A Seminar Report Challenges in The Migration To 4G

A Seminar Report Challenges in the Migration to 4G
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are

projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to
provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video
to high-data-rate wireless channels. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types
of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone
systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGIC—Mobile multimedia, Anytime
anywhere, Global mobility support, Integrated wireless solution, and Customized
personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband
wireless access systems, have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication
arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but
also will support the fixed wireless networks.
The mobile communication generations has traversed a long way through

different phases of evolution since its birth early in the 1970s. the steady global boom in
the number of mobile users each year has periodically spurned the development of more
and more sophisticated technologies trying to strike the right chord primarily in terms of
provision of seamless global roaming, quality services and
high data rate. today numerous different generation technologies with their individual
pros and cons are existing globally. the coming era of 4g systems is foreseeing a potential
smooth merger of all these heterogeneous technologies with a natural progression to
support seamless cost-effective high data rate global roaming, efficient personalized
services, typical user-centric integrated service model, high Qos(quality of service) and
overall stable system performance. However, every step in such technological
advancements presents huge research challenges. this article aims to focus upon some of
these potential challenges along with different proposed feasible and non-feasible
solutions in the areas of mobile terminals and users, mobile services, mobile and wireless
BRECW, ECE Dept 2006- 10 Page 1 of 34

access networks, and communication, in order to give an in-depth view of the next-
generation communication systems.
1.2 Aim of the Seminar

Due to the increase in demand for speed, multimedia support and other resources,
the wireless world is looking forward for a new generation technology to replace the third
generation. This is where the fourth generation wireless communication comes into play.
4G wireless communication is expected to provide better speed, high capacity, lower cost
and IP based services. The main aim of 4G wireless is to replace the current core
technology with a single universal technology based on IP. Yet there are several
challenges that inhibits the progress of 4G and researchers throughout the world are
contributing their ideas to solve these challenges. This project deals with understanding
the features and challenges for 4G.
With the rapid development of wireless communication networks, it is expected

that fourth-generation mobile systems will be launched within decades. 4G mobile
systems focus on seamlessly integrating the existing wireless technologies including
GSM, wireless LAN, and Bluetooth. This contrasts with 3G, which merely focuses on
developing new standards and hardware. 4G systems supports comprehensive and
personalized services, providing stable system performance and quality service.
However, migrating current systems to 4G presents enormous challenges. In this article,
these challenges are discussed under the headings of networks and services, software
systems and wireless access.
Recent activity in 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems has

steeped the race in its implementation at the earliest. 4G wireless being an upcoming
standard witnesses burgeoning interest amongst researchers and vendor. It is being
designed to allow seamless integration and communication between wireless devices
across diverse wireless standards as well as broadband networks wirelessly. Access to
different radio technologies is facilitated due to IP-based-4G mobile communication
system connecting the user. This paper attempts to make an assessment in development,

transition, and roadmap for fourth generation mobile communication system with a
perspective of wireless convergence domain and future research issues.
1.3 Motivation of Seminar

The wireless communication filed is a very fast growing area with the number of
users and their demand for better resources increasing day by day. The R&D departments
of many companies are working on a future technology that can meet these demands at a
lower cost.3G is necessary but not sufficient for the demands today. So the world is
taking its leap towards the fourth generation wireless communication that promises to
bring an end to most of the problems faced. 4G wireless is expected to be launched by
2010, but there are numerous challenges faced by researchers in achieving the desired
features. Most of the ongoing researches are in the area of distributed computing, mobile
agents, multimedia support etc. Some other research area is to improve the Quality of
Service from the viewpoint of both the user and service providers. 4G wireless
infrastructures are expected to be deployed in an environment where many other types of
wireless and wired communication systems already exist.
1.4 Literature Survey

To fulfill the objectives of the seminar, understanding the concept of 4G is very
essential. Several standard books were referred.1. B G Evans & K Baughan, Visions of
4G, IEE Electronics and Communications engineering Journal, Autumn/Winter 2000.2. S
Y Hui & K H Yeung, Challenges in the Migration to 4G Mobile Systems, IEEE
Commuications, vol 41, no 12, Dec 2003, pp 54-59. 3.R Eijk, J Brok, J Bemmel & B
Busropan, Access Network selection in a 4G Environment and the Roles of Terminal and
Service Platform, Project: 4GPLUS, Wireless World Research Forum. 4.M Calisti, T
Lozza & D Greenwood, An Agent- Based Middleware for Adaptive Roaming in Wireless
Networks, Workshop on Agents for Ubiquitous Computing, AAMAS 2004, 20 July
2004, New York, USA. 5.K Murray, R Mathur & D Pesch, Network Access and
Handover Control in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks for Smart Apace Environments,
1st International Workshop on Managing Ubiquitous Communications and Services
(MUCS), Dec 11, 2003, Waterford, Ireland. 6.F Daneshgaran, M Laddamoda & M

