Hydro Power Report Ed 2 2009

Hydropower Repor t
Large & Small Hydropower

Ed 2 2009
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Hydropower is the largest renewable source of electricity. It accounts for 2.2% of primary energy
supply and 16% of electrical generation. Although there are hydro electric projects under
construction in about 80 countries most of the remaining hydro potential is found in developing
countries particularly in South and Central Asia, Latin America and Africa. This report is a
comprehensive study and analysis of the global hydro power market.
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The report contains a wealth of the latest available statistics of hydro power and hydro power
plants. The report discusses environmental objections to hydropower and the different impacts
on the futures for LHP and SHP. The effects on population, wild life, eco systems, water
diversion, landscape, and the potentially critical new problem of methane, which is being
researched and could condemn LHP as more environmentally damaging than fossil fuels.
Outline of the report

• Contribution of hydro power to the energy mix
• History of hydropower
• Development of Hydro power and the different patterns for LHP and SHP
• Technical background
• Base load & peaking with hydropower
• Environmental benefits and concerns
• Regional & country hydropower profiles of Europe, CIS, North America, Latin America & Carribean,
Asia, Asia Pacific, Africa, Middle East
• The different size technologies of hydro power - large, small, mini, micro and pica
Large Hydro and Small Hydro -SHP

This edition of the report contains expanded coverage of the SHP segment, which is attracting
increasing interest as an economical and environmentally benign source of power for small
communities and businesses
• Covers both large hydropower (LHP) and small hydropower (SHP), mini and micro, and explains
the differences between them. It is not simply a question of size but different technologies
• Outlines the size of the hydropower industry, separately for large and small
• Regional break and analysis of hydropower‘s distribution country by country
• Analyses future demand for hydropower, both LHP and SHP
• Profiles hydropower in each country
• Lists of hydro plants in each country, totalling over 2,400
Special features
• Development of SHP in Europe
• The Big Dam Period in the USA
• The SHP sector and its development in China, which accounts for 39% of the world’s new SHP
construction
• Provides summary of the different hydro technologies- construction of dams, turbines
• Analysis of plant utilisation country by country, and discussion of base load and peaking
• Compares the benefits and disadvantages of hydro versus other generation technologies
Price of report - £1000

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*To purchase this report please complete the order form or for more information please
contact: info@absenergyresearch.com or call +44(0) 20 8432 6378
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Table of Contents
1.0 Executive Summary ................................................................................... 18
Overview........................................................................................................................................ 18
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 18
Size of the hydro power industry............................................................................................... 18
Hydro Plant Size Groups........................................................................................................... 20
Future demand for LHP and SHP ............................................................................................. 21
Base Load, Intermediate Load or Peak Load ........................................................................... 22
Development of Hydropower..................................................................................................... 23
Technology................................................................................................................................ 24
Benefits and Disadvantages of Different Generating Technologies ......................................... 25
2.0 Contribution of hydropower to the energy mix ....................................... 26

Overview........................................................................................................................................ 26
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 26
Contents .................................................................................................................................... 26
2.1 The contribution of hydropower to primary energy supply ...................................................... 27
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 27
2.2 The importance of hydropower to electricity generation ......................................................... 28
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 28
2.3 Hydroelectric resources........................................................................................................... 29
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 29
2.4 Hydro electricity generating capacity....................................................................................... 31
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 31
2.5 Large hydropower (LHP) ......................................................................................................... 34
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 34
2.6 Small hydropower (SHP) ......................................................................................................... 35
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 35
3.0 History of hydropower ............................................................................... 36

Overview........................................................................................................................................ 36
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 36
Contents .................................................................................................................................... 36
3.1 The Big Dam period in the USA .............................................................................................. 37
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 37
US dams.................................................................................................................................... 41
Small Hydropower (SHP) .......................................................................................................... 44
Development of SHP in Europe ................................................................................................ 44
Development of SHP in China .................................................................................................. 45
3.2 Technical background / Types of hydropower ........................................................................ 46
Impoundment hydropower ........................................................................................................ 46
Run-of-river projects.................................................................................................................. 46
Micro hydropower projects ........................................................................................................ 47
Diversion hydropower ............................................................................................................... 47
Pumped storage........................................................................................................................ 48
Head.......................................................................................................................................... 49
Life expectancy ......................................................................................................................... 49
Small Hydro Plants (SHP)......................................................................................................... 49
Turbine technologies for small-, mid- and large-scale hydro plants ......................................... 50
Pelton impulse turbine............................................................................................................... 50
Francis reaction turbine............................................................................................................. 50
Bulb turbine ............................................................................................................................... 51
Propeller or Kaplan reaction turbine ......................................................................................... 51
4.0 Base, Intermediate and Peak Load with Hydropower............................. 52

Contents .................................................................................................................................... 52
4.1 Variations of demand............................................................................................................... 53
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 53
4.2 Security of supply .................................................................................................................... 55
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 55
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5.0 Environmental concerns............................................................................ 57
Overview........................................................................................................................................ 57
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 57
Contents .................................................................................................................................... 57
5.1 World Bank review................................................................................................................... 58
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 58
5.2 Environmental impacts of dams and hydro plants .................................................................. 59
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 59
5.3 Greenhouse gases and methane ............................................................................................ 61
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 61
5.4 Examples of environmental degradation ................................................................................. 62
Examples................................................................................................................................... 62
5.5 Small hydropower (SHP) ......................................................................................................... 63
Small hydropower (SHP)........................................................................................................... 63
6.0 Regional and country hydropower profiles Europe ............................... 64

