UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM BUSINESS SCHOOL

HUMAN RESOURCES PLANNING

AND MANAGEMENT
MBA2 ( HR 603)

Term Paper:
Environmental Factors and Challenges
Affecting Human Resources Planning
Function in Commercial Bank of Africa
Tanzania Limited

Prepared by:

MAUREEN GIDEON

Tuesday, June 08, 2010

Human Resources planning and Management Term Paper

UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM BUSINESS SCHOOL

Table of Contents
1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Background of the study .................................................................................................. 2
2 Overview of HR Planning ....................................................................................................... 2
2.1 What is Human Resources Planning ................................................................................ 2
Key: (1) Into the organisation (2) Within the organisation (3) Out of the organisation ............................ 3
2.2 Importance of Human resources Planning ....................................................................... 3
2.3 CBAT Human resources planning .................................................................................. 4
3 The Commercial Bank of Africa Tanzania Limited ................................................................. 4
3.1 CBA Background ............................................................................................................ 4
3.2 CBA Mission and Vision .................................................................................................. 5
3.3 CBA Strategies and Objectives ........................................................................................ 5
3.4 CBA Current Status ........................................................................................................ 5
3.5 CBA Activities ................................................................................................................. 6
3.6 CBA Scope ..................................................................................................................... 6
4 Environmental Factors and Challenges Affecting Human Resources Planning function in
Commercial Bank of African (Tanzania) Limited........................................................................... 6
4.1 What is an Organization’s Environment? ........................................................................ 6
4.2 Environmental Analysis of an organisation ...................................................................... 7
4.3 Environmental Factors affecting HR Planning function ................................................... 7
4.4 The Internal Environment ............................................................................................... 7
4.4.1 The Physical Element ................................................................................................. 7
4.4.2 The Technological Element ........................................................................................ 8
4.4.3 The Economic Element .............................................................................................. 8
4.4.4 The Social Element .................................................................................................... 9
4.4.5 The Political Element ................................................................................................. 9
4.5 The External Environment ............................................................................................ 10
4.5.1 The Physical Element ............................................................................................... 10
4.5.2 The Technological Element ...................................................................................... 11
4.5.3 The Economic Element ............................................................................................ 11
4.5.4 The Social Element .................................................................................................. 12
4.5.5 The Political and Legal Element ................................................................................ 12
4.6 Environmental Challenges affecting HR planning function ............................................ 13
4.6.1 Challenges to Human Resources Management ............................................................ 13

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Human Resources planning and Management Term Paper

5 Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 13

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

This paper is presented to explain the human resources planning function with a particular focus on the
environmental Factors and Challenges Affecting Human Resources Planning function in Commercial
Bank of African (Tanzania) Limited.
There are growing changes and challenges in the society in which we live and in which our work
organisations operate. There are also growing changes and challenges taking place inside work
organisations themselves. These changes and challenges are having an impact upon the management of
people inside the work organisations and the performance of these organisations on the one hand, and
upon the environment in which work organisations must exist on the other hand.

2 OVERVIEW OF HR PLANNING

Planning is very important to our everyday activities. Several definitions have been given by different
writers what planning is all about and its importance to achieving our objectives. It is amazing that this
important part of HR is mostly ignored in HR in most organizations because those at the top do not know
the value of HR planning. Organizations that do not plan for the future have less opportunities to survive
the competition ahead. This article will discuss the importance of HR planning; the six steps of HR
planning that is : Forecasting; inventory, audit, HR Resource Plan; Actioning of Plan; Monitoring and
Control.

2.1 What is Human Resources Planning

Human resources planning, commonly abbreviated as HRP and sometimes referred to as
workforce planning, or personnel planning, may be defined as the process of anticipating and making
provision for the movement of people into, within, and out of the work organisation.i Its primary purpose
is to enable the work organisation to maximise the utilisation of its human resources by ensuring that the
right number of people, of the right abilities, are available to perform in correspondingly right job
positions at the right time. Human resources planning helps work organisations to implement their short-
and long-term business plans. Due to the pivotal role of human resources to the performance of
organisations, human resources planning is a very important part of the strategic plan of any work
organisation.