Mondin, On the Reconfigurability of a Software Radio Terminal for Supporting the Third
and Fourth generation Wireless Standards, IEEE International Conference on Third
Generation Wireless and Beyond, June 2001, San Francisco. 7.T H Le & A H Aghvami,
Performance of an Accessing and Allocation Scheme for the Download Channel in
Software Radio, Proc IEEE Wireless Commun and Net Conf, vol 2, pp 517-21, 2000.
To get exposure to the latest ongoing developments, to achieve the said objectives and to
procure the necessary information the following websites were referred
1) http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4GVision&Technologies.htm.
2) http://nextelonline.nextel.com/en/stores/popups/4G_coverage_popup.shtml
3) http://seminarsandproject.blogspot.com/2009/06/challenges-in-migration-to-
4g.html
4) http://4g-wirelessevolution.tmcnet.com/conference/east-10/default.htm
5) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G
6) http://4g-wirelessevolution.tmcnet.com/
1.5 Applications
• Virtual Presence: This means that 4G provides user services at all times, even if
the user is off-site.
• Virtual navigation: 4G provides users with virtual navigation through which a
user can access a database of the streets, buildings etc of large cities. This requires
high speed data transmission.
• Tele-Medicine: 4G will support remote health monitoring of patients. A user need
not go to the hospital and can get videoconference assistance for a doctor at
anytime and anywhere.
• Tele-geo processing applications: This is a combination of GIS (Geographical
Information System) and GPS (Global Positioning System) in which a user can
get the location by querying.
• Crisis management: Natural disasters can cause break down in communication
systems. In today’s world it might take days or weeks to restore the system. But in
4G it is expected to restore such crisis issues in a few hours.

• Education: For people who are interested in life long education, 4G provides a
good opportunity. People anywhere in the world can continue their education
online in a cost effective manner.
1.6 Organization of the Seminar Report

This paper is organized as follows. Chapter 1 provides information such as aim of
the seminar, motivation, literature survey and applications. Chapter 2 provides a brief
review of the previous generations, limitations of 3G, problems of 4G. Chapter 3 gives
the information about the desired features, objectives and the general view of 4G.
Chapter 4 provides a brief review of the research challenges faced by 4G. and finally
chapter 5 gives the conclusion. This paper is divided into four sections: introduction,
history, features, overview of the potential research challenges and conclusions..

Chapter 2
HISTORY
2.1 Brief History of Generations

The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (first generation) to
fourth generation are discussed in this section. Table 1 presents a short history of mobile
telephone technologies. This process began with the designs in the 1970s that have
become known as 1G. The earliest systems were implemented based on analog
technology and the basic cellular structure of mobile communication. Many fundamental
problems were solved by these early systems. Numerous incompatible analog systems
were placed in service around the world during the 1980s.The 2G (second generation)
systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for voice applications but were
based on digital technology, including digital signal processing techniques. These 2G
systems provided circuit-switched data communication services at a low speed. The
competitive rush to design and implement digital systems led again to a variety of
different and incompatible standards such as GSM (global system mobile), mainly in
Europe; TDMA (time division multiple access) (IS-54/IS-136) in the U.S.; PDC
(personal digital cellular) in Japan; and CDMA (code division multiple access) (IS-95),
another U.S. system. These systems operate nationwide or internationally and are today's
mainstream systems, although the data rate for users in
these system is very limited. During the 1990s, two organizations worked to define the
next, or 3G, mobile system, which would eliminate previous incompatibilities and
become a truly global system. The 3G system would have higher quality voice channels,
as well as broadband data capabilities, up to 2 Mbps. Unfortunately, the two groups could
not reconcile their differences, and this decade will see the introduction of two mobile
standards for 3G. In addition, China is on the verge of implementing a third 3G
system. An interim step is being taken between 2G and 3G, the 2.5G. It is basically an
enhancement of the two major 2G technologies to provide increased capacity on the 2G
RF (radio frequency) channels and to introduce higher throughput for data service, up to
384 kbps. A very important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are optimized for

packet data, which introduces access to the Internet from mobile devices, whether
telephone, PDA (personal digital assistant), or laptop. However, the demand for higher
access speed multimedia communication in today's society, which greatly depends on
computer communication in digital format, seems unlimited. According to the historical
indication of a generation revolution occurring once a decade, the present appears to be
the right time to begin the research on a 4G mobile communication system.
First Generation: 1G was based on analog technology and basically intended for analog
phones. It was launched in the early 1980s. It introduced the first basic framework for
mobile communications like the basic architecture, frequency multiplexing, roaming
concept etc. Access technology used was AMPS (Advances Mobile Phone Service).
Second Generation: 2G was a revolution that marked the switching of mobile
communication technology from analog to digital. It was introduced in the late 1980s and
it adopted digital signal processing techniques. GSM was one of the main attractive sides
of 2G and it introduced the concept of SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) cards. Main
access technologies were CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and GSM (Global
System for Mobile Communication).
2.5 Generation: 2.5 G was basically an extension of 2G with packet switching
incorporated to 2G. It implemented hybrid communication which connected the internet
to mobile communications.
Third Generation: The basic idea of 3G is to deploy new systems with new services
instead of just provide higher bandwidth and data rate. Support for multimedia
transmission is another striking feature of 3G. It employs both circuit switching and
packet switching strategies. The main access technologies are CDMA (Code Division
Multiple Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), and TS- SDMA (Time division
Synchronous CDMA).
2.2 Limitations of 3G
4G is being developed to accommodate the QoS and rate requirements set by
forthcoming applications like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service
(MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB),
minimal services like voice and data, and other services that utilize bandwidth.

The 4G working group has defined the following as objectives of the 4G wireless
communication standard:
• A spectrally efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and bits/s/Hz/site).

