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Striving For
N
ew stringent regulations by local have now been commercialized under the KYNAR
and federal authorities are push- Aquatec® tradename.
ing the acceptable VOC level in In the first section of the paper the morphology
paints down to much lower lev- of the fluoropolymer-based waterborne materials is
els, in some cases as low as 50- reviewed, and justification is provided for the chosen
100 g/liter. Advances in waterborne coatings tech- structure. Also, data from South Florida-exposed test
nology have provided the market with new “green”, panels are presented, which demonstrate that the
environmentally friendly and economical coatings influence of latex particle morphology on durabil-
options, many of them based on acrylic emulsions ity is the same for both accelerated test cabinet and
and polyurethane dispersions. According to the 2005 outdoor exposures. Later sections of the paper deal
Chemical Economics Handbook, waterborne systems with the formulation of this product for after-market
for architectural and industrial maintenance coat- roof coatings. The important performance edge of the
ings comprised approximately 40% of the total coat- fluoropolymer system over conventional binder sys-
ings market globally in the year 2004.1 tems is discussed, along with some of the challenges
More recently, advances in emulsion polymeriza- for future developments.
tion techniques have enabled us to develop new
fluoropolymer-based waterborne materials for coat- Latex Morphology —
ings. Traditional solventborne architectural coatings Its Effect on Weathering Performance
based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) homopoly- In order to understand the rationale for the mor-
mers and copolymers have a proven track record of phology of the new fluoropolymer-based waterborne
superior exterior durability and performance.2 In this materials, it is useful to review the final film mor-
paper we discuss novel waterborne systems based on phology of conventional solvent-based PVDF coat-
PVDF polymers and copolymers, with durability and ings. In a typical PVDF solventborne dispersion for-
performance comparable to solventborne analogs. mulation, PVDF resin is dispersed in a latent solvent
Products based on this new technology platform along with the right choice of pigments, co-resins
and cosolvents. Typically, acrylic copolymers are
chosen as co-resins since their miscibility with the
Figure 1 | Expected coating resin morphology for PVDF/acrylic latex systems, as a
function of initial latex particle morphology. PVDF resin is thermodynamically favorable, and the
blend gives excellent final film properties. A PVDF:
COLD-BLEND CORE -SHELL IPN PARTICLES acrylic weight ratio of 70:30 seems to be a “magic”
proportion that provides the right balance of excel-
PAINT lent durability, along with physical properties such
as gloss and adhesion. Since yPVDF is a semicrystal-
yN polymer is in a dispersion form,
line polymer, and the
the coating needs to be baked above the PVDF melt-
Core-shell latex Homogeneous
Inhomogeneous distribution
morphology: acrylic blend morphology ing point (170 °C) in order to obtain a homogenous, Z
of hard PVDF particles in
continuous phase, in latex and in Neutral Plane: Zero Strain
acrylic continuous phase
with PVDF filler final film strong film. Upon baking at elevated temperatures,
Position ofmelt
the PVDF crystallites Neutral
andAxis; ( Es t s 2/2 + E f t f (2ts +t
formyNa =homogenous
alloy with the acrylic resin. UponStress cooling,
at y; ólarge-
FILM y = E (y/ ρ)
scale PVDF crystalline structures Strain reform, with
at y; ε x =the
(y/ρ)
interlamellar regions consisting of an amorphous
Fluoropolymer PVDF-acrylic phase.E3: Young’s modulussolventsy:are
In principle, coordinate
not from the
t s : substrate thickness ρ : Radius of Curvature
Acrylic required for this process to occur at high tempera- assumes 100% adhesio
t f : film thickness
Blend ture, but in practice, latent solvents such as isopho-
By Ravi Gupta and Kurt Wood | Technical Polymers R&D, Arkema Inc., King of Prussia, PA
PA I N T & C OAT I N G S I N D U S T R Y 71
Novel Fluoropolymer-Based Emulsion Technology: Striving For “Green” Coatings
almost the seven-year mark in outdoor exposure. These results show that the UV-B accelerated
Figure 2 shows SEM images of the exposed and unex- weathering is able to reproduce much of the essential
posed regions. The top images, showing the unex- physics of the outdoor degradation occurring in these
posed part of the film, reveal that there is almost the clear coats in Florida.
same morphology (from particle packing) in all three Figure 3 shows another validation of this approach
cases. The surface image of the weathered core-shell to creating extremely weatherable low-VOC coatings.
latex films shows a considerable amount of erosion,
IPN PARTICLES
A series of white paints was prepared using various
COLD-BLEND CORE -SHELL
and at higher magnification (inset) IPN the PARTICLES
same kind commercial grades of rutile TiO2, which were rec-
COLD-BLEND CORE -SHELL
of uncoalesced core structure can be seen as was ommended by their manufacturers for weatherable
evident in the UV-B weathering of the same film.