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Human Resources planning and Management Term Paper

(1)
(3)

(2)

Key: (1) Into the organisation (2) Within the organisation (3) Out of the organisation
Importance of HR Planning

2.2 Importance of Human resources Planning

The importance of any management function can best be discussed from the point of view of the
advantages derived from its effective and efficient performance. Accordingly, a good and well
implemented human resources plan enables the organization to reap the following major benefits:
(1) It enables the organization to maximize the utilization of its human resources.
(2) It enables a better achievement of the organization’s objectives by ensuring that management efforts
are made in good time to avail the requisite labour power for the organization’s performance
processes.
(3) It enables the organisation to economize on its recruitment function.
(4) It enables the organisation to organize successful exit plans for the advantages of the employees and
the organisation.
(5) It increases the organisation's information base to the advantage of the human resources department
and other departments.
(6) It enables the organisation to make a more effective and efficient use of the labour market
(7) It facilitates career or personal development.
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Fig 1: Human Resources Planning Process

2.3 CBAT Human resources planning

CBAT human resources planning process is derived from organisation objectives. The size of the
manpower of CBAT depends on expected business volume. Each department is allocated target business
volume which they are to achieve during a year. Heads of departments are the onces who determine the
number of manpower required within each department thus forming the initial process of manpower
planning in the bank. After determining the number required, then they take their requirements to the
Human resources people for the facilitation of finding the required workforce and include them in the
overall organisation human resources planning. Human resources are involved in conducting internal and
external environment in order to incorporate them in their human resources planning.

3 THE COMMERCIAL BANK OF AFRICA TANZANIA LIMITED

3.1 CBA Background

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Commercial Bank of Africa (T) Limited (CBA) is an offspring of United Bank of Africa Limited (UBA)
that was incorporated in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in 2001. UBA was fully owned by First American Bank
of Kenya Ltd. In 2005 First American Bank of Kenya Ltd, was acquired by Commercial Bank of Kenya
Ltd. After acquisition, in October, 2007 the name was changes to Commercial Bank of Africa (Tanzania)
Limited.

The bank’s objective is to provide banking services to corporate and businesses, private individuals,
government and non-government institutions, non-profit institutions and others. CBA is a profit making
institution while its strategic direction is based on its established.

Over the past 6years of its existence, the bank has grown significantly from a capital of USD 1.5 to USD.
4.0 million. The size of the bank also improved drastically from total assets worth TZS. 13.0 billion in
2005 to TZS. 146.0 billion at the end of 2009. Profitability of the bank is also one of the major areas of
improvement as the bank shifted from a loss to a profit making one. In 2008 the bank made a profit of
TZS. 1.7 billion, while in 2009 it made a profit of TZS. 2.08 billion.

CBAT is currently employing about 96 employees in various departments. CBAT expansion program is
to have more branches in 2010.

3.2 CBA Mission and Vision

CBA’s Vision Statement

To be a respected and significant services business in East Africa.
CBA’s Mission
To enhance the wealth and fulfillment of life.

3.3 CBA Strategies and Objectives

The bank’s objective is to provide banking services to corporate and businesses, private individuals,
government and non-government institutions, non-profit institutions and others. CBAT is a profit making
institution while its strategic direction is based on its establishment.
3.4 CBA Current Status
Over the past 6years of its existence, the bank has grown significantly from a capital of USD 1.5 to USD.
4.0 million. The size of the bank also improved drastically from total assets worth TZS. 13.0 billion in
2005 to TZS. 146.0 billion at the end of 2009. Profitability of the bank is also one of the major areas of
improvement as the bank shifted from a loss to a profit making one. In 2008 the bank made a profit of
TZS. 1.7 billion, while in 2009 it made a profit of TZS. 2.08 billion.

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CBAT is currently employing about 96 employees in various departments. CBAT expansion program is
to have more branches in 2010.
3.5 CBA Activities

• Corporate Banking
• Lending Solution – here they have asset finance, overdraft and term loans
• Trade Finance Services – they have letter of credit, documentary collection, bonds and
guarantee, Collateral management, post import loans, Export bills and invoice discounting,
Pre export financing
• Treasury and Institution Banking
• Treasury products and services
• Investment and deposits services
• Foreign exchange services
• Personal Banking
• CBA deposits and lending products

3.6 CBA Scope

This policy applies to all Group Companies, Functions, Business Units and any other company that the
Group has material interest in.
The policy covers issues involving job evaluation, grading, remuneration, recruitment, probation,
confirmation, training & development, performance management, promotion, succession planning,
grievance, discipline, leave management, staff benefits and work environment.
Functional Heads are required to identify issues that may lead to high staff turnover and general staff
dissatisfaction and immediately inform Head Human Resources.