Contents .................................................................................................................................... 64
6.1 Regional hydropower overview Europe................................................................................... 65
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 65
Small hydro plants installed in Europe...................................................................................... 66
SHP electricity prices ................................................................................................................ 67
SHP investment costs ............................................................................................................... 68
Hydropower potential ................................................................................................................ 68
European market prospects ...................................................................................................... 69
6.2 Country hydropower profiles Europe....................................................................................... 70
Contents .................................................................................................................................... 70
6.2.1 Albania.................................................................................................................................. 71
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 71
Hydropower plants in Albania ................................................................................................... 71
6.2.2 Austria .................................................................................................................................. 73
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 73
Small hydropower capacity in Austria ....................................................................................... 73
Hydropower plants in Austria .................................................................................................... 74
6.2.3 Belgium................................................................................................................................. 76
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 76
Small hydro power capacity in Belgium .................................................................................... 76
6.2.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina ...................................................................................................... 78
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 78
Hydropower plants in Bosnia and Herzegovina ........................................................................ 78
6.2.5 Bulgaria ................................................................................................................................ 80
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 80
Small hydropower capacity in Bulgaria ..................................................................................... 80
Hydropower plants in Bulgaria .................................................................................................. 81
6.2.6 Croatia .................................................................................................................................. 83
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 83
Hydropower plants in Croatia.................................................................................................... 83
6.2.7 Czech Republic .................................................................................................................... 86
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 86
Small hydropower capacity in Czech Republic ......................................................................... 86
Hydropower plants in Czech Republic ...................................................................................... 87
6.2.8 Denmark ............................................................................................................................... 88
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 88
Small hydropower capacity in Denmark.................................................................................... 88
6.2.9 Finland.................................................................................................................................. 89
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 89
Small hydropower capacity in Finland ...................................................................................... 89
Hydropower plants in Finland.................................................................................................... 90
6.2.10 France ................................................................................................................................ 92
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 92
Small hydropower capacity in France ....................................................................................... 92
Hydropower plants in France .................................................................................................... 93
6.2.11 Germany........................................................................................................................... 100
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 100
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Small hydropower capacity in Germany ................................................................................. 100
Hydropower plants in Germany .............................................................................................. 101
6.2.12 Greece.............................................................................................................................. 103
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 103
Hydropower plants in Greece.................................................................................................. 103
6.2.13 Hungary ............................................................................................................................ 106
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 106
Small hydro power capacity in Hungary.................................................................................. 106
Hydropower plants in Hungary................................................................................................ 107
6.2.14 Iceland .............................................................................................................................. 108
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 108
Hydropower plants in Iceland.................................................................................................. 108
6.2.15 Ireland............................................................................................................................... 109
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 109
Small hydro power capacity in Ireland .................................................................................... 109
Hydropower plants in Ireland .................................................................................................. 110
6.2.16 Italy ................................................................................................................................... 111
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 111
Small hydropower capacity in Italy.......................................................................................... 111
Hydropower plants in Italy....................................................................................................... 112
6.2.17 Latvia ................................................................................................................................ 115
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 115
Small hydro power capacity in Latvia...................................................................................... 115
Hydropower plants in Latvia.................................................................................................... 116
6.2.18 Lithuania ........................................................................................................................... 117
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 117
Small hydropower capacity in Lithuania.................................................................................. 117
Hydropower plants in Lithuania............................................................................................... 118
6.2.19 Luxembourg...................................................................................................................... 119
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 119
Small hydro power capacity in Luxembourg ........................................................................... 119
Hydropower plants in Luxembourg ......................................................................................... 120
6.2.20 Macedonia ........................................................................................................................ 121
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 121
Hydropower plants in Macedonia............................................................................................ 121
6.2.21 Netherlands ...................................................................................................................... 123
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 123
Small hydropower capacity in Netherlands............................................................................. 123
6.2.22 Norway ............................................................................................................................. 124
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 124
Small hydropower (SHP) capacity in Norway ......................................................................... 124
6.2.23 Poland .............................................................................................................................. 134
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 134
Small hydro power capacity in Poland .................................................................................... 134
Hydropower plants in Poland .................................................................................................. 135
6.2.24 Portugal ............................................................................................................................ 136
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 136
Small hydro power capacity in Portugal.................................................................................. 136
Hydropower plants in Portugal ................................................................................................ 137
6.2.25 Romania ........................................................................................................................... 138
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 138
Small hydropower capacity in Romania.................................................................................. 138
Hydropower plants in Romania ............................................................................................... 139
6.2.26 Serbia and Montenegro.................................................................................................... 140
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 140
Hydropower plants in Serbia and Montenegro........................................................................ 140
6.2.27 Slovakia ............................................................................................................................ 142
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 142
Small hydro power capacity in Slovakia.................................................................................. 142
Hydropower plants in Slovakia................................................................................................ 143
6.2.28 Slovenia............................................................................................................................ 144
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 144
Small hydro power capacity in Slovenia ................................................................................. 144
Hydropower plants in Slovenia................................................................................................ 145
6.2.29 Spain ................................................................................................................................ 146
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 146
Small hydro power capacity in Spain ...................................................................................... 146
Hydropower plants in Spain .................................................................................................... 147
6.2.30 Sweden............................................................................................................................. 149
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 149
Small hydro power capacity in Sweden .................................................................................. 149
Major hydropower plants in Sweden....................................................................................... 150
6.2.31 Switzerland ....................................................................................................................... 154
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 154
Hydropower plants in Switzerland........................................................................................... 154
6.2.32 Turkey............................................................................................................................... 159
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 159
Small hydro power capacity in Turkey .................................................................................... 159
Hydropower plants in Turkey .................................................................................................. 160
6.2.33 United Kingdom ................................................................................................................ 163
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 163
Small hydro power capacity in UK .......................................................................................... 163
Hydropower plants in United Kingdom.................................................................................... 164
7.0 Regional and country hydropower profiles CIS.................................... 171

