Super-netting and

IPV6

Dr. Ikram Syed

Ikram.syed@superior.edu.pk

1
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
 Super-netting
■ Super-netting is the opposite of sub-netting. In
sub-netting, a single big network is divided into
multiple smaller sub networks. In Super-netting,
multiple networks are combined into a bigger
network termed as a Super-network or
Supernet.
■ Super-netting is the process of summarizing a
bunch of contiguous Sub-netted networks back
in a single large network. Super-netting is also
known as route summarization and route
aggregation.
 Super-netting

22.3
 Advantage of Super-netting
■ It reduces the size of routing updates.
■ It provides a better overview of network.
■ It decreases the use of resources such as
Memory and CPU.
■ It decreases the required time in rebuilding the
routing tables.

22.4
 Advantage of Super-netting
■ It reduces the size of routing updates.
■ It decreases the required time in rebuilding the
routing tables.

22.5
 Super-netting components

■ All the Networks should be contiguous.

■ The block size of every networks should
be equal and must be in form of 2n.
■ First Network id should be exactly divisible
by whole size of supernet.

22.6
 Example – Suppose 4 small networks of class C

■ 200.1.0.0,
■ 200.1.1.0,
■ 200.1.2.0,
■ 200.1.3.0

22.7
 Lets check whether three condition are
satisfied or not
■ Contiguous: You can easily see that all network are contiguous all
having size 256 hosts. Range of first Network from 200.1.0.0 to
200.1.0.255. If you add 1 in last IP address of first network that is
200.1.0.255 + 0.0.0.1, you will get the next network id that is
200.1.1.0. Similarly, check that all network are contiguous.
200.1.0.0 – 200.1.0.255
200.1.1.0 – 200.1.1.255
200.1.2.0 – 200.1.2.255
200.1.3.0 –

■ Equal size of all network: As all networks are of class C, so all of

the have a size of 256 which in turn equal to 28.

22.8
 Lets check whether three condition are
satisfied or not
■ First IP address exactly divisible by total size: When a binary
number is divided by 2n then last n bits are the remainder. Hence in
order to prove that first IP address is exactly divisible by while size
of Supernet Network. You can check that if last n v=bits are 0 or
not. In given example first IP is 200.1.0.0 and whole size of
supernet is 4*28 = 210. If last 10 bits of first IP address are zero
then IP will be divisible.

Last 10 bits of first IP address are zero (highlighted by green color). So

3rd condition is also satisfied.
Therefore, you can join all these 4 networks and can make a Supernet.
New Supernet Id will be 200.1.0.0.

22.9
 IPV6

10
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
 22-1 Why New Protocol?

▪ Internet has grown exponentially and the address space

allowed by IPv4 is saturating. There is a requirement to have
a protocol that can satisfy the needs of future Internet
addresses that is expected to grow in an unexpected manner.
▪ IPv4 on its own does not provide any security feature. Data
has to be encrypted with some other security application
before being sent on the Internet.
▪ Data prioritization in IPv4 is not up to date. Though IPv4 has
a few bits reserved for Type of Service or Quality of Service,
but they do not provide much functionality.
▪ IPv4 enabled clients can be configured manually or they need
some address configuration mechanism. It does not have a
mechanism to configure a device to have globally unique IP
address
22.11
 The key benefits of IPv6

▪ Dramatic increase in IP address space,

▪ Simplified IP header for flexibility and functionality,
▪ Improved routing of data
▪ Enhanced mobility features,
▪ Easier configuration capabilities,
▪ Improved quality of service, and
▪ Integrated Internet protocol security.

22.12
 Representation

▪ A computer normally stores the address in

binary, but it is clear that 128 bits cannot easily
be handled by humans.
▪ Several notations have been proposed to
represent IPv6 addresses when they are handled
by humans. The following shows two of these
notations: binary and colon hexadecimal.
▪ Eight sections, each made of four hexadecimal
digits separated by colons.

22.13
 Abbreviation
▪ Although an IPv6 address, even in hexadecimal
format, is very long, many of the digits are zeros.
The leading zeros of a section can be omitted.
Using this form of abbreviation, 0074 can be
written as 74, 000F as F, and 0000 as 0.
- Note that 3210 cannot be abbreviated.
▪ Zero compression, can be applied to colon
hex notation if there are consecutive sections
consisting of zeros only. We can remove all the
zeros and replace them with a double semicolon.
- Note that this type of abbreviation is allowed only
once per address.
22.14
 Mixed Notation

▪ Sometimes we see a mixed representation of an IPv6

address: colon hex and dotted decimal notation.
▪ This is appropriate during the transition period in which
an IPv4 address is embedded in an IPv6 address (as the
rightmost 32 bits).
▪ We can use the colon hex notation for the leftmost six
sections and four-byte dotted-decimal notation instead of
the rightmost two sections.
▪ However, this happens when all or most of the leftmost
sections of the IPv6 address are 0s. For example, the
address (::130.24.24.18) is a legitimate address in IPv6.