4 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND CHALLENGES AFFECTING HUMAN RESOURCES PLANNING

FUNCTION IN COMMERCIAL BANK OF AFRICAN (TANZANIA ) LIMITED

4.1 What is an Organization’s Environment?

The environment of an organisation refers to the conditions, circumstances and influences that
affect the ability of the organisation to achieve its objectives.ii Every organisation exists in an
environment that has internal and external dimensions. Each one is separately known as an environment;
thus the internal and external environment.
The internal environment of an organisation consists of five elements: physical, technological,
economical, social, and political. The external environment in which an organisation operates comprises
the same five elements that we have listed under the internal environment, above, but which pause a
completely different set of relationships and thus challenges. Chruden and Sherman first advanced the
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Human Resources planning and Management Term Paper

approach of discussing the two environmental camps by using the same names of elements.iii We have
adopted this approach because we are convinced that it is more straightforward for our readers. The
author has conveniently used this approach to teach this topic with great satisfaction for many years.
Employers must maintain consistent conversance with the changes and challenges in both
environments, as a basis for making correct decisions pertaining to the effective management of people in
their organisations. This conversance will enable employers to cope with and influence the external
environment to the best advantage of their organisations.

4.2 Environmental Analysis of an organisation

Environmental analysis is the process by which managers systematically study the elements of
the environment in order to understand them and determine opportunities for and threats to their
organisations.iv Through environmental analysis, managers are able to assess the impact of the elements
on alternative courses of action, and thus select the most optimum course to take.
For example, a company that is considering replacing its manual production process with a new
computerised process may want to analyse the impact of the different elements of its internal and external
environment on the intended decision before taking it. The analysis will enable the company, first to
decide whether to go ahead with the decision or not, secondly to assess the impact of the elements on the
organisation if the decision is taken, thirdly to prepare itself to deal with the impact, and finally to design
strategies of launching the change in such a manner that minimises problems.

4.3 Environmental Factors affecting HR Planning function

4.4 The Internal Environment
The internal environment of the work organisation consists of five elements, i.e. physical, technological,
economic, social, and political elements. These elements affect and are affected by the organisation's
policies, procedures, rules, etc. that are used in managing human resources. Therefore, in implementing
the various human resources programmes, managers must consistently consider the impact of each one of
the elements on their decisions.

The internal environment is to an organisation more controllable than the external environment. By
effectively managing their internal environment, organisations acquire the basis and strengths with which
to influence variables in their external environment. Let us now proceed to discuss the elements in the
internal environment in detail.
4.4.1 The Physical Element

The physical element of the internal environment of CBAT consists of such items as size of the office,
lighting, humidity, heating, cooling, noise,

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CBAT has adequate size of their office to enable all employees to work comfortably. lighting, humidity,
heating, cooling are all well controlled and maintained to allow confortable environment. The building is
sound proof and no internal noise according to the nature of the organisation and other items that affect
the health, safety, and comfort of the employees at their workplaces. A good physical environment
contributes to higher employee morale, productivity, and reduces employee turnover. Managers must
take deliberate measures to create and maintain a conducive physical environment for their employees.
Consideration for a conducive physical element should be made when managers are designing
organisational buildings, deciding on location, and designing work processes.
4.4.2 The Technological Element
The technological element of the internal environment has a close relationship with the physical element.
It consists of the processes by which the different kinds of work in the organisation are performed. It also
comprises the machines, tools, and equipment that are used in performing work. These items affect how
the work must be designed.

CBAT has well equipped in the sense that each employee has telephone extension, computers, printers,
photocopy machines and banking software where by the office is well networked to reach every staff.

The type of technology employed directly influences interaction and interpersonal relations among
employees at the workplace. It determines the formation of work groups, and the degree of co-operation
or destructive conflict among the employees. Technology influences the levels of job satisfaction among
employees.

