
impact of mangrove ecosystem damage by drawing up a Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW).
Behind it all, in this area is overgrown with several species that have the same family.
The species is Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza , Xylocarpus granatum,
Ceriops tagal, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Calophyllum inophyllum, Bruguiera
 cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizopora apiculata , Rhizopora mucronata,
Rhizopora stylosa, and Salix alba.
The last area is mangrove forest in Cancabato Bay, Philippines. In this area, not
only species of trees can be found, but also species of animals that live in. The species of
animals in question are sesarmid crabs of various types. The types of crabs are Aratus
pisonii, Episesarma singaporense, Episesarma versicolor, Perisesarma eumolpe,
Perisesarma indiarum, and Neosarmatium smithi. As for the species of trees including
Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia marina, and Aegiceras
corniculatum. The existence of animal species in the mangroves, shows the interaction
between the two. Sesarmid crabs can live due to environmental factors that support.
C. CONCLUSION
From several sources discussed, it can be known some similarities and mangrove
worship in five different areas. The similarity of the five areas is that they have a largely
similar species of trees. While the difference is in the four regions in Indonesia, only tree
species can be identified. However, in the Philippines, in addition to tree species there are
also animal species, one of which is sesarmid crab. From these differences it can be
known that the distribution and ecosystems that live in mangrove forests are different.
These differences may arise due to climate, social, ecological, or other factors.
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