Contents .................................................................................................................................. 171
7.1 Regional hydropower overview CIS ...................................................................................... 172
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 172
7.2 Country hydropower profiles CIS .......................................................................................... 173
Contents .................................................................................................................................. 173
7.2.1 Armenia .............................................................................................................................. 174
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 174
Hydropower plants in Armenia ................................................................................................ 174
7.2.2 Azerbaijan........................................................................................................................... 176
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 176
Hydropower plants in Azerbaijan ............................................................................................ 176
7.2.3 Georgia............................................................................................................................... 177
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 177
Hydropower plants in Georgia................................................................................................. 177
7.2.4 Kazakhstan......................................................................................................................... 180
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 180
Hydropower plants in Kazakhstan .......................................................................................... 180
7.2.5 Kyrgyzstan.......................................................................................................................... 182
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 182
Hydropower plants in Kyrgyzstan ........................................................................................... 182
7.2.6 Moldova .............................................................................................................................. 184
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 184
Hydropower plants in Moldova................................................................................................ 184
7.2.7 Russia................................................................................................................................. 185
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 185
Hydropower plants in Russia .................................................................................................. 185
7.2.8 Tajikstan ............................................................................................................................. 188
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 188
Hydropower plants in Tajikstan ............................................................................................... 188
7.2.9 Turkmenistan...................................................................................................................... 191
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 191
7.2.10 Ukraine ............................................................................................................................. 191
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 191
Hydropower plants in Ukraine ................................................................................................. 191
7.2.11 Uzbekistan........................................................................................................................ 193
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 193
Hydropower plants in Uzbekistan ........................................................................................... 193
8.0 Regional and country hydropower profiles North America ................. 195
Contents .................................................................................................................................. 195
8.1 Regional hydropower overview North America ..................................................................... 196
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 196
8.2 Country hydropower profiles North America ......................................................................... 197
Contents .................................................................................................................................. 197
8.2.1 Canada ............................................................................................................................... 198
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 198
Hydropower plants in Canada................................................................................................. 198
Small hydropower ................................................................................................................... 201
New plant development in Canada ......................................................................................... 211
8.2.2 United States of America.................................................................................................... 213
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 213
Hydropower capacity in the USA ............................................................................................ 213
New hydropower plant development in the USA .................................................................... 222
8.2.3 Mexico ................................................................................................................................ 223
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 223
Hydropower capacity in Mexico .............................................................................................. 223
Small hydropower (SHP)......................................................................................................... 224
9.0 Regional and country hydropower overview Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) ... 226
Contents .................................................................................................................................. 226
9.1 Regional hydropower overview Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)............................. 227
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 227
Energy resources and production in LAC ............................................................................... 227
Energy outlook in LAC ............................................................................................................ 229
End-use efficiency and new forms of renewables................................................................... 230
The future of hydropower in LAC ............................................................................................ 231
The investment in large dams ................................................................................................. 231
9.2 Country hydropower profiles Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) ................................. 234
Contents .................................................................................................................................. 234
9.2.1 Argentina ............................................................................................................................ 235
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 235
Hydropower capacity of Argentina .......................................................................................... 235
Corpus Christi ......................................................................................................................... 236
9.2.2 Bolivia ................................................................................................................................. 239
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 239
9.2.3 Brazil................................................................................................................................... 241
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 241
Hydropower capacity in Brazil................................................................................................. 241
Regulations for hydro development ........................................................................................ 243
Future development of large dams ......................................................................................... 243
New hydro power plant developments in Brazil ...................................................................... 248
9.2.4 Chile ................................................................................................................................... 249
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 249
Hydropower plants in Chile ..................................................................................................... 249
9.2.5 Colombia ............................................................................................................................ 252
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 252
Hydropower plants in Colombia .............................................................................................. 252
9.2.6 Costa Rica .......................................................................................................................... 256
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 256
Hydropower plants in Costa Rica............................................................................................ 256
9.2.7 Dominican Republic............................................................................................................ 258
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 258
9.2.8 Ecuador .............................................................................................................................. 259
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 259
9.2.9 El Salvador ......................................................................................................................... 261
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 261
Hydropower plants in El Salvador........................................................................................... 261
9.2.10 Guatemala ........................................................................................................................ 262
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 262
Hydropower plants in Guatemala............................................................................................ 262
9.2.11 Honduras .......................................................................................................................... 264
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 264
Hydropower plants in Honduras.............................................................................................. 264
9.2.12 Nicaragua ......................................................................................................................... 265
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 265
Hydropower plants in Nicaragua ............................................................................................. 265
9.2.13 Panama ............................................................................................................................ 266
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 266
Hydropower plants in Panama ................................................................................................ 266
9.2.14 Paraguay .......................................................................................................................... 268
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 268
9.2.15 Peru .................................................................................................................................. 269
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 269
Hydropower plants in Peru...................................................................................................... 269
9.2.16 Puerto Rico....................................................................................................................... 272
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 272
9.2.17 Surinam ............................................................................................................................ 273
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 273
9.2.18 Uruguay ............................................................................................................................ 274
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 274
9.2.19 Venezuela......................................................................................................................... 275
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 275
Hydropower plants in Venezuela ............................................................................................ 275
Future outlook ......................................................................................................................... 276
10.0 Regional and country hydropower overview Asia (Developing countries)..................... 277
Contents .................................................................................................................................. 277
10.1 Regional hydropower overview Asia (Developing countries) .............................................. 278
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 278
10.2 Country hydropower profiles Asia (Developing countries) .................................................. 280
Contents .................................................................................................................................. 280
10.2.1 Afghanistan....................................................................................................................... 281
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 281
10.2.2 Bangladesh....................................................................................................................... 282
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 282
10.2.3 Bhutan .............................................................................................................................. 283
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 283
Hydropower plants in Bhutan .................................................................................................. 283
10.2.4 China ................................................................................................................................ 285
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 285
Small hydro power capacity in China...................................................................................... 285
Large hydropower (LHP)......................................................................................................... 286
Three Gorge Dam and hydro plant ......................................................................................... 286
Additional large hydro developments in China........................................................................ 287
Tibet (Xizang) .......................................................................................................................... 290
New hydro power plant development in China ....................................................................... 293
10.2.5 Fiji ..................................................................................................................................... 294
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 294
10.2.6 India.................................................................................................................................. 295
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 295
Total hydropower capacity in India ......................................................................................... 295
Hydropower development ....................................................................................................... 295
Water resources...................................................................................................................... 296
Hydroelectric sub-sector in India............................................................................................. 297
Hydropower development - large hydropower (LHP) ............................................................. 298
Small hydropower (SHP) introduction into India ..................................................................... 299
Small hydropower (SHP) in India today .................................................................................. 299
New hydro power plant developments in India ....................................................................... 320
10.2.7 Indonesia .......................................................................................................................... 322
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 322
10.2.8 Laos.................................................................................................................................. 324
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 324
Total hydropower capacity in Laos ......................................................................................... 324
New hydro power plant developments in Laos ....................................................................... 326
10.2.9 Malaysia ........................................................................................................................... 328
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 328
Total hydropower capacity in Malaysia ................................................................................... 328
10.2.10 Myanmar......................................................................................................................... 329
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 329
Total hydropower capacity in Myanmar .................................................................................. 329
New hydro power plant developments in Myanmar................................................................ 330
10.2.11 Nepal .............................................................................................................................. 331
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 331
Total hydropower capacity in Nepal........................................................................................ 331
Small hydropower (SHP) in Nepal .......................................................................................... 332
10.2.12 North Korea .................................................................................................................... 334
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 334
10.2.13 South Korea.................................................................................................................... 335
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 335
10.2.14 Pakistan.......................................................................................................................... 338
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 338
Total hydropower capacity in Pakistan ................................................................................... 338
10.2.15 Papua New Guinea ........................................................................................................ 341
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 341
Hydropower development ....................................................................................................... 341
10.2.16 Philippines ...................................................................................................................... 342
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 342
10.2.17 Sri Lanka ........................................................................................................................ 344
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 344
Total hydropower capacity in Sri Lanka .................................................................................. 344
10.2.18 Taiwan ............................................................................................................................ 345
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 345
10.2.19 Thailand.......................................................................................................................... 346
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 346
10.2.20 Vietnam .......................................................................................................................... 348
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 348
Total hydropower capacity in Vietnam .................................................................................... 348
New hydro power plant developments in Vietnam.................................................................. 351
11.0 Regional and country hydropower overview Asia Pacific (Industrialised countries).... 352
Contents .................................................................................................................................. 352
11.1 Regional hydropower overview Asia Pacific (Industrialised countries) ............................... 353
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 353
11.2 Country hydropower profiles Asia Pacific (Industrialised countries) ................................... 353
Contents .................................................................................................................................. 353
11.2.1 Australia............................................................................................................................ 354
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 354
11.2.2 Japan................................................................................................................................ 356
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 356
Total hydropower capacity in Japan ....................................................................................... 356
11.2.3 New Zealand .................................................................................................................... 360
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 360
Total hydropower capacity in New Zealand ............................................................................ 360
12.0 Regional and country hydropower overview Africa ........................... 362