The type of technology employed by an organisation also determines how work is to be performed plus
the requirements or description of who does what and thus who earns what. It finally determines the size
of the manning levels in as much as it is a manning criterion in its own right.

Managers ought to take appropriate care in their choice of the right technology to use in the performance
processes of their work organisations. Modern technology increases work speed, accuracy, and output,
but in so doing, it also reduces the role of human labour in many work processes: it is for this reason a
sensitive matter which labour unions and even government seek to influence in work organisations. The
human resources department must therefore influence the organisation's choice or design of technology to
be used, due to its impact on human resources utilisation and welfare.

4.4.3 The Economic Element

The economic element of the internal environment refers to the financial situation of the organisation.
The greater the financial clout the organisation has, the more capable it is to pay its employees well and to

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create and maintain a favourable physical and technological environment that attracts and retains good
employees. The diligent work of its employees and the skilful management of its resources determine the
organisation’s financial strength.

4.4.4 The Social Element

The social element of the internal environment refers to the general social climate obtaining in the
organisation i.e. the employees' personality and behaviour. The social climate in an organisation's
internal environment is determined by the employees' educational qualifications, skills, experience, and
attitudes acquired during their interactional processes.

According to the HR Head of CBAT, social environment is very conducive for employee to work and
interact comfortably and to increase productivity. All workers present themselves respectifully and with
high discipline. They are hardworking and results-oriented.

An organisation's social climate is created by personalities of their employees, but depends particularly on
the interest and initiatives of the management. An organisation's social climate does not automatically
become favourable to the employees and thus suitable for organisational performance. It must be created
and maintained by management.

A favourable social climate is one that is fair, objective, transparent, respectful, trustful, disciplined,
cheerful, loving, hardworking, progressive, and results-oriented, to mention just a few characteristics. A
favourable social climate should be distinguished from sheepish obedience, quietness, bootlicking
behaviour among employees. These attributes do not represent true peace and tranquillity; they represent
a deceptive social climate that is divisive and destructive to the performance and survival of the
organisation.

4.4.5 The Political Element

Work organisations are political entities just as man; their most important resource is naturally, a political
animal. The convergence of human beings in the work organisation, means a convergence of
experiences, interests, behaviours, and capabilities imported from the variety of organisations to which
employees have belonged, and continue to belong alongside their membership in the work organisation.
In any political situation, the need to maintain an appropriate balance among people of differing
experiences, interests, behaviours and capabilities becomes necessary. If this function is not performed
members of the organisations who are more privileged in the above-listed attributes emerge more
advantaged than their colleagues. They thus get access to promotions, higher salaries and benefits and
score over their disadvantaged colleagues in many other ways.

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CBAT is comprised of people of differing experiences, interests, behaviours and capabilities. CBAT has
low degree of organisational politics or "politicking", CBAT has high productivity with dynamic
activities which does not give chance to rumour mongering, and a high rate of employee turnover.
Organisational politics, which Mintzberg defines as "individual or group behaviour that is informal,
ostensibly parochial, typically divisive, and above all, in the technical sense, illegitimate - sanctioned
neither by formal authority, accepted ideology, nor certified expertise " is a negative but necessary feature
of organisational life, which managers must keep under strict control.v

A work organisation whose work environment has a high degree of organisational politics or
"politicking", usually has low productivity, a fragmented work force, intriguing, rumour mongering, and a
high rate of employee turnover, even if it may be paying its employees highly. The encouragement of
secret channels of communication and secret and shorter ways of transacting official business mainly fuel
organisational politics. If not skilfully diminished to minimum levels organisational politics are capable
of effectively displacing the official organisational structure, rules and procedures, and destroying not
only the organisation’s internal environment, but also its productivity. Organisational politics are a
natural outcome of the coming together of human beings: they cannot be completely removed, they can
only be diminished and held at minimum levels.

4.5 The External Environment

As an open system, every organisation exists with other organisations in the external environment. The
survival of every organisation is determined by how effectively it can adjust itself to the elements in this
environment. The adjustment process, which is also known as external fit management, involves a
process where the organisation takes the actions of fellow organisations to influence its internal policies
and practices.
The variables in the external environment are for an organisation less controllable than those in
its internal environment. Yet in order to maintain its identity and survival as a system among systems,
every organisation should keep abreast of what is happening in the external environment, and attempt to
influence it for its benefit where it can. As mentioned earlier, the tool with which an organisation can
influence its external environment is its internal environment.