• High network capacity: more simultaneous users per cell.
• A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically moves at high
speeds relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while client and station are in relatively
fixed positions as defined by the ITU-R.
• A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world.
• Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks.
• Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks.
• High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real time audio,
high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc).
• Interoperability with existing wireless standards and
• An all IP, packet switched network.
In summary, the 4G system should dynamically share and utilize network resources to
meet the minimal requirements of all the 4G enabled users.
2.3 Problems with the Current System

One may then wonder why ubiquitous, high-speed wireless is not already
available. After all, wireless providers are already moving in the direction of expanding
the bandwidth of their cellular networks. Almost all of the major cell phone networks
already provide data services beyond that oared in standard cell phones, as illustrated in
Table 1.
Table 2.1: Cellular Providers and Services

Unfortunately, the current cellular network does not have the available bandwidth
necessary to handle data services well. Not only is data transfer slow — at the speed of
analog modems — but the bandwidth that is available is not allocated efficiently for data.
Figure 2.1: Cellular Provider System Upgrades
Data transfer tends to come in bursts rather than in the constant stream of voice
data. Cellular providers are continuing to upgrade their networks in order to meet this
higher demand by switching to different protocols that allow for faster access speeds and
more efficient transfers. These are collectively referred to as third generation, or 3G,
services. However, the way in which the companies are developing their networks is
problematic — all are currently preceding in different directions with their technology
improvements. Figure 1 illustrates the different technologies that are currently in use, and
which technologies the providers plan to use.
Although most technologies are similar, they are not all using the same protocol.
In Addition, 3G systems still have inherent laws. They are not well-designed for data;
they are improvements on a protocol that was originally designed for voice. Thus, they
are inefficient with their use of the available spectrum bandwidth. A data-centered
protocol is needed. If one were to create two identical marketplaces in which cellular
providers used 3G and 4G respectively, the improvements in 4G would be easy

to see. Speaking on the topic of 3G, one of the worlds leading authorities on mobile
communications, William C.Y. Lee, states that 3G would be “a patched up system that
could be inefficient”, and it would be best if the industry would leapfrog over 3G wireless
technology, and prepare for 4G (Christian ).
4G protocols use spectrum up to 3 times as efficiently as 3G systems, have better

ways of handling dynamic load changes (such as additional cellular users entering a
particular cell), and create more bandwidth than 3G systems. Most importantly, fourth-
generation systems will draw more users by using standard network protocols, which will
be discussed later, to connect to the Internet. This will allow simple and transparent
connectivity

Chapter 3
FEATURES OF 4G
3.1 Objectives
4G is being developed to accommodate the QoS and rate requirements set by

forthcoming applications like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service
(MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB),
minimal services like voice and data, and other services that utilize bandwidth.
The 4G working group has defined the following as objectives of the 4G wireless
communication standard:
• A spectrally efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and bits/s/Hz/site)

• High network capacity: more simultaneous users per cell
• A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically moves at high
speeds relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while client and station are in relatively
fixed positions as defined by the ITU-R
• A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world
• Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks
• Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks
• High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real time audio,
high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc)
• Interoperability with existing wireless standards, and

• An all IP, packet switched network.
In summary, the 4G system should dynamically share and utilize network resources to
meet the minimal requirements of all the 4G enabled users.
3.2 Migration to Future
These limitations and drawbacks have generated the requirement for an universal
framework encompassing all the existing heterogeneous wired and wireless systems in
use. This IPv6-based potential 4G framework, commonly described as MAGIC [3]
(Mobile multimedia, Anytime anywhere access, Global mobility support, Integrated
wireless solution and Customized personal service), would be highly dynamic and
significantly handle the limitations of 3G systems. So, consolidated solutions that can
seamlessly operate on the multiple, diverse networks migrating to the 4G environment
fulfilling the plethora of next generation dream visualizations on implementing a
transparent open wireless architecture (OWA), should be imperatively designed. This
obviously invites new challenges on every step and researchers worldwide face an uphill
task of designing suitable solutions. Figure 1, shows such a 4G vision
Fig 3.1: 4G vision 2010

3.3 Desired Features
High usability and global roaming: The end user terminals should be compatible with
any technology, at any time, anywhere in the world. The basic idea is that the user should
be able to take his mobile to any place, for example, from a place that uses CDMA to
another place that employs GSM.
Multimedia support: The user should be able to receive high data rate multimedia
services. This demands higher bandwidth and higher data rate.
Personalization: This means that any type of person should be able to access the service.
The service providers should be able to provide customized services to different type of
users. According to the members of the 4G working group, the infrastructure and the
terminals of 4G will have almost all the standards from 2G to 4G implemented. Although
legacy systems are in place to adopt existing users, the infrastructure for 4G will be only
packet-based (all-IP). Some proposals suggest having an open Internet platform.
Technologies considered to be early 4G include: Flash-OFDM, the 802.16e mobile
version of WiMax, and HC-SDMA. 3GPP Long Term Evolution may reach the market
1–2 years after Mobile WiMax is released. An even higher speed version of WiMax is the
IEEE 802.16m specification. LTE Advanced will be the later evolution of the 3GPP LTE
standard.
3.4 4G General View

This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and replace the 3G
systems, perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a
seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large
volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G
infrastructures. The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks
using IP (Internet protocol) as a
common protocol so that users are in control because they will be able to choose every
application and environment.

Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader

bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on
ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems and networks. The key
concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing mobile technologies
through advanced technologies. Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are
the main features of 4G services of interest to users. These features mean services can be
delivered and be available to the personal preference of different users and support the
users' traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service. Connection with
the network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels correctly and
efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of information will be the
mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, high-
speed information services, and entertainment broadcast services. Figure 1 illustrates
elements and techniques to support the adaptability of the 4G domain.
Fig 3.2 4G Vision
The fourth generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public
to private; operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks.
The 4G systems will interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital
(broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IP-based
wireless Internet.
This all-encompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems
that the fourth generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude
platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (wireless local loop) and FWA (fixed

wireless access) to WLAN (wireless local area network) and PAN (personal area
network), all with IP as the integrating mechanism. elements of the
.
Fig 3.3 : Key Elements of 4G Vision
Chapter 4
4G RESEARCH CHALLENGES
4.1 Main Challenges
To achieve the desired features listed above researches have to solve some of the
main challenges that 4G is facing. The main challenges are described below
Multimode user terminals: In order to access different kinds of services and technologies,
the user terminals should be able to configure themselves in different modes. This
eliminates the need of multiple terminals. Adaptive techniques like smart
antennas and software radio have been proposed for achieving terminal mobility.
Wireless system discovery and selection: The main idea behind this is the user terminal
should be able to select the desired wireless system. The system could be LAN, GPS,
GSM etc. One proposed solution for this is to use software radio approach where the
terminal scans for the best available network and then it downloads the required software
and configure themselves o access the particular network.
Terminal Mobility: This is one of the biggest issues the researchers are facing. Terminal
mobility allows the user to roam across different geographical areas that uses different
technologies. There are two important issues related to terminal mobility. One is location
management where the system has to locate the position of the mobile for providing
service. Another important issue is hand off management. In the traditional mobile
systems only horizontal hand off has to be performed where as in 4G systems both

horizontal and vertical hand off should be performed. As shown in figure 1, horizontal
hand off is performed when a mobile movies from one cell to another and vertical
handoff is performed when a mobile moves between two wireless systems.
Fig4.1: Handoff Mechanisms

Personal mobility: Personal mobility deals with the mobility of the user rather than the
user terminals. The idea behind this is, no matter where the user is located and what
device he is using, he should be able to access his messages.
Security and privacy: The existing security measures for wireless systems are inadequate
for 4G systems. The existing security systems are designed for specific services. This
does not provide flexibility for the users and as flexibility is one of the main concerns for
4G, new security systems has to be introduced.
Fault tolerance: As we all know, fault tolerant systems are becoming more popular
throughout the world. The existing wireless system structure has a tree like topology and
hence if one of the components suffers damage the whole system goes down. This is not
desirable in case of 4G. Hence one of the main issues is to design a fault tolerant system
for 4G.
Billing System: 3G mostly follows a flat rate billing system based where the user is
charged just by a single operator for his usage according to call duration, transferred data
etc. But in 4G wireless systems, the user might switch between different service
providers and may use different services. In this case, it is hard for both the users and
service providers to deal with separate bills. Hence the operators have to design a billing
architecture that provides a single bill to the user for all the services he has used.
Moreover the bill should be fair to all kinds of users.
Table 4.1:The different potential challenges

TABLE 1 Summary of the different 4G research challenges

Vitally important challenges and
Aim
problems
Mobile Terminals and
Users
Multistandard/Multimode A single wireless user terminal Problems related to high cost,
User Terminals should be designed, which can limitations in terminal size, high
automatically operate in power consumption, high circuit
different heterogeneous access complexity, and unimproved
networks. analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
performance in software defined
radio (SDR)-based
implementations.
The different software downloading
schemes related to reconfigurable
terminals have got their own
problems.
Automatic Network A roaming user in a The different software downloading
Tracking and Selection heterogeneous environment schemes related to reconfigurable
should be able to automatically terminals have got their own
track and select the available problems.
underlying wireless network. In
each communication session for
a particular service the most
appropriate underlying network
should be chosen.
Mobile Services
Personal and Session Provision of personalized Confusions regarding the choice of
Mobility services through different either MIP or SIP as the core
personalized operating protocol and also whether the ideal
environments to the same framework be Network layer-based
address. or Application layer-based.
Streaming multimedia To provide very high speed UDP suffers from acute congestion
based services: (streaming) video applications related problems, so TCP is
ensuring high QoS and gaining importance as the ideal
bandwidth usability. transport layer protocol for video
streaming. Opportunistic
scheduling based video streaming
needs more attention.
Multioperator-oriented Users subscribing to multiple Designing new packet-switched
intelligent billing system service operators for multiple oriented billing and accounting
different services should ideally policies for 4G users. From
be charged a single bill covering customers and operators points of
all the different billing schemes view handling issues like QoS
involved. Users need not worry dependant charging, real-time
about the different billing billing information support,
schemes. interworking prepaid systems
support and billing support to
diverse service accesses as well
as cost calculation flexibility, IP
traffic billing support, instant
discontinuation of service if any
fraud is detected and correct
maintenance of customer’s profile,
are the real problems.
Mobile and Wireless
Access Networks
Seamless Terminal Users should be able to roam Maintaining high data rate, best