Contents .................................................................................................................................. 362
12.1 Regional hydropower overview Africa ................................................................................. 363
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 363
12.2 Country hydropower profiles Africa ..................................................................................... 365
Contents .................................................................................................................................. 365
12.2.1 Algeria .............................................................................................................................. 366
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 366
12.2.2 Angola .............................................................................................................................. 367
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 367
12.2.3 Burkina Faso .................................................................................................................... 368
12.2.4 Burundi ............................................................................................................................. 368
12.2.5 Cameroon......................................................................................................................... 369
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 369
12.2.6 Congo ............................................................................................................................... 370
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 370
12.2.7 Congo, Democratic Republic of the.................................................................................. 371
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 371
12.2.8 Cote d’Ivoire ..................................................................................................................... 373
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 373
Hydropower plants in Cote d’Ivoire ......................................................................................... 373
12.2.9 Egypt ................................................................................................................................ 374
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 374
Total hydro power capacity in Egypt ....................................................................................... 374
12.2.10 Ethiopia........................................................................................................................... 375
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 375
Total hydropower capacity in Ethiopia .................................................................................... 375
12.2.11 Gabon............................................................................................................................. 377
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 377
12.2.12 Ghana............................................................................................................................. 378
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 378
12.2.13 Guinea ............................................................................................................................ 379
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 379
12.2.14 Kenya ............................................................................................................................. 380
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 380
Total hydropower capacity in Kenya ....................................................................................... 380
12.2.15 Madagascar.................................................................................................................... 382
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 382
12.2.16 Malawi ............................................................................................................................ 383
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 383
12.2.17 Mali ................................................................................................................................. 384
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 384
12.2.18 Morocco.......................................................................................................................... 385
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 385
12.2.19 Mozambique ................................................................................................................... 386
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 386
Total hydropower capacity in Mozambique............................................................................. 386
12.2.20 Nigeria ............................................................................................................................ 388
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 388
12.2.21 Rwanda .......................................................................................................................... 389
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 389
12.2.22 South Africa .................................................................................................................... 390
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 390
12.2.23 Sudan ............................................................................................................................. 391
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 391
Total hydropower capacity in Sudan....................................................................................... 391
12.2.24 Tanzania......................................................................................................................... 392
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 392
Total hydropower capacity in Tanzania .................................................................................. 392
12.2.25 Uganda ........................................................................................................................... 393
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 393
Total hydropower capacity in Uganda..................................................................................... 393
12.2.26 Zambia............................................................................................................................ 394
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 394
Total hydropower capacity in Zambia ..................................................................................... 394
Other hydro projects................................................................................................................ 395
12.2.27 Zimbabwe ....................................................................................................................... 396
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 396
13.0 Regional and country hydropower overview Middle East ................. 397
Contents .................................................................................................................................. 397
13.1 Regional hydropower overview Middle East ....................................................................... 398
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 398
13.2 Country hydropower profiles Middle East ........................................................................... 399
Contents .................................................................................................................................. 399
13.2.1 Iran ................................................................................................................................... 400
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 400
Total hydropower capacity in Iran ........................................................................................... 400
13.2.2 Lebanon............................................................................................................................ 401
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 401
13.2.3 Syria ................................................................................................................................. 402
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 402
Total hydropower capacity in Syria ......................................................................................... 402
14.0 Appendix 1 – The computation of power ............................................. 403

Overview ................................................................................................................................. 403
Table of Tables
Table 1.1: Advantages and disadvantages of different types of renewable energy................................... 25