PAINT exterior paints. The six-year Florida y gloss retention of
The right-most micrograph, which PAINTis from the latex the paints is outstanding, and y is in fact comparable
with the highest degree of interpenetration between to the performanceyNof the industry-standard baked
fluoropolymer and acrylic, shows slow Homogeneous
and uniform solvent systems basedyN on KYNAR 500® PVDF. By
Core-shell latex
Inhomogeneous distribution Z
of hard PVDF particleserosion
in of the surface.
morphology: acrylic blend morphology contrast, paints made
Neutral with theZero
Plane: core-shell
Strain latex lost
Core-shell latex Homogeneous
Inhomogeneous distribution
acrylic continuous phase continuous phase, in latex and in Z
of hard PVDF particles in It is interesting
with PVDFalso
morphology: to note that, because
acrylic
filler blend of the
morphology
final film gloss within 2 years.
Neutral Plane: Zero Strain
continuous phase, in latex and in 2/2 + E t (2t +t
yN = ( Es t sperfor-
Given this Position of Neutral ofAxis;
acrylic continuous phase f f s
superior weatherability of the PVDF polymer com-
with PVDF filler final film demonstration outstanding
Position of Neutral Axis; y = ( E t 2/2 + E t (2t +t
pared to the acrylic, the coatingFILM surface for all of these Stress
mance, we have now fully scaled up this new technol-N at sy; s óy = E f
(y/ fρ) s
PVDF-acrylic blends becomes enriched FILM in PVDF at the ogy platform, under the KYNAR Aquatec Strain at
Stress y; εóxy == (y/ρ)
trademark. E (y/ ρ)
surface over time, as can be measured by attenuated Strain
The first commercial product, designated RC-10,206, at y; ε x = (y/ρ)
E : Young’s modulus y: coordinate from the
Fluoropolymer
total reflection IR spectroscopy. This occurs both in has a minimum filmt formation temperature (MFFT)
Es: :Young’s
substrate thickness
modulus : Radius
ρ coordinate
y: of Curvature
from the
Florida andAcrylic
Fluoropolymer
in the UV-B fluorescent cabinet, approach- of about 30 ºC. To avoid any potential future health
tt sf :: film thickness
substrate thickness assumes
ρ : Radius 100%
of adhesio
Curvature
Blend
ing 100%Acrylic
surface PVDF after long exposure times.6 or regulatory issues,t f :the film product
thickness is completely assumes free
100% adhesio
Blend
of any fluorosurfactants or alkylphenol ethoxylate
Figure 2 | SEM micrographs of panels after 6+ years Florida gloss retention, as a (APEO) surfactants.
function of their initial latex particle morphology. Far right: Higher magnification
(10 kx) SEM micrograph of sample made with core-shell latex. Applications in After-Market Roof Coatings
Under flap portion
In North America today, a wide variety of materials
Under flap portion
is used to protect roofs. Important roofing substrates
include metals such as aluminum or Galvalume®,
Exposed portion concrete or composite tiles, modified bitumen, and
Coating
flexible polymeric substrates suchonasEPDM
EPDM (Ethylene Coatin
Exposed portion
Neutral Axis;y
Coating on = 0.132
EPDM
Propylene Diene Monomer), flexible PVC, and TPO.
N cm Neutral
CoatinA
Neutral Axis;y
The use of such polymer membranes = 0.132 cm Neutral A
ρ = 0.43 cm is increasing
N
for low-slope Top
applications, both
ρ = for
0.43residential
cm and
Top for
surface 12MPa 5 % Top
surface
Core-Shell Intermediate IPN type commercial buildings.