Mobility management freely and seamlessly across possible QoS, reducing packet
the various global geographic loss and signaling overhead are
locations. Location and handoff the primary challenges. The
managements should be done system throughput should be
properly. increased with low handover
latency. In location management,
issues like optimally handling
diverse user calling and mobile
patterns, and better inter-network
location coordination should be
handled properly. In handover
TABLE 1 (Contd...)
Vitally important challenges
Aim
and problems
Mobile Terminals and Users
management, challenges like
reducing call droppings and
disruptions, reducing
handover time, and optimizing
effective call completion time
need more attention.
Integration and Interoperability Seamless integration and Problems owing to diverse
of diverse networks interworking of the multiple nature of the constituent
heterogeneous existing and new access technologies in terms
wireless access technologies to of varying bit rates, bandwidth
provide unhampered allocation, channel
connectivity, fully broadband characteristics, fault-tolerance
access, unhampered global levels and handoff
roaming, perfect QoS and user management mechanisms are
controlled services. the key ones.
QoS Maintenance Unaffected QoS should be Significant overhead problems
provided between the end users still persist in different QoS
and end-to-end services. schemes like traffic control,
dynamic resource reservation
and QoS renegotiation. Ideal
mixing of packet level and
non-packetlevel QoS
mechanisms should be done.
Dependability To ensure fully fault-tolerant and Ideal fault discovery,
survivable 4G systems. notification service & recovery
schemes should be designed
to minimize failures and their
potential impacts on any level
of the hierarchical topologies
of the 4G
networks.
Security aspects Stronger end-to-end security Stronger levels of protection is
services are needed to get needed against
credentials of the eavesdropping, malicious
communicating parties (residing calls, and service denials.
in different environment) Adaptive and lightweight
authenticated without even security mechanisms should
knowing each other. be implemented.
Routing To implement intelligent packet Lowest Power Consumption

and call and best QoS are the key

routing techniques enhancing attributes to be addressed
system performance. while defining a “best path”
routing technique. Efficient
global and ad-hoc routing
techniques, and semantic
routing based content delivery
techniques need to
implemented. Mesh network
routing techniques are also
inadequately addressed.
Protocol Requirements Unified networking protocol Efficient 4G mobile network

stack and vertical protocol and security protocols capable
integration mechanisms of dynamically adopting to
adapting to the 4G constituent variant channel conditions and
networks requirements should security requirements should
be designed. be implemented. New ad-hoc
protocols for self-organization
to be designed.
Communication Challenges
Enhancing spectrum efficiency To enhance spectral efficiency Handling the different
and channel capacity along with and channel capacity with wide drawbacks related to
ubiquitous coverage. area coverage providing cost- Orthogonal Frequency
effective very high data rate. Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-
Increasing bandwidth usability based air interfaces, Ultra-
and minimizing multi-path Wideband (UWB) radio
effects. transmission technology
(UWBRT) and smart antenna
technology.
Analysis of the underlying technical challenges raised by the above vision and its five
elements has produced three research areas: Networks and services, Software based
systems, Wireless access. These form the basis of the Mobile VCE Phase 2 research
programme.
4.2 Networks and services
The aim of 3G is ‘to provide multimedia multirate mobile communications

anytime and anywhere’, though this aim can only be partially met. It will be uneconomic
to meet this requirement with cellular mobile radio only. 4G will extend the scenario to
an all-IP network (access + core) that integrates broadcast, cellular, cordless, WLAN
(wireless local area network), short-range systems and fixed wire. The vision is of
integration across these network—air interfaces and of a variety of radio environments on
a common, flexible and expandable platform — a ‘network of networks’ with distinctive
radio access connected to a seamless IP-based core network a (Fig. 3).

Fig 4.2: Seamless connection of networks

The functions contained in this vision will be:
• a connection layer between the radio access and the IP core
including mobility management
• internetworking between access schemes — inter and intra system,
handover, QoS negotiations, security and mobility
• ability to interface with a range of new and existing radio
interfaces
A vertical view of this 4G vision (Fig. 4) shows the layered structure of

hierarchical cells that facilitates optimization for different applications and in different
radio environments. In this depiction we need to provide global roaming across all layers.

Fig 4.3: Vertical hierarchical networks

Both vertical and horizontal handover between different access schemes
will be available to provide seamless service and quality of service.
Network reconfigurability is a means of achieving the above scenario. This

encompasses terminal reconfigurability, which enables the terminal to roam across the
different air interfaces by exchanging configuration software (derived from the software
radio concept). It also provides dynamic service flexibility and trading of access across
the different networks by dynamically optimising the network nodes in the end-to- end
connection. This involves reconfiguration of protocol stacks, programmability of network
nodes and reconfigurability of base stations and terminals.
The requirement is for a distributed reconfiguration control. Fig. 5 demonstrates

both internal node and external network reconfigurability.
Fig 4.4: Reconfiguration of mobile system
For internal reconfiguration the functionality of the network nodes must be controlled
before, during and after reconfiguration and compliance to transmission standards and
regulations must be facilitated.

External reconfiguration management is required to monitor traffic, to ensure that

the means for transport between terminals and network gateways (or other end points) are
synchronised (e.g. by conforming to standards) and to ensure that the databases/content
servers needed for downloadable reconfiguration software are provided.
The research challenges are to provide mechanisms to implement internal and

external configuration, to define and identify application programming interfaces (APIs)
and to design mechanisms to ensure that reconfigured network nodes comply with
regulatory standards.
An example of evolved system architectures is a combination of ad hoc and

cellular topologies. A ‘mobile ad hoc network’ (MANET) is an autonomous system of
mobile routers (and connected hosts) connected by wireless links. The routing and hosts
are free to move randomly and organise themselves arbitrarily; thus the network wireless
topology can change rapidly. Such a network can exist in a stand-alone form or be
connected to a larger internet (as shown in Fig. 6).
Fig 4.5: An integrated ad hoc wireless system