Table 2.1: Hydroelectric installed capacity and generation by regions and major countries, 2006 ........... 33
Table 3.1: Number of dams by country, 2006 ............................................................................................ 39
Table 3.2: The 12 largest hydropower plants in the world, 2008 ............................................................... 42
Table 3.3: Large hydropower plants under construction, 2008 .................................................................. 43
Table 3.4: Large hydropower plants proposed, 2008................................................................................. 43
Table 4.1: Utilisation of hydropower in days per year, 2005, countries with over 5,000 MW installed hydro
capacity....................................................................................................................................................... 55
Table 6.1: Europe, hydroelectric net installed capacity and generation, 2006........................................... 65
Table 6.2: Installed capacity and production of SHP plants (up to 10 MW) in Europe, 2008 .................... 66
Table 6.3: Estimated hydro potential and exploitation in Europe MW ....................................................... 69
Table 6.4: Hydropower plants in Albania.................................................................................................... 72
Table 6.5: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Albania.......................................................... 72
Table 6.6: Hydropower plants in Austria .................................................................................................... 74
Table 6.7: Hydropower plants in Belgium................................................................................................... 77
Table 6.8: Hydropower plants in Bosnia and Herzegovina ........................................................................ 79
Table 6.9: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Bosnia and Herzegovina .............................. 79
Table 6.10: Hydropower plants in Bulgaria ................................................................................................ 81
Table 6.11: Hydropower plants in Croatia .................................................................................................. 83
Table 6.12: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Croatia ........................................................ 85
Table 6.13: Hydropower plants in Czech Republic .................................................................................... 87
Table 6.14: Hydropower plants in Finland.................................................................................................. 90
Table 6.15: Hydropower plants in France .................................................................................................. 94
Table 6.16: Hydropower plants in Germany............................................................................................. 101
Table 6.17: Hydropower plants in Greece................................................................................................ 104
Table 6.18: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Greece ...................................................... 105
Table 6.19: Hydropower plants in Hungary .............................................................................................. 107
Table 6.20: Hydropower plants in Ireland................................................................................................. 110
Table 6.21: Hydropower plants in Italy ..................................................................................................... 112
Table 6.22: Hydropower plants in Latvia .................................................................................................. 116
Table 6.23: Hydropower plants in Lithuania ............................................................................................. 118
Table 6.24: Hydropower plants in Macedonia .......................................................................................... 121
Table 6.25: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Macedonia ................................................ 122
Table 6.26: Hydropower plants in Norway ............................................................................................... 127
Table 6.27: Hydropower plants in Poland ................................................................................................ 135
Table 6.28: Hydropower plants in Portugal .............................................................................................. 137
Table 6.29: Hydropower plants in Romania ............................................................................................. 139
Table 6.30: Hydropower plants in Serbia and Montenegro...................................................................... 141
Table 6.31: Hydropower plants in Slovakia .............................................................................................. 143
Table 6.32: Hydropower plants in Slovenia.............................................................................................. 145
Table 6.33: Hydropower plants in Spain .................................................................................................. 148
Table 6.34: Major hydropower plants in Sweden ..................................................................................... 152
Table 6.35: Hydropower plants in Switzerland ......................................................................................... 155
Table 6.36: Hydropower plants in Turkey................................................................................................. 161
Table 6.37: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Turkey....................................................... 162
Table 6.38: Hydropower plants in United Kingdom.................................................................................. 165
Table 6.39: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in the United Kingdom .................................. 170
Table 7.1: CIS - hydroelectric installed capacity and generation, 2006 ................................................... 172
Table 7.2: Hydropower plants in Armenia ................................................................................................ 175
Table 7.3: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Armenia ...................................................... 175
Table 7.4: Hydropower plants in Azerbaijan............................................................................................. 176
Table 7.5: Hydropower plants in Georgia................................................................................................. 178
Table 7.6: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Georgia ....................................................... 179
Table 7.7: Hydropower plants in Kazakhstan........................................................................................... 180
Table 7.8: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Kazakhstan ................................................. 181
Table 7.9: Hydropower plants in Kyrgyzstan............................................................................................ 183
Table 7.10: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Kyrgyzstan ................................................ 183
Table 7.11: Hydropower plants in Moldova .............................................................................................. 184
Table 7.12: Hydropower plants in Russia................................................................................................. 186
Table 7.13: Hydropower plants in Tajikstan ............................................................................................. 189
Table 7.14: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Tajikstan ................................................... 189
Table 7.15: Hydropower plants in Ukraine ............................................................................................... 192
Table 7.16: Hydropower plants in Uzbekistan.......................................................................................... 194
Table 8.1: North America, hydroelectric installed capacity and generation, 2006 ................................... 196
Table 8.2: Hydropower plants in Canada ................................................................................................. 201
Table 8.3: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Canada ....................................................... 212
Table 8.4: The ten largest hydropower stations in the USA..................................................................... 214
Table 8.5: Large utility owned hydropower plants in the USA (25 MW and over).................................... 218
Table 8.6: Hydropower plants in Mexico .................................................................................................. 224
Table 8.7: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Mexico ........................................................ 225
Table 9.1: Dam projects approved by the IDB, 1960 - 1999, (By sector, in millions US$) ...................... 231
Table 9.2: South and Central America, hydroelectric installed capacity and generation, 2006............... 232
Table 9.3: Hydropower plants in Argentina .............................................................................................. 236
Table 9.4: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Argentina .................................................... 237
Table 9.5: Hydropower plants in Bolivia ................................................................................................... 239
Table 9.6: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Bolivia ......................................................... 240
Table 9.7: Large Dams Projected in Brazil 2000 - 2008 .......................................................................... 244
Table 9.8: Hydropower plants in Brazil..................................................................................................... 244
Table 9.9: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Brazil ........................................................... 248
Table 9.10: Hydropower plants in Chile ................................................................................................... 250
Table 9.11: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Chile.......................................................... 251
Table 9.12: Hydropower plants in Colombia ............................................................................................ 253
Table 9.13: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Columbia................................................... 254
Table 9.14: Hydropower plants in Costa Rica .......................................................................................... 256
Table 9.15: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Costa Rica ................................................ 257
Table 9.16: Hydropower plants in Dominican Republic ........................................................................... 258
Table 9.17: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Dominican Republic.................................. 258
Table 9.18: Hydropower plants in Ecuador .............................................................................................. 259
Table 9.19: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Ecuador .................................................... 260
Table 9.20: Hydropower plants in El Salvador ......................................................................................... 261
Table 9.21: Hydropower plants in Guatemala .......................................................................................... 262
Table 9.22: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Guatemala ................................................ 263
Table 9.23: Hydropower plants in Honduras ............................................................................................ 264
Table 9.24: Hydropower plants in Nicaragua ........................................................................................... 265
Table 9.25: Hydropower plants in Panama .............................................................................................. 266
Table 9.26: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Panama .................................................... 267
Table 9.27: Hydropower plants in Paraguay ............................................................................................ 268
Table 9.28: Hydropower plants in Peru .................................................................................................... 269
Table 9.29: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Peru .......................................................... 270
Table 9.30: Hydropower plants in Surinam .............................................................................................. 273
Table 9.31: Hydropower plants in Uruguay .............................................................................................. 274
Table 9.32: Hydropower plants in Venezuela........................................................................................... 276
Table 9.33: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Venezuela................................................. 276
Table 10.1: Asia Pacific, hydroelectric installed capacity and generation, 2006...................................... 278
Table 10.2: Hydropower plants in Afghanistan......................................................................................... 281
Table 10:3: Hydropower plants in Bangladesh......................................................................................... 282
Table 10.4: Hydropower plants in Bhutan ................................................................................................ 284
Table 10.5: Hydropower plants in China .................................................................................................. 291
Table 10.6: Hydropower plants planned or under construction in China ................................................. 293
Table 10.7: Small hydro sites up to 25 MW identified by State, India ...................................................... 300
Table 10.8: Installed and ongoing mini / micro hydro projects up to 25 MW capacity by state in India, 31
March 2007............................................................................................................................................... 301
Table 10.9: Hydropower plants in India.................................................................................................... 317
Table 10.10: Medium and large hydropower plants planned or under construction in India ................... 320
Table 10.11: Hydropower plants in Indonesia .......................................................................................... 322
Table 10.12: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Indonesia ................................................ 323
Table 10.13: Hydropower plants in Laos.................................................................................................. 326
Table 10.14: Hydropower plants planned or under construction in Laos................................................. 326
Table 10.15: Hydropower plants in Malaysia ........................................................................................... 328
Table 10.16: Hydropower plants in Myanmar........................................................................................... 329
Table 10.17: Hydropower plants planned or under construction in Myanmar.......................................... 330
Table 10.18: Hydropower plants in Nepal ................................................................................................ 333
Table 10.19: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Nepal ...................................................... 333
Table 10.20: Hydropower plants in North Korea ...................................................................................... 334
Table 10.21: Hydropower plants in South Korea ..................................................................................... 335
Table 10.22: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in South Korea............................................ 337
Table 10.23: Hydropower plants in Pakistan............................................................................................ 339
Table 10.24: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Pakistan .................................................. 340
Table 10.25: Hydropower plants in Philippines ........................................................................................ 342
Table 10.26: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in the Philippines ........................................ 343
Table 10.27: Hydropower plants in Sri Lanka .......................................................................................... 344
Table 10.28: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Sri Lanka................................................. 344
Table 10.29: Hydropower plants in Taiwan .............................................................................................. 345
Table 10.30: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Taiwan .................................................... 345
Table 10.31: Hydropower plants in Thailand............................................................................................ 346
Table 10.32: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Thailand .................................................. 347
Table 10.33: Hydropower plants in Vietnam ............................................................................................ 350
Table 10.34: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Vietnam................................................... 351
Table 11.1: Hydropower plants in Australia.............................................................................................. 354
Table 11.2: Hydropower plants in Japan.................................................................................................. 357
Table 11.3: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Japan ........................................................ 359
Table 11.4: Hydropower plants in New Zealand ...................................................................................... 361
Table 12.1: Africa, hydroelectric installed capacity and generation, 2006 ............................................... 363
Table 12.2: Hydropower plants in Algeria ................................................................................................ 366
Table 12.3: Hydropower plants in Angola ................................................................................................ 367
Table 12.4: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Angola....................................................... 368
Table 12.5: Hydropower plants in Burkina Faso ...................................................................................... 368
Table 12.6: Hydropower plants in Burundi ............................................................................................... 368
Table 12.7: Hydropower plants in Cameroon........................................................................................... 369
Table 12.8: New hydro plants or plants being refurbished in Cameroon ................................................. 369
Table 12.9: Hydropower plants in Congo ................................................................................................. 370
Table 12.10: Hydropower plants in Democratic Republic of the Congo .................................................. 371
Table 12.11: Hydropower plants in Cote d’Ivoire ..................................................................................... 373
Table 12.12: Hydropower plants in Honduras .......................................................................................... 374
Table 12.13: Hydropower plants in Ethiopia............................................................................................. 376
Table 12.14: Hydropower plants in Gabon............................................................................................... 377
Table 12.15: Hydropower plants in Ghana............................................................................................... 378
Table 12.16: Hydropower plants in Guinea .............................................................................................. 379
Table 12.17: Hydropower plants in Kenya ............................................................................................... 381
Table 12.18: Hydropower plants in Madagascar...................................................................................... 382
Table 12.19: Hydropower plants in Malawi .............................................................................................. 383
Table 12.20: Hydropower plants in Mali ................................................................................................... 384
Table 12.21: Hydropower plants in Morocco............................................................................................ 385
Table 12.22: Hydropower plants in Mozambique ..................................................................................... 387
Table 12.23: Hydropower plants in Nigeria .............................................................................................. 388
Table 12.24: Hydropower plants in Rwanda ............................................................................................ 389
Table 12.25: Hydropower plants in South Africa ...................................................................................... 390
Table 12.26: Hydropower plants in Sudan ............................................................................................... 391
Table 12.27: Hydropower plants in Tanzania........................................................................................... 392
Table 12.28: Hydropower plants in Uganda ............................................................................................. 393
Table 12.29: Hydropower plants in Zambia.............................................................................................. 395
Table 12.30: Hydropower plants in Zimbabwe ......................................................................................... 396
Table 13.1: Middle East, hydroelectric installed capacity and generation, 2006 ..................................... 398
Table 13.2: Hydropower plants in Iran ..................................................................................................... 400
Table 13.3: Hydropower plants in Syria ................................................................................................... 402
Table of Figures
Figure 2.1: Total global primary energy supply 2007 ................................................................................. 27