Top
surface
Interface 12MPa 5 % Interface
surface
Core-Shell Intermediate IPN type The “Cool Roof” concept can be understood by
Interface 0.08MPa 4.2 % Interface
considering the energy balance at the roof surface.7
0.08MPa 4.2 %
Some fraction of the total amount of solar radiation
Figure 3 | Florida South 45 gloss retention (washed) of white paints made with Neutral Neutral
impinging onAxisa building surface is reflected back into
Axis stres
IPN-type KYNAR Aquatec latex (open markers), vs. various controls (solid markers). Neutral Neutral
the atmosphere;Axis the rest is absorbed. The absorbed
Axis stres
140 energy, both from UV and visible light, but also from
Retention
140
120 the infrared, which contains about half the total
Retention
120
100 energy in the solar spectrum, heats up the surface
100 above ambient temperature. Part of the absorbed
80
energy is lost through thermal conduction, mainly
60 Gloss
80
60
into the building, and the rest of it is re-emitted back
% Gloss
60
40 into the atmosphere through black body radiation.
40
20 The dimensionless numbers charactering the reflec-
% 60
20
0 tance and thermal emittance material properties are
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
called the Total Solar Reflectance (TSR) and the White Kynar Aquate
Emis-
0 10 20Months
30 Florida
40 South
50 4560 70
Unbacked 80 90 25
sivity (E) respectively. White
White Kynar
Kynar Aquate
Aquate
Months Florida South 45 Unbacked 25
KYNAR® 500/B-44/Durable TiO2 (A) IPN/Durable TiO2 (A) As shown by studies White
conducted at the Lawrence Kynar Aquate
IPN/Durable TiO2 (B) IPN/Durable TiO2 (C) 20
KYNAR® 500/B-44/Durable
IPN/Durable TiO2 (D) TiO2 (A) IPN/Durable TiO2 (A)
Commercial Acrylic/TiO2 Slurry Berkeley National20 Laboratory (LBNL),8 the most effi-
IPN/Durable TiO2Slurry
Core-Shell/TiO2 (B) IPN/Durable TiO2 (C)
cient way to reduce 15the heat build-up inside buildings
MPa
15
Stress
10
FILM Stress at y; ó y = E (y/ ρ)
Strain at y; ε x = (y/ρ)
is for the roof surface to have large values for both the above ambient. For white coatings, appropriate choice
solar reflectivity and the thermal emissivity. Many of pigments and binder is necessary.
of the commonly used roofing materials are poor A variety of federal and local authorities are intro-
Under flap portion
candidates for Cool Roof applications. Dark-colored ducing regulations or incentives to promote the Cool
polymeric roofing substrates typically have low TSR Roof concept (see Table 1). Some of these regula-
and moderate emissivity; uncoated metals have a tions are particularly stringent. For example Cali-
Exposed portionhigh solar reflectance, but have low emissivity. The fornia’s Title 24 mandates that the initial total solar
surface temperatures of such materials can rise 40 reflectance of a commercial Coating on EPDM
low-slope roof should be Coatin
to 50 ºC above ambient on a sunny summer day at Neutral Axis;y = 0.132
greater than or equal to 0.7, and should maintain
N cm Neutral A
mid-latitudes. The cumulative effect in urban areas almost 80% of that value after ρ =30.43
years.
cmAlso the emis-
is to contribute to a rise in the average outdoor tem- sivity is required
Top to be high at 0.75. For after-marketTop
Core-Shell perature, the so-called “Heat Island Effect”.
IPN type roof coatings 12
(site-applied) surface inMPa 5 %coating
California, the surface
Intermediate Interface
A simple and economical way of converting in-service Interface
must also meet strict local VOC requirements.
and new roofs to Cool Roofs is to apply a high-TSR coat- Of course, roof coatings0.08MPa 4.2 % perfor-
must meet other
ing to the surface. Often these are white or off-white in mance requirements in addition to meeting Cool
Neutral Neutral
color, although cool-roof metal oxide pigments (having Roof standards.AxisThe coating is required to protect Axisthe stres
a low reflectivity in the infrared) are also commercially underlying layers from UV, moisture degradation and
140 available and have opened up broader regions of color other elements of weather. It should easily contract
% 60 Gloss Retention
120 space with reasonably high TSR values. In the LBNL and expand with the roof substrate during hot and
100
study, typical temperature rise values for white paints cold seasons. It should have excellent dirt pickup and
under similar summer conditions were only about 10 ºC stain resistance. Biological growth should not be sup-
80
ported and in some parts of the United States, some
60
Table 1 | Cool Roof regulations for low-slope roofs. degree of fire resistance may also be necessary.