We stated in section 2.3 above, that the external environment consists of five elements, i.e.
physical, technological, economic, social and political elements. In this section we will discuss the
elements of the external environment in detail.
4.5.1 The Physical Element

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The physical element of the external environment includes all physical characteristics of the
location of the organisation, i.e. climate, water, soil fertility, distance from the city centre, physical
infrastructure etc. Items in the physical element of an organisation can have a positive or negative impact
on the organisation's ability to attract and retain its employees.

In addition to the above points, population shifts from the villages to towns and cities in developing
countries can be partly explained as the youth's desire live and work in places with a more favourable
physical environment. Unfortunately, such shifts have created population congestion, banditry and other
problems associated to under-employment, unemployment, and population growth in these towns and
cities.
CBAT is located at the city centre which makes it easily accessible by its target market. Also, the location
is well connected in terms of transport and communication. All utilities are easily available

4.5.2 The Technological Element

We are currently living in an age of great technological advancement. Through improved
technology in form of computer-aided production processes and equipment, robots etc., work
organisations are able to produce better quality products, and increased quantities of output in order to
compete more effectively. Technological advancement reduces production costs, increases output, and
creates less tiring jobs, produces better quality products or to sum it all up - assures greater productivity.
Unfortunately, technological advancement displaces human beings in the workplace and is, for this reason
a target of attack by many labour unions. Technological advancement has also tended to reduce unskilled
jobs and increased the number and types of skilled ones.

With CBAT technology is the key to its success. CBAT uses advance technology in all its banking
activities and is well balance in terms of workforce and technology. That is no unemployment happened
due to it

4.5.3 The Economic Element

The economic conditions obtaining in a given society has a direct impact on the financial strength
of its work organisations. A strong economy opens greater opportunities for doing business, and thus
enables work organisations to produce more and make higher profits. It also means greater income for its
people, and thus greater purchasing power, which to work organisations again means greater business,
and higher profits. A weak economy shrinks opportunities for doing business, and so work organisations
are unable to produce enough and thus make low profits. It in effect means small income for its people,
and thus low purchasing power, which to work organisations again means smaller business and lower
profits.

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Theoretically, the financial strength of an organisation accords it competitive clout among its fellow
organisations in the external environment; and internally, it determines its ability to pay its employees
well, and to create and maintain a motivating environment for them.
Since CBAT is financially strong is able to compete within the banking industry. It has been expanding in
its operations since its inception 8 years ago, it has now triples in manpower with 3 new branches in place
and other 3 branches in the pipeline.

4.5.4 The Social Element

The social element of the external environment refers to the organisation's sense of responsibility towards
the society in which it operates. Organisational theory dictates that the continued existence of
organisations in society should be explained by their continued capability to fulfil their responsibilities
towards society.vi The social responsibility of a work organisation is thus its ability to produce the goods
and or services which society needs to satisfy its day-to-day needs, as well as caring for the welfare of the
society in which it is located.

CBAT offers various banking services to the society with high integrity valuing each customer as they
come

Also CBAT fulfil its obligation to the members of the society by donating both material and financial
assistance to the needy

4.5.5 The Political and Legal Element

One of the main functions of any government all over the world is to protect its citizens, their rights,
interests, and property. Employees are in accordance with the multiple membership characteristic of
people in many organisations, citizens and therefore they look upon their government for this protection.
Their jobs are valuable properties, and their relationship with their employers and fellow employees
contains interests whom their government must protect as part of the social contract that subsists between
the government and its citizens.

The government at its various levels takes interest in the ways different work organisations in the country
manage their human resources. Government therefore seeks to influence the different functions of human
resources management by laws, regulations, directives, and policies promulgated at the district, regional,
and state levels. Through these laws, regulations, directives, and policies the government requires work
organisations to fulfil specific human resources responsibilities to employees, society, and the
government. Employers feel this government involvement at the central, regional, and district levels. It

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enforces compliance by carrying out routine inspections, requiring organisations to submit reports and
through law courts. Failure to comply carries with it specific penalties.
CBAT makes sure that it complies with laws, regulations, directives, and policies issued by the
government regarding HR, society and the government as a whole.