Figure 2.2: Renewables in electricity production 2007............................................................................... 28
Figure 2.3: Net exploitable hydropower potential [TWh per year] and percentage exploited .................... 29
Figure 2.4: The growth of hydropower generating capacity, 1990 - 2008, Installed capacity and net
summer capacity MW ................................................................................................................................. 31
Figure 2.5: Regional development of hydropower, 1965 to 2006 TWh...................................................... 32
Figure 2.6: Global SHP as a % of total hydro capacity, 1980 to 2015 ....................................................... 34
Figure 2.7: Global SHP as a % of total hydro capacity, 1980 to 2015 ....................................................... 35
Figure 3.1: The number of dams constructed by decade (excluding China) ............................................. 37
Figure 3.2: Cumulative number of dams built by region............................................................................. 38
Figure 3.3: SHP Installed Capacity China, 1950 to 2020........................................................................... 45
Figure 3.4: Diagram of impoundment hydropower..................................................................................... 46
Figure 3.5: Illustration of run-of-river hydropower ...................................................................................... 46
Figure 3.6: Diagram of micro hydropower project ...................................................................................... 47
Figure 3.7: Illustration of diversion hydropower.......................................................................................... 47
Figure 3.8: Diagram of a pumped storage configuration............................................................................ 48
Figure 3.9: Diagram of a pumped storage configuration............................................................................ 48
Figure 4.1: Base, Intermediate and Peak Load by time of Day.................................................................. 54
Figure 6.1: Generation in GWh of SHP plants (capacity < 10 MW) in Europe by size, 2003 .................... 68
Figure 6.2: Total hydropower capacity in Albania ...................................................................................... 71
Figure 6.3: Total hydropower capacity in Austria ....................................................................................... 73
Figure 6.4: Small hydropower capacity in Austria, 1993 to 2015 ............................................................... 73
Figure 6.5: Total hydropower capacity in Belgium ..................................................................................... 76
Figure 6.6: Small hydropower capacity in Belgium, 1990 to 2015 ............................................................. 76
Figure 6.7: Total hydropower capacity in Bosnia and Herzegovina ........................................................... 78
Figure 6.8: Total hydropower capacity in Bulgaria ..................................................................................... 80
Figure 6.9: Small hydropower capacity in Bulgaria, 1990 to 2015 ............................................................. 80
Figure 6.10: Total hydropower capacity in Croatia..................................................................................... 83
Figure 6.11: Total hydropower capacity in Czech Republic ....................................................................... 86
Figure 6.12: Small hydropower capacity in Czech Republic, 1990 to 2015............................................... 86
Figure 6.13: Total hydropower capacity in Denmark.................................................................................. 88
Figure 6.14: Small hydropower capacity in Denmark, 1990 to 2015 ......................................................... 88
Figure 6.15: Total hydropower capacity in Finland .................................................................................... 89
Figure 6.16: Small hydropower capacity in Finland, 1990 to 2015 ............................................................ 89
Figure 6.17: Total hydropower capacity in France ..................................................................................... 92
Figure 6.18: Small hydropower capacity in France, 1990 to 2015 ............................................................. 92
Figure 6.19: Total hydropower capacity in Germany ............................................................................... 100
Figure 6.20: Small hydropower capacity in Germany, 1990 to 2015 ....................................................... 100
Figure 6.21: Total hydropower capacity in Greece .................................................................................. 103
Figure 6.22: Small hydropower capacity in Greece, 1990 to 2015 .......................................................... 103
Figure 6.23: Total hydropower capacity in Hungary................................................................................. 106
Figure 6.24: Small hydropower capacity in Hungary, 1990 to 2015 ........................................................ 106
Figure 6.25: Total hydropower capacity in Iceland................................................................................... 108
Figure 6.26: Total hydropower capacity in Ireland ................................................................................... 109
Figure 6.27: Small hydropower capacity in Ireland, 1990 to 2015 ........................................................... 109
Figure 6.28: Total hydropower capacity in Italy........................................................................................ 111
Figure 6.29: Small hydropower capacity in Italy, 1990 to 2015................................................................ 111
Figure 6.30: Total hydropower capacity in Latvia..................................................................................... 115
Figure 6.31: Small hydropower capacity in Latvia, 1995 to 2015............................................................. 115
Figure 6.32: Total hydropower capacity in Lithuania................................................................................ 117
Figure 6.33: Small hydropower capacity in Lithuania, 1990 to 2015 ....................................................... 117
Figure 6.34: Total hydropower capacity in Luxembourg .......................................................................... 119
Figure 6.35: Small hydropower capacity in Luxembourg, 1990 to 2015 .................................................. 119
Figure 6.36: Total hydropower capacity in Macedonia............................................................................. 121
Figure 6.37: Total hydropower capacity in the Netherlands..................................................................... 123
Figure 6.38: Small hydropower capacity in Netherlands, 1990 to 2015................................................... 123
Figure 6.39: Total hydropower capacity in Norway .................................................................................. 124
Figure 6.40: Small hydropower capacity in Norway, 1990 to 2015 .......................................................... 126
Figure 6.41: Total hydropower capacity in Poland ................................................................................... 134
Figure 6.42: Small hydropower capacity in Poland, 1993 to 2015 ........................................................... 134
Figure 6.43: Total hydropower capacity in Portugal................................................................................. 136
Figure 6.44: Small hydropower capacity in Portugal, 1990 to 2015......................................................... 136
Figure 6.45: Total hydropower capacity in Romania................................................................................ 138
Figure 6.46: Small hydropower capacity in Romania, 1993 to 2015........................................................ 138
Figure 6.47: Total hydropower capacity in Serbia and Montenegro......................................................... 140
Figure 6.48: Total hydropower capacity in Slovakia................................................................................. 142
Figure 6.49: Small hydropower capacity in Slovakia, 2001 to 2015 ........................................................ 142
Figure 6.50: Total hydropower capacity in Slovenia ................................................................................ 144
Figure 6.51: Small hydropower capacity in Slovenia, 1995 to 2015 ........................................................ 144
Figure 6.52: Total hydropower capacity in Spain ..................................................................................... 146
Figure 6.53: Small hydropower capacity in Spain, 1993 to 2015 ............................................................. 146
Figure 6.54: Total hydropower capacity in Sweden ................................................................................. 149
Figure 6.55: Small hydropower capacity in Sweden, 1990 to 2015 ......................................................... 149
Figure 6.56: Total hydropower capacity in Switzerland............................................................................ 154
Figure 6.57: Total hydropower capacity in Turkey ................................................................................... 159
Figure 6.58: Small hydropower capacity in Turkey, 1995 to 2015 ........................................................... 159
Figure 6.59: Total hydropower capacity in UK ......................................................................................... 163
Figure 6.60: Small hydropower capacity in the UK, 1995 to 2015 ........................................................... 163
Figure 7.1: Total hydropower capacity in Armenia................................................................................... 174
Figure 7.2: Total hydropower capacity in Azerbaijan ............................................................................... 176
Figure 7.3: Total hydropower capacity in Georgia ................................................................................... 177
Figure 7.4: Total hydropower capacity in Kazakhstan ............................................................................. 180
Figure 7.5: Total hydropower capacity in Kyrgyzstan .............................................................................. 182
Figure 7.6: Total hydropower capacity in Moldova................................................................................... 184
Figure 7.7: Total hydropower capacity in Russia ..................................................................................... 185
Figure 7.8: Total hydropower capacity in Tajikistan ................................................................................. 188
Figure 7.9: Total hydropower capacity in Ukraine .................................................................................... 191
Figure 7.10: Total hydropower capacity in Uzbekistan ............................................................................ 193
Figure 8.1: Total hydropower capacity in Canada.................................................................................... 198
Figure 8.2: Hydropower plants in Canada................................................................................................ 200
Figure 8.3: Total hydropower capacity in the USA................................................................................... 213
Figure 8.4: The highest dams in the USA ................................................................................................ 214
Figure 8.5: The dams on the Colombia River........................................................................................... 215
Figure 8.6: The Hoover Dam 1,434 MW .................................................................................................. 216
Figure 8.7: Grand Coulee Hydropower Station 6,180 MW....................................................................... 217
Figure 8.8: Total hydropower capacity in Mexico ..................................................................................... 223
Figure 9.1: Total hydropower capacity in Argentina................................................................................. 235
Figure 9.2: Total hydropower capacity in Bolivia...................................................................................... 239
Figure 9.3: Total hydropower capacity in Brazil ....................................................................................... 241
Figure 9.4: Itaipu hydroelectric dam ......................................................................................................... 242
Figure 9.5: Total hydropower capacity in Chile ........................................................................................ 249
Figure 9.6: Total hydropower capacity in Colombia ................................................................................. 252
Figure 9.7: Total hydropower capacity in Costa Rica............................................................................... 256
Figure 9.8: Total hydropower capacity in Dominican Republic ................................................................ 258
Figure 9.9: Total hydropower capacity in Ecuador................................................................................... 259
Figure 9.10: Total hydropower capacity in El Salvador............................................................................ 261
Figure 9.11: Total hydropower capacity in Guatemala............................................................................. 262
Figure 9.12: Total hydropower capacity in Honduras............................................................................... 264
Figure 9.13: Total hydropower capacity in Nicaragua.............................................................................. 265
Figure 9.14: Total hydropower capacity in Panama................................................................................. 266
Figure 9.15: Total hydropower capacity in Paraguay............................................................................... 268
Figure 9.16: Total hydropower capacity in Peru....................................................................................... 269
Figure 9.17: Total hydropower capacity in Puerto Rico ........................................................................... 272
Figure 9.18: Total hydropower capacity in Surinam................................................................................. 273
Figure 9.19: Total hydropower capacity in Uruguay................................................................................. 274
Figure 9.20: Total hydropower capacity in Venezuela ............................................................................. 275
Figure 10.1: Total hydropower capacity in Afghanistan ........................................................................... 281
Figure 10.2: Total hydropower capacity in Bangladesh ........................................................................... 282
Figure 10.3: Total hydropower capacity in Bhutan................................................................................... 283
Figure 10.4: Total hydropower capacity in China ..................................................................................... 285
Figure 10.5: Small hydropower capacity in China, 1993 to 2015............................................................. 285
Figure 10.6: Map of the Three Gorges Dam and hydro plant .................................................................. 286
Figure 10.7: Three Gorges Dam Locks .................................................................................................... 287
Figure 10.8: Taojinping SHP Project (500 kW) in Lin'an County, Zhejiang Province .............................. 291
Figure 10.9: Total hydropower capacity in Fiji.......................................................................................... 294
Figure 10.10: Total hydropower capacity in India .................................................................................... 295
Figure 10.11: Rivers of India .................................................................................................................... 297
Figure 10.12: Total hydropower capacity in Indonesia............................................................................. 322
Figure 10.13: Total hydropower capacity in Laos .................................................................................... 324
Figure 10.14: Small hydro generator in Laos ........................................................................................... 325
Figure 10.15: A triple channel small hydro generator .............................................................................. 325
Figure 10.16: Total hydropower capacity in Malaysia .............................................................................. 328
Figure 10.17: Total hydropower capacity in Myanmar ............................................................................. 329
Figure 10.18: Total hydropower capacity in Nepal................................................................................... 331
Figure 10.19: Total hydropower capacity in North Korea......................................................................... 334
Figure 10.20: Total hydropower capacity in South Korea ........................................................................ 335
Figure 10.21: Total hydropower capacity in Pakistan .............................................................................. 338
Figure 10.22: Total installed: Total hydropower capacity in Papua New Guinea..................................... 341
Figure 10.23: Total hydropower capacity in Philippines........................................................................... 342
Figure 10.24: Total hydropower capacity in Sri Lanka ............................................................................. 344
Figure 10.25: Total hydropower capacity in Taiwan................................................................................. 345
Figure 10.26: Total hydropower capacity in Thailand .............................................................................. 346
Figure 10.27: Total hydropower capacity in Vietnam ............................................................................... 348
Figure 10.28: Micro Hydroelectric generation in NW Vietnam village ...................................................... 349
Figure 11.1: Total hydropower capacity in Australia ................................................................................ 354
Figure 11.2: Total hydropower capacity in Japan .................................................................................... 356
Figure 11.3: Total hydropower capacity in New Zealand ......................................................................... 360
Figure 12.1: Total hydropower capacity in Algeria ................................................................................... 366
Figure 12.2: Total hydropower capacity in Angola ................................................................................... 367
Figure 12.3: Total hydropower capacity in Cameroon ............................................................................. 369
Figure 12.4: Total hydropower capacity in Congo.................................................................................... 370
Figure 12.5: Total hydropower capacity in Democratic Republic of the Congo ....................................... 371
Figure 12.6: Total hydropower capacity in Cote d’Ivoire .......................................................................... 373
Figure 12.7: Total hydropower capacity in Egypt ..................................................................................... 374
Figure 12.8: Total hydropower capacity in Ethiopia ................................................................................. 375
Figure 12.9: Total hydropower capacity in Gabon ................................................................................... 377
Figure 12.10: Total hydropower capacity in Ghana ................................................................................. 378
Figure 12.11: Total hydropower capacity in Guinea................................................................................. 379
Figure 12.12: Total hydropower capacity in Kenya .................................................................................. 380
Figure 12.13: Total hydropower capacity in Madagascar ........................................................................ 382
Figure 12.14: Total hydropower capacity in Malawi ................................................................................. 383
Figure 12.15: Total hydropower capacity in Mali...................................................................................... 384
Figure 12.16: Total hydropower capacity in Morocco .............................................................................. 385
Figure 12.17: Total hydropower capacity in Mozambique........................................................................ 386
Figure 12.18: Total hydropower capacity in Nigeria................................................................................. 388
Figure 12.19: Total hydropower capacity in South Africa......................................................................... 390
Figure 12.20: Total hydropower capacity in Sudan.................................................................................. 391
Figure 12.21: Total hydropower capacity in Tanzania ............................................................................. 392
Figure 12.22: Total hydropower capacity in Uganda................................................................................ 393
Figure 12.23: Total hydropower capacity in Zambia ................................................................................ 394
Figure 12.24: Total hydropower capacity in Zimbabwe............................................................................ 396
Figure 13.1: Total hydropower capacity in Iran ........................................................................................ 400
Figure 13.2: Total hydropower capacity in Lebanon ................................................................................ 401
Figure 13.3: Total hydropower capacity in Syria ...................................................................................... 402
2.1 The contribution of hydropower to primary energy supply
Overview Hydropower is classified as a renewable form of energy. Renewables constitute