40 One commonly used low-VOC approach for after-
Mandatory? Initial 3 Year E
20 TSR TSR market roof coatings is based upon low Tg elastomeric
0
EPA Energy Star No 0.65 0.50 None acrylic copolymer emulsion polymers. The physical
0 90.1 10 20 30 40 50
0.70 60 70 80 0.7590 White Kynar Aquate
ASHRAE No None performance requirements for these acrylic coatings
Title 24 (California) Months
Yes Florida South 0.70 45 Unbacked
0.55 0.75 25
are detailed in ASTM D 6083. This standard thus can White Kynar Aquate
Chicago Energy
KYNAR® Code
500/B-44/DurableYesTiO2 (A) 0.25 0.25 (A) None
IPN/Durable TiO2 be used as a benchmark for the performance of other
LEED IPN/Durable TiO2 (B) No IPN/Durable TiO2
0.65 0.50 (C) 0.90 20
IPN/Durable TiO2 (D) Commercial Acrylic/TiO2 Slurry systems.
SPiRiT*
Core-Shell/TiO2 Slurry No 0.65 None None
These elastomeric 15 acrylic coatings have often been
Stress MPa
before and after 6 years South Florida exposure. The bitumen substrates. In terms of water vapor barrier
test panels (on chromated aluminum) have a very properties, permeation experiments have shown that
high initial TSR of around 0.80, and more impor- a 50 micron (2 mil) RC-10,206 paint film is sufficient
tantly retain over 95% of this value after 6 years to give a moisture barrier of 25 perms, easily below
— whether or not the panel has been washed. ASTM D 6083 permeance requirement (< 50 perms)
The TSR retention of these coatings is enhanced by — a requirement that for elastomeric acrylics is typi-
several other mechanisms. The paints typically have cally met by using much thicker films.
much better dirt pickup resistance than elastomeric This new technology can be easily adapted to
acrylics. Also, since PVDF fluoropolymers do not sup- existing roofing systems. Because of the excellent
port biological growth, and since the coating surface property retention, we envisage that a thin coating
remains smoother after long-term exposure, with an of 1-2 mils (25-50 microns) would be sufficient to
enrichment in PVDF content at the surface over time, meet or exceed the performance criteria for ASTM
the coatings retain TSR by means of their superior D 6083, replacing much thicker conventional coat-
mildew and fungal resistance — even at long expo- ings while at the same time easily meeting long term
sure times when organic mildewcides would no lon- “Cool Roof” requirements. Such a thin layer could
ger be expected to be present in the coating. be used either as a top coat over a thick primer layer
The latex PVDF copolymer systems can also pro- of elastomeric acrylic, or could be used as a stand-
vide an excellent barrier to moisture and to many alone layer on top of elastomeric membranes such
organic solvents and plasticizers. One example of the as EPDM and modified bitumen.
latter property is the ability to block the migration of
asphaltic chromophores when applied over modified Coatings for EPDM Membranes
Y In the face of the new Title 24 requirements, a partic-
Figure 5 | Solid mechanics of a composite material for the case of a pure bending
ularly urgent need is to have low-VOC coatings with
mode. y the property balance of this new latex technology,
X which can be factory-applied on EPDM membranes.
yN
Y The use of EPDM has been growing rapidly and along
Z
with asphalt, it comprises almost 70% of the roofing
y Zero Strain
Neutral Plane: substrate used today. Since the EPDM membranes are
M Z : Z Moment
y 2
X highly flexible, the coating should also be extremely
Position of Neutral Axis; yN = ( Es t s /2 + E f t f (2ts +t f )/2)/(Es t s + E f t f )
N
flexible and able to respond along with the membrane
Stress at y; ó y = E (y/ ρ) Z during installation operations, and as the membrane
Neutral Plane: ZeroStrain
Strainat y; ε x = (y/ρ) M Z : Z Moment contracts and expands during seasonal thermal vari-
2/2 +
Axis; yN = ( Esy:t scoordinate
E f t from ations. In working to adapt the new KYNAR Aquatec
PositionE :of Neutral
Young’s modulus f (2tsthe
+t fneutral
)/2)/(Eaxis
sts + E f t f )
t s : substrate thickness ρ : Radius of
Stress at y; ó y = E (y/ ρ)Curvature waterborne technology for this kind of application,
t f : film thickness assumes 100% adhesion we have encountered some unexpected challenges.
Strain at y; ε x = (y/ρ)
Particular RC-10,206 coatings formulations, which
E : Young’s modulus y: coordinate from the neutral axis easily passed a T-0 ductility test when applied on
t s : substrate thickness ρ : Radius of Curvature chromated aluminum, showed poor flexibility when
t f : film thickness assumes 100% adhesion
applied on a highly flexible substrate such as EPDM
— i.e., the flexibility of the system was not as good as
the flexibility of each of its components.