22.15
 CIDR Notation

▪ IPv6 uses hierarchical addressing. For this reason, IPv6

allows slash or CIDR notation.

22.16
 Address Space

The address space of IPv6 contains 2128 addresses.

This address space is 296 times the IPv4
address—definitely no address depletion—as shown,
the size of the space is

22.17
22.18
 Figure 22.1: Global unicast address

22.19
 THANK YOU

22.20
 Figure 22.2: Mapping for EUI-64

22.21
 Figure 22.3: Mapping for Ethernet MAC

22.22
Example 22.1
An organization is assigned the global routing prefix 48 bit
block as 2000:1456:2474. What is the CIDR notation for the
blocks in the first and second subnets in this organization?

Solution
Theoretically, the first and second subnets should use the
blocks with subnet identifier 000116 and 000216. This means
that the blocks are 2000:1456:2474:0000/64 and
2000:1456:2474:0001/64.

22.23
Example 22.2
Using the format we defined for Ethernet addresses, find the
interface identifier if the physical address in the EUI is
(F5-A9-23-EF-07-14-7A-D2)16.

Solution
We only need to change the seventh bit of the first octet
from 0 to 1 and change the format to colon hex notation.
The result is F7A9:23EF:0714:7AD2.

22.24
Example 22.3
Using the format we defined for Ethernet addresses, find the
interface identifier if the Ethernet physical address is
(F5-A9-23-14-7A-D2)16.

Solution
We only need to change the seventh bit of the first octet
from 0 to 1, insert two octets FFFE16 and change the format
to colon hex notation. The result is F7A9:23FF:FE14:7AD2
in colon hex.

22.25
Example 22.4
An organization is assigned the 48 bit global routing prefix
block as 2000:1456:2474. What is the IPv6 address of an
interface in the third subnet if the IEEE physical address of
the computer is (F5-A9-23-14-7A-D2)16?

Solution
The interface identifier for this interface is
F7A9:23FF:FE14:7AD2 (see Example 22.3). If we append
this identifier to the global prefix and the subnet identifier,
we get:

22.26
 Table 22.1: Prefixes for assigned IPv6 addresses

22.27
 Figure 22.4: Special addresses

22.28
 Figure 22.5: Unique local unicast block

22.29
 22-2 THE IPv6 PROTOCOL

The change of the IPv6 address size requires the

change in the IPv4 packet format. The designer
of IPv6 decided to implement remedies for other
shortcomings now that a change is inevitable.
The following shows other changes
implemented in the protocol in addition to
changing address size and format.

22.30
 22.2.1 Packet Format

The IPv6 packet is shown in Figure 22.6. Each

packet is composed of a base header followed by the
payload. The base header occupies 40 bytes, whereas
payload can be up to 65,535 bytes of information.
The description of fields follows.

22.31
 Figure 22.6: IPv6 datagram

22.32
 Figure 22.7: Payload in an IPv6 datagram

22.33
 22.2.2 Extension Header

An IPv6 packet is made of a base header and some

extension headers. The length of the base header is
fixed at 40 bytes. However, to give more
functionality to the IP datagram, the base header
can be followed by up to six extension headers.
Many of these headers are options in IPv4. Six types
of extension headers have been defined. These are
hop-by-hop option, source routing, fragmentation,
authentication, encrypted security payload, and
destination option (see Figure 22.8).

22.34
 22-4 TRANSITION FROM IPv4 TO IPv6

Although we have a new version of the IP

protocol, how can we make the transition to stop
using IPv4 and start using IPv6? in the Internet
can move The transition must be smooth to
prevent any problems between IPv4 and IPv6
systems.

22.35
 22.4.1 Strategies

Three strategies have been devised for transition:

dual stack, tunneling, and header translation. One
or all of these three strategies can be implemented
during the transition
period..

22.36
 Figure 22.11: Dual stack

22.37
 Figure 22.12: Tunneling strategy

22.38
 Figure 22.13: Header translation strategy

22.39