12.8% of global primary energy supply and hydro is the second largest renewable
contributor, accounting for 2.2% of primary energy supply. Biomass is the most
significant renewable primary energy source, accounting for 10.0% of the total, with
hydropower second but considerably smaller at 2.2%.
Figure 2.1: Total global primary energy supply 2007
Netural Gas
20.7%
Nuclear
Hydro
6.3%
2.2%
Coal
25.3%
Renewable Combustible Renewables &
12.8% Waste
10.0%
Ocean/Tide
0.04%
Wind
0.05%
Oil
35.0% Solar
0.04%
Geothermal
0.44%
Source: BP, IEA
2.4 Hydro electricity generating capacity
Overview The installed hydropower generating capacity of the world has increased from under
50 GW in 1950 to an estimated 929 GW in 2008. However, the actual measure of
what is available, net summer capacity is predicted at 89% of this, 827 GW.
Figure 2.4: The growth of hydropower generating capacity, 1990 - 2008, Installed capacity and net
summer capacity MW
1,000
900
800
700
600
Capacity GW
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Installed capacity Net summer capacity
Source: ABS Power Predictor, EIA
Overview In 2006, Asia Pacific accounted for 26% of the world’s hydro generation, with 789
(continued) TWh, followed by North America with 22% or 672 TWh, Latin America with 21% or
653 TWh and Europe with 19% or 566 TWh. 46% of the world’s hydropower was
generated in four countries in 2002. The largest generators were China with 417
TWh, Canada and Brazil, each with 350 TWh and the United States with 291 TWh.
Asia is constructing more and more hydropower capacity as the economies
mushroom and China has overtaken Canada, to become the largest hydro generator
in the world, with a number of ultra large projects already built and more in
construction. Russia lies in fifth place with 175 TWh and Norway is sixth with 120
TWh. Norway is regarded by many as having the best managed hydro system in the
world, which accounts for 99.3% of the total power generated in that country.
Continued on next page
2.6 Small hydropower (SHP)
Overview SHP plants constitute a small proportion of the world’s total hydropower capacity but
it rose from 4.1% of the total in 1980 to 7.7% in 2005, with global SHP capacity
estimated at 58.5 GW. In 2010 SHP capacity is predicted to rise to 78 GW and 95
GW in 2015. The bulk of the growth has taken place since 2000. In 1980, 50% of the
world’s SHP capacity was installed in China but this rose to 64% in 2008.
Figure 2.7: Global SHP as a % of total hydro capacity, 1980 to 2015
100,000 12.0%
SHP
SHP % of total hydro capacity
90,000
10.0%
80,000
70,000
SHP as % of all hydro capacity