Figure 6 | Calculated stress-strain distribution for KYNAR Aquatec -based coating
on EPDM and aluminum.
In order to understand the issue, we have under-
taken some solid mechanics calculations to investi-
gate the stress-strain distribution in the RC-10,206
Coating on EPDM Coating on Aluminium
topcoat on EPDM or aluminum, while the system is
Neutral Axis;yN = 0.132 cm Neutral Axis;yN = 0.035 cm
in a pure bending mode. The schematics of Figure
ρ = 0.43 cm ρ = 0.43 cm 5 show the essential features of the calculation. The
Top Coating on EPDM Top Coating strain and stress in the coating are calculated in rela-
surface 12MPa 5 % surface 12on
MPaAluminium
8.8 %
Neutral Axis;yN = 0.132 cm Neutral Axis;yN = 0.035 cm tion to the neutral axis, i.e., the plane at which strain
Interface Interface
is zero.11 In Figure 6 the stress-strain distributions of
ρ = 0.43 cm 4.2 %
0.08MPa 20=MPa
ρ 0.43 cm 8.1% the two different systems are compared. As the sys-
Top Top 0.03%
surface 12MPa 5 % Neutral
surface 12MPa 8.8 % tem is bent, regions above the neutral axis, including
Neutral
Axis Axis stress strain the coating, are under tension. The strain increases
Interface Interface
0.08MPa 4.2 % 20MPa 8.1% linearly across the cross-section, relative to the neu-
0.03%
Neutral
76 JULY 2007 | w w w . pNeutral
cimag .com
strain
Axis Axis stress
y
yN X
Z
NovelNeutral
Fluoropolymer-Based
Plane: Zero Strain Emulsion Technology:MStriving For “Green” Coatings
: Z Moment Z
Position of Neutral Axis; yN = ( Es t s 2/2 + E f t f (2ts +t f )/2)/(Es t s + E f t f )
Stress at y; ó y = E (y/ ρ)
Strain at y; ε x = (y/ρ) tral axis. The analysis shows that for the same radius
E : Young’s modulus y: coordinate from the neutral axis
of curvature, the final strain in the coating is similar
t s : substrate thickness ρ : Radius of Curvature for the two systems. In fact, the strain in the coating
t f : film thickness assumes 100% adhesion on aluminum is slightly higher than in the coating
on EPDM, yet there is failure upon bending only in
the latter case.
Apart from this similarity, major differences for the
two systems are apparent from the calculations (see
Figure 6). Aluminum, being ductile, yields completely
at the radius of curvature shown, unlike EPDM. For
the same radius of curvature, the stress differential at
the interface between the coating and the substrate
is considerably higher for EPDM than for aluminum,
Coating on EPDM Coating on Aluminium
about 12 vs. 8 MPa. As the coating and substrate are
Neutral Axis;yN = 0.132 cm Neutral Axis;yN = 0.035 cm
flexed, for the two layers to stay in registry the inter-
ρ = 0.43 cm ρ = 0.43 cm facial stress differential must be matched by an equal
Top Top and opposite interfacial adhesive force. However the
surface 12MPa 5 % surface 12MPa 8.8 %
adhesion of the waterborne RC-10,206 coatings to
Interface Interface
Table 2 | Mechanical property comparison, the EPDM is not as good as to chromated aluminum
0.08MPa 4.2 % free films, white RC-10,206
20MPa paints,8.1%
20
PVC, after two week air-dry. (as a point of comparison, a qualitative cross-hatch
0.03%
Coalescent Level on
Neutral Young’s Modulus Tensile Strength
Neutral Elongation tape adhesion test gives about 50% adhesion to EPDM
stress strain under ambient drying conditions, compared to 100%
Axis
Polymer Solids (MPa) Axis (MPa) at Break %
10% DPM 837 20.5 60 for aluminum). We believe that it is the interfacial
10% DPM/ 440 13.6 63 stress difference, coupled with differences in adhesive
2 wt% Texanol strength at the interface, that is responsible for the
10% DPM/ 381 12.9 97 system flexibility (cracking) issue on EPDM.