In the current cellular systems, which are based on a star-topology, if the base
stations are also considered to be mobile nodes the result becomes a ‘network of mobile
nodes’ in which a base station acts as a gateway providing a bridge between two remote
ad hoc networks or as a gateway to the fixed network. This architecture of hybrid star and
ad hoc networks has many benefits; for example it allows self-reconfiguration and
adaptability to highly variable mobile characteristics (e.g. channel conditions, traffic
distribution variations, load-balancing) and it helps to minimise inaccuracies in
estimating the location of mobiles.
Together with the benefits there are also some new challenges, which mainly
reside in the unpredictability of the network topology due to mobility of the nodes; this
unpredictability, coupled with the local-broadcast capability, provides new challenges in
designing a communication system on top of an ad hoc wireless network. The following
will be required:
• distributed MAC (medium access control) and dynamic routing

support
• wireless service location protocols
• wireless dynamic host configuration protocols
• distributed LAC and QoS-based routing schemes.
In mobile IP networks we cannot provide absolute quality-of-service guarantees,

but various levels of quality can be ‘guaranteed’ at a cost to other resources. As the
complexity of the networks and the range of the services increase there is a trade-off
between resource management costs and quality of service that needs to be optimised.
The whole issue of resource management in a mobile IP network is a complex trade-off
of signaling, scalability, delay and offered QoS.
As already mentioned, in 4G we will encounter a whole range of new multirate

services, whose traffic models in isolation and in mixed mode need to be further
examined. It is likely that aggregate models will not be sufficient for the design and

dynamic control of such networks. The effects of traffic scheduling, MAC and CAC
(connection admission control) and mobility will be required to devise the dimensioning
tools needed to design 4G networks.
4.3 Software systems
We have already seen in the previous subsection that to effect terminal and
network node reconfigurability we need a middleware layer. This consists of network
intelligence in the form of object-oriented distributed processing and supporting
environments that offer the openness necessary to break down traditional boundaries to
interoperability and uniform service provision. The mobile software agent approach is an
especially important building block as it offers the ability to cope with the complexities
of distributed systems. Such building blocks may reside at one time in the terminal and
then in the network; or they may be composed of other objects that themselves are
mobile. Within the mobile system there exists a range of objects whose naming,
addressing and location are key new issues. A further step in this development is the
application of the Web-service-model rather than the client/server principle; recent
industry tendencies show a shift towards this paradigm and XML (extensible Markup
Language) is seen as the technology of the future for Web-based distributed services.
However this technology has yet to prove its scalability and suitability for future
application in mobile networks.
In addition to the network utilities there will be a range of applications and

services within 4G that also have associated with them objects, interfaces (APIs) and
protocols. It is the entirety of different technologies that underlies the middleware for the
new 4G software system.
The ‘killer application’ for 4G is likely to be the personal mobile assistant (PMA)
—in effect the software complement to the personal area network—that will organise,
share and enhance all of our daily routines and life situations. It will provide a range of
functions including:

• Ability to learn from experiences and to build on personal

experiences, i.e. to have intelligence
• Decision capability to organise routine functions with other PMAs
and network data bases, e.g. diary, travel arrangements, holidays, prompts
(shopping, haircut, theatre, birthdays, etc.)
• A range of communication modes: voice, image (with image
superimposition via head-up displays such as glasses or retinal overlays),
multiparty meetings (including live action video of us and our current
environment), etc.
• Provision of navigation and positioning information and thus of
location-dependent services:
• Detecting and reporting the location of children, pets and objects
of any sort
• Vehicle positioning and route planning, auto pilot and pedestrian
warnings
• Automatic reporting of accidents (to insurance companies, rescue
services and car dealers)
• Knowledge provision via intelligent browsing of the Internet
• E-business facilities for purchasing and payment
• Health monitoring and provision of warnings
• Infotainment: music, video and, maybe, virtual reality
Of course the key to all this is ‘mobility’—we need to have the ‘PMA’ whenever
and wherever we are, and this places additional complexity on network and service
objects and the agents that process them.
Specifically we need to consider what the metrics are that determine which
objects follow the user. Some objects can move anywhere; others can move in some
directions or within a constrained area. If they can move, how will the existing service

determine if resources are available to support them in their new (temporary) home? Will
they still be able to function? What kind of computing architecture and middleware
platforms will be capable of supporting thousands, perhaps millions, of such objects?
Aspects of security pervade the whole of this area. Rules of authentication,

confidentiality, scalability and availability must now be applied to objects that are
continuously mobile. A whole set of conditions that are valid at one time and place
maybe invalid if transferred to another. Integrity and correctness issues must be
considered when mechanisms that support applications are used in practice in the
presence of other; distributed algorithms. For issues such as liveness, safety and
boundedness—consistency, isolation and durability— execution semantics need to be
evidenced for extension to the mobile environment.
Distributed management tools, in a complementary way, will allow a certain level

of monitoring (including collection of data for analysis), control and troubleshooting. The
management tools currently available do not encompass mobility efficiently and hence
this is another important area of research.
The aim of the research in this area is to develop tools that can be used in 4G
software systems. The following specific scenarios are being addressed in order to focus
the issues:
• E-commerce, including microtransactions, share trading and
internal business transactions
• Home services, ranging from terminal enhancements (e.g.
enhancing the display capabilities by using the TV screen as a display
unit for the terminal) to security systems and housekeeping tasks
• Transportation systems: Itinerary support, ticketing and location
services are to be targeted in this area.
• Infotainment on the move: This will demonstrate the need for
software and terminal reconfiguration and media-adaptation.