8.0%
SHP Installed capacity MW
60,000
50,000 6.0%
40,000
4.0%
30,000
20,000
2.0%
10,000
0 0.0%
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Source: ABS, EIA, ESHA
3.2 Technical background / Types of hydropower
Impoundment Impoundment uses a dam to store water. Water may be released either to meet
hydropower changing electricity needs or to maintain a constant water level. These can be either
high head (see below) or low head.
Figure 3.4: Diagram of impoundment hydropower
Source: DOE
Run-of-river Run-of-river utilises the flow of water within the natural range of the river, requiring
projects little or no impoundment. Run-of-river plants can be designed using large flow rates
with low head or small flow rates with high head. In the following photo, the run-of-
river structure at Idaho Falls in Idaho, USA is just visible behind the foliage. It
features a large flow rate with a low head (low height of diversion structure). This is a
good example of a small hydro plant which blends harmoniously into the scenery.
Figure 3.5: Illustration of run-of-river hydropower
Source: DOE
Continued on next page

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Hydro Power Report Ed 2 2009

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Hydropower Repor t

Large & Small Hydropower

Outline of the report

Large Hydro and Small Hydro -SHP

Price of report - £1000

2.0 Contribution of hydropower to the energy mix ....................................... 26

3.0 History of hydropower ............................................................................... 36

4.0 Base, Intermediate and Peak Load with Hydropower............................. 52

6.0 Regional and country hydropower profiles Europe ............................... 64

7.0 Regional and country hydropower profiles CIS.................................... 171

12.0 Regional and country hydropower overview Africa ........................... 362

14.0 Appendix 1 – The computation of power ............................................. 403

Table 1.1: Advantages and disadvantages of different types of renewable energy................................... 25

Figure 2.1: Total global primary energy supply 2007 ................................................................................. 27

Overview Hydropower is classified as a renewable form of energy. Renewables constitute

Figure 2.1: Total global primary energy supply 2007

Source: BP, IEA

Installed capacity Net summer capacity

Source: ABS Power Predictor, EIA

Continued on next page

Figure 2.7: Global SHP as a % of total hydro capacity, 1980 to 2015

SHP as % of all hydro capacity

Source: ABS, EIA, ESHA

Figure 3.4: Diagram of impoundment hydropower

Figure 3.5: Illustration of run-of-river hydropower

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