5 wt% Texanol Mechanical analysis suggests that two different
EPDM substrate -- 10 300-400
routes are available to improve the cracking resis-
tance of the topcoat on flexible substrates. Either an
Figure 7 | Tensile-Elongation curve for Kynar Aquatec RC-10,206 white coatings, as improvement in the interfacial adhesion, or a reduc-
obtained by an Instron® tester. Bottom shows behavior at low strains. tion in the stress differential at the interface, should
greatly reduce the cracking tendency. To improve
White Kynar Aquatec® – no Texanol® the interfacial adhesion, both the use of a suitable
25
White Kynar Aquatec® – 5% Texanol® tie-layer, and giving the system a force bake at about
20 60-80 °C, have proven to be effective solutions.
We have also recently demonstrated the ability
Stress MPa
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank Wayne Skilton, Cynthia Hess and Segolene De Rob-
ien from the coatings group in Technical Polymers for their technical sup-
port. This work would not be possible without the latex synthesis expertise
of Dr. Lotfi Hedhli and Dr. Ramin Amin-Sanayei from the fluoropolymer
synthesis group. Last but not least our special thanks to business develop-
ment managers Kevin Hanrahan and Jerry Petersheim for bringing new
opportunities and applications.
References
1 Linak, E.; Kishi, A.; “Paints and Coatings Industry Over-
view”, Chemical Economical Handbook, 2005.
2 R.A. Iezzi, “Fluoropolymer Coatings for Architectural Appli-
cations, Modern Fluoropolymers (Wiley, 1997), p. 14.
3 Kurt A. Wood, “The Advantages of Networking:
Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-acrylic IPN structures for solvent
vs. formulations where additional Texanol (up to 5 and waterborne coatings”, European Coatings Journal, Pages
wt%) was added. It can be seen that the addition of 48-53, September 2005.
Texanol reduces the modulus of the dry film by almost 4 Wood, Kurt A., “Optimizing the exterior durability of new
half, compared to the control with no Texanol. Bend fluoropolymer coatings”, Prog. Org. Coatings 43 (2001) 207-
tests of these coatings on an EPDM substrate show a 213.
substantial improvement for the coatings with Texa- 5 Sung, L.-P.; Vicini, S.; Ho, D.L.; Hedhli, L.; Olmstead, C; and
nol, compared to the DPM-only control. The reduc- Wood. K. A. “Effect of microstructure of fluorinated acrylic
coatings on UV degradation testing”, Polymer, 45 (2004)
tion in the stress mismatch with the EPDM substrate
6639-6646,.
improves the crack resistance dramatically.
6 Arkema, Inc. unpublished data. The same phenomenon for
a different kind of accelerated weathering light source has
Conclusion
also been reported by the NIST group, see X. Gu, L. Sung,
This paper discusses a novel PVDF-based water-
D.L. Ho, C.A. Michaels, T. Nguyen, D. Nguyen and Y. C. Jean,
borne technology that provides a low-VOC, durable
Proceedings of the 80th Annual Meeting Technical Program of
and environmentally friendly coating alternative to
the FSCT, Oct. 30-Nov. 1, 2002, New Orleans, LA.
conventional binder systems. The KYNAR Aquatec
7 See, for instance, http://www.coolroofs.org/index.html and
technology is based on latex particles with intimately
links contained there
blended PVDF copolymer and acrylic, in an inter-
8 Berdahl, P.; Bretz, S.; “Preliminary survey of the solar reflec-
penetrating network-type morphology. South Florida tance of cool roofing materials”, Energy and Buildings, 25
weathering results, now at 5-7 years, confirm the (1997), 149-158.
importance of the latex morphology to the final film 9 T. Hutchinson, “Roofing’s dirty secret”, Professional Roofing
performance and durability. The new technology can Magazine, April 2005, 26-31; article also available at several
be used in after-market roof coatings to provide long- on-line locations.
lasting, colorfast low-VOC coatings for low-slope com- 10 See http://www.ersystems.com/news_presentations.htm,
mercial roofs. With superior resistance to dirt pickup 2006 Presentation on Advanced Sustainable Roof Systems.
and biological growth, relative to elastomeric acrylic 11 Crandall, S.; Dahl, N.; Lardner, T.; “An Introduction to the
coatings, the new technology is ideal for Cool Roof mechanics of solids”, Second Edition
applications where color retention is key to maintain-
ing the solar reflectivity. The stain-blocking proper- This paper was presented at The Waterborne Symposium, Advances in
ties of the KYNAR Aquatec materials also contribute Intelligent Coatings Design, February 2007, New Orleans, LA.