• Telemedicine and assistance services: Emergency team support,

remote/virtual operations and surveillance of heart patients are possible
stages for this scenario.
This list of scenarios can be expanded arbitrarily and also into non-consumer
areas (i.e. military and emergency services), however the preconditions for service
delivery and demands on the network infrastructure remain the same: they will have to be
adaptable to meet the user- requirements current in 2010. Support for these scenarios may
be given by intelligent agents, which may represent the terminal within the network to
manage the adaptations or customisations of the communication path. On an application
or service layer they may additionally be used to complete business transactions for the
user (e.g. booking a theatre ticket or a flight) or to support other services. Furthermore,
distributed software entities (including the variety of models from objects, via agents, to
the Web-service model) will encompass management and support for applications and
services as well as for user and terminal mobility.
4.4 Wireless access

In the previous two sections we have looked at the type of network and the
software platforms needed to reconfigure, adapt, manage and control a diversity of
multimedia, multirate services and network connections. We have seen that there will be
a range of radio access air interfaces optimised to the environments and the service sets
that they support. The reconfigurability and the middleware flow through to the wireless
access network. The radio part of the 4G system will be driven by the different radio
environments, the spectrum constraints and the requirement to operate at varying and
much higher bit rates and in a packet mode. Thus the drivers are:
• Adaptive reconfigurability—algorithms
• Spectral efficiency—air interface design and allocation of
bandwidth
• Environment coverage—all pervasive
• Software—for the radio and the network access

• Technology—embedded/wearable/low-power/high communication
time/displays.
It has been decided within Mobile VCE not to become involved in technology
issues or in the design of terminals. This is a large area, which is much closer to products
and better suited to industry. The remaining drivers are all considered within the research
programme.
It is possible, in principle, to increase significantly the effective bit rate capacity

of a given bandwidth by using adaptive signal processing at both the base station and the
mobile. In 3G systems adaptive signal processing has been restricted to the base station
and so the challenge is to migrate this to the terminal and, most importantly, to make the
two ends co-operative. Such techniques require close co-operation between the base and
mobile stations in signaling information on channel quality, whilst making decisions and
allocating resources dynamically. In addition, the capabilities of both ends of the link
must be known reciprocally as the channel varies in both time and space. In order to
optimize a link continuously, the wireless network must acquire and process accurate
knowledge of metrics that indicate the current system performance, e.g. noise, inter- and
intra-system interference, location, movement variations, and channel quality prediction.
Such information and its accuracy must be passed to the higher layers of the system
protocol that make decisions and effect resource allocation. The emphasis on the base
station in 3G systems is obvious as this has the resources, real estate and capacity to
implement the spatial—temporal digital signal processing needed for antenna arrays
together with advanced receiver architectures. The challenge will be to migrate this to the
much smaller terminal via efficient electronics and algorithms that will still allow a range
of services and good call time. The availability of individual link metrics can also be used
at a network level to optimize dynamically the network radio resources and to produce a
self-planning network.
Arguably the most significant driver in the wireless access is the bandwidth
availability and usage and whereabouts in the spectrum it will fall. Currently 3G

technology is based around bands at 2GHz, but limited spectrum is available, even with
the addition of the expansion bands. The higher bit rates envisaged for 4G networks will
require more bandwidth. Where is this to be found? The scope for a world-wide
bandwidth allocation is severely constrained and, even if this were feasible, the
bandwidth would be very limited. The requirements are thus for much more efficient
utilization of the spectrum and, perhaps, new ideas for system co-existence. If the
bandwidth is fixed we need to seek a spectrally more efficient air interface and this
involves a consideration of various multiple access, modulation, coding,
equalization/interference cancellation, power control, etc. schemes. In view of our
previous comments it is clear that all components of this air interface must be
dynamically adaptive. As the whole network is to be IP based this will mean extremely
rapid adaptation on a burst basis. In 4G systems we need to accomplish this at much
higher and variable bit rates as well as in different environments (indoor, outdoor,
broadcast, etc.) and in the presence of other adaptive parameters in the air interface. In
time-domain systems equalizers would need to be adaptive and this raises questions of
complexity. For CDMA, systems could use multicodes and adaptive interference
cancellation, which again raise complexity issues. Alternatively one could move to
OFDM-like systems (as in WLANs), which offer some reduction in complexity by
operating in the frequency domain but raise other issues, such as synchronization. The
choice of the air interface’s multiple access scheme and adaptive components will need to
be based upon the ease of adaptation and reconfigurability and on the complexity. There
are also significant research challenges in this area of flexible advanced terminal
architectures that are not rooted solely in physical layer problems.
A further aspect of spectrum efficiency relates to the way in which regulators

allocate bandwidth. The current practice of exclusive licensing of a block of spectrum is
arguably not the most efficient. It would be much more efficient to allow different
operators and radio standards to co-exist in the same spectrum by dynamically allocating
spectrum as loading demands. Indeed, the higher bit-rate services may need to spread
their requirements across several segments of spectrum. There would then be a need for a
set of rules to govern the dynamic allocation of the spectrum—a self organizing set of

systems to maximise the use of spectrum and balance the load. Given the degree of co-
operation and the processing already envisioned this should be a realistic aim.
A great deal of work on the characterisation of radio environments has already

been performed in the 2GHz and 5GHz bands within the first phase of Mobile VCE’s
research, and spatial—temporal channel models have been produced. However, 4G
systems will incorporate smart antennas at both ends of the radio link with the aim of
using antenna diversity in the tasks of canceling out interference and assisting in signal
extraction. This implies that direction-of-arrival information, including all multipath
components, will be an important parameter in determining the performance of array
processing techniques. There is a need to augment models with such data for both the
base station and the terminal station. A more open question is where to position the next
frequency bands for mobile communications. An early study is needed here in advance of
more detailed radio environment characterizations.
Coverage is likely to remain a problem throughout the lifetime of 3G systems.