4.6 Environmental Challenges affecting HR planning function

4.6.1 Challenges to Human Resources Management
There are many changes occurring in our society today that are of outstanding significance to the
management of human resources and must for this reason be monitored very closely. Managers of human
resources must anticipate these changes and adjust their human resources programmes accordingly. The
following are regarded the most important of these challenges which occurs in CBAT bank:
• New entrants in the industry
• Lack of qualified hr for the industry
• Lack higher learning institution for banking courses
• Unpredictability of human resources
• Customerisation of Organisational Members
• Problem of knowing the background history of uncreditworthy workers before employing them.
• lack of support from the micro or organizational level in the supply of HR information;
• lack of an effective authority on the part of the National Manpower Planning Division to effect
compliance from the reporting institutions.
• lack of effective cooperation in the supply

5 CONCLUSION

A substantial body of theoretical literature argues that human resources planning play an important role in
the creation of competitive advantage within firms, and that the use of contemporary or progressive
human resources planning practices is crucial for selecting, developing, motivating, and retaining
requisite human capital. When an organization plans for the future success it must take into account the
environmental factors and challenges which affect the organization. A company’s ability to compete will
be affected by how well the management have learned to identify those factors, to demonstrate their
company’s significance, and to estimate the extent or magnitude of each of the factor’s impact on the
corporate strategy.

According to our study which is based on CBAT, it has been indicated that CBAT plans for the
manpower according to the expected business volume budgeted for the particular period. CBAT human

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resources planning is done by departmental heads that are in charge of the business units and facilitated
by HR department. Human resources manager aligned the process with CBAT policies and procedures.
In view of the above we fill that CBAT manpower planning does not take into account environmental
factors since heads of department determine the manpower requirement based on business volume
without taking into account environmental factors which are the major obstacle in planning for
manpower. Although CBAT has been successful in overall performance, we believe they could do better
if they can take into account environmental factors during the process of planning for manpower
requirements.

Overall, Increasing environmental instability, demographic shifts, changes in technology, and heightened
competition among the banking industry are changing the need for and the nature of human resource
planning in leading organizations. Planning is increasingly the product of the interaction between line
management and planners. In addition, organizations are realizing that in order to adequately address
human resource concerns, they must develop long-term as well as short term solutions. And therefore, in
order to develop their long term and short term goals they have to consider both environmental factors
and challenges affecting human resources planning as they form part of the oraganisation success. As
human resource planners involve themselves in more programs to serve the needs of the business, and
even influence the direction of the business, they face new and increased responsibilities and challenges.

According to Mwanalushi:
...the business environment of the twenty first century and beyond will
make the practice of management more challenging and demanding, and
will require people with leadership qualities, in addition to the ability to
manage, to run organisations effectively. It will increasingly call for
organisational leaders who are entrepreneurs - men and women who are
visionaries, with a global view of the markets, technology, customers and
the competition; and are able to develop a shared vision in the work
force.vii

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6 REFERENCES

i
Compare: WERTHER W.B. and DAVIS K., “Personnel Management and Human Resources”,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1987 p.92.
CHRUDEN H.J. and SHERMAN A.W., “Managing Human Resources”, South-Western
Publishing co., Cincinnati, 1984 p.101.
WOODMAN R.W. and SHERWOOD J.J., “A Comprehensive Look at Job Design”, Personnel
Journal August 1977, pp.384-385.
ii compare CHRUDEN H.J. and SHERMAN A.W., "Managing Human Resources" South Western
Publishing Co., Cincinnati, 1984 p.23.

iii CHRUDEN H.J. and SHERMAN A.W.,Op. Cit. pp.23-45.

iv GLUECK W.F. and JAUCH L.R., "Business Policy and Strategic Management" McGraw-Hill
International Book Company, Auckland, 1984 p.95.

v MINTZBERG H., "Power in and Around Organisations", Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey, 1983, pp.243-290.

vi PARSONS T., "Structure and Processes in Modern Society", New York, 1960.
vii
MWANALUSHI M., "Motivation for Development: Enhancing Organisational Effectiveness"
Mission Press, Ndola, 1992 p.118.

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