The network-of-networks structure of 4G systems, together with the addition of
multimedia, multirate services, mean that coverage will continue to present challenges.
We have already seen that the likely structure will be based upon a hierarchical
arrangement of macro-, micro- and picocells. Superimposed on this will be the mega cell,
which will provide the integration of broadcast services in a wider sense. Until now, it
has been assumed that satellites would provide such an overlay, and indeed they will in
some areas of the world. However, another attractive alternative could be high-altitude
platform stations (HAPS), which have many benefits, particularly in aiding integration.
HAPS are not an alternative to satellite communications; rather they are a

complementary element to terrestrial network architectures, mainly providing overlaid
macro-/microcells for under laid Pico cells supported through ground-based terrestrial
mobile systems. These platforms can be made quasi- stationary at an altitude around 21—
25 km in the stratospheric layer and project hundreds of cells over metropolitan areas
(Fig. 7).

Fig 4.6 : HAPS providing integrated coverage

Due to the large coverage provided by each platform, they are highly suitable for
providing local broadcasting services. A communication payload supporting 3G/4G and
terrestrial DAB/DVD air interfaces and spectrum could also support broadband and very
asymmetric services more efficiently than 3G/4G or DAB/DVD air- interfaces could
individually. ITU-R has already recognised the use of HAPS as high base stations as an
option for part of the terrestrial delivery of IMT-2000 in the bands 1885—1980 MHz,
2010—2025 MHz and 2110—2170 MHz in Regions 1 and 3, and 1885—1980 MHz and
2110—2160 MHz in Region 2 (Recommendation ITU-R M (IMT-HAPS)).
HAPS have many other advantages in reducing terrestrial real-estate problems,

achieving rapid roll-out, providing improved interface management to hundreds of cells,
spectrally efficient delivery of multicast/broadcast, provision of location-based services
and, of course, integration. The research challenge is to integrate terrestrial and HAPS
radio access so as to enhance spectral efficiency and preserve QoS for the range of
services offered.
Software, algorithms and technology are the keys to the wireless access sector.
Interplay between them will be the key to the eventual system selection, but the Mobile
VCE’s research programme will not be constrained in this way. The aim is to research
new techniques which themselves will form the building blocks of 4G.

Chapter 5
CONCLUSION
As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to

reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard. Projected 4G
systems offer this promise of a standard that can be embraced worldwide through its key
concept of integration. Future wireless networks will need to support diverse IP
multimedia applications to allow sharing of resources among multiple users. There must
be a low complexity of implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between the
end users and the wireless infrastructure. The fourth generation promises to fulfill the
goal of PCC (personal computing and communication)—a vision that affordably provides
high data rates everywhere over a wireless network.
4G seems to be a very promising generation of wireless communication that will

change the people’s life in the wireless world. There are many striking attractive features
proposed for 4G which ensures a very high data rate, global roaming etc. New ideas are
being introduced by researchers throughout the world, but new ideas introduce new
challenges. There are several issues yet to be solved like incorporating the mobile world
to the IP based core network, efficient billing system, smooth hand off mechanisms etc.
4G is expected to be launched by 2010 and the world is looking forward for the most
intelligent technology that would connect the entire globe.

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A Seminar Report Challenges in The Migration To 4G

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A Seminar Report Challenges in the Migration to 4G

The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are

The mobile communication generations has traversed a long way through

BRECW, ECE Dept 2006- 10 Page 1 of 34

1.2 Aim of the Seminar

With the rapid development of wireless communication networks, it is expected

Recent activity in 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems has

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1.3 Motivation of Seminar

1.4 Literature Survey

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1.6 Organization of the Seminar Report

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2.1 Brief History of Generations

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• A spectrally efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and bits/s/Hz/site).

2.3 Problems with the Current System

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Figure 2.1: Cellular Provider System Upgrades

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4G protocols use spectrum up to 3 times as efficiently as 3G systems, have better

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4G is being developed to accommodate the QoS and rate requirements set by

• A spectrally efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and bits/s/Hz/site)

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• An all IP, packet switched network.

3.2 Migration to Future

Fig 3.1: 4G vision 2010

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3.3 Desired Features

3.4 4G General View

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Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader

Fig 3.2 4G Vision

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Fig4.1: Handoff Mechanisms

Table 4.1:The different potential challenges

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TABLE 1 Summary of the different 4G research challenges

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and call and best QoS are the key

Protocol Requirements Unified networking protocol Efficient 4G mobile network

4.2 Networks and services

The aim of 3G is ‘to provide multimedia multirate mobile communications

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Fig 4.2: Seamless connection of networks

A vertical view of this 4G vision (Fig. 4) shows the layered structure of

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Fig 4.3: Vertical hierarchical networks

Network reconfigurability is a means of achieving the above scenario. This

The requirement is for a distributed reconfiguration control. Fig. 5 demonstrates

Fig 4.4: Reconfiguration of mobile system

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External reconfiguration management is required to monitor traffic, to ensure that

The research challenges are to provide mechanisms to implement internal and

An example of evolved system architectures is a combination of ad hoc and

Fig 4.5: An integrated ad hoc wireless system

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