INTERNATIONAL HUMAN TRAFFICKING

By

Name of the Student: Sai Suvedhya R.

Roll No.: 2018LLB076

Semester: 5th

Name of the Program: 5 year (B.A., LL.B.)

Subject: Public International Law

Name of the Faculty Member: Dr. Aruna Kammila, Assistant Professor

Date of Submission: 05/01/2021

DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

NYAYAPRASTHA “, SABBAVARAM,
VISAKHAPATNAM – 531035, ANDHRA PRADESH

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The final 0utc0me 0f this pr0ject required a l0t 0f guidance and assistance fr0m many pe0ple
and I am extremely f0rtunate t0 have g0t this all al0ng the c0mpleti0n 0f my pr0ject w0rk.
Whatever I have d0ne is 0nly due t0 such guidance and I w0uld like t0 thank them f0r the
same.
I thank my respected Public Internati 0nal Law Pr0fess0r - Dr.Aruna Kammila Ma’am, f0r
giving me the 0pp0rtunity t0 d0 this research paper and f0r her unfailing supp0rt and
guidance which enabled me t0 finish it 0n time.
I w0uld like t0 express my gratitude t0 DSNLU f0r pr0viding me with all the required
materials.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SYNOPSIS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 04

CHAPTER I

• Intr0ducti0n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 05
• Definiti0n and Statistics ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 05
• What d0es trafficking l00k like? ------------------------------------------------------------ 06

CHAPTER II

• Lab0ur Trafficking ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 07

• Sex Trafficking -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 08
• Case Studies ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 09
• T Visa Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
• Internati0nal and D0mestic Anti-Trafficking Eff0rts ------------------------------------ 15

CHAPTER III

• Preventi0n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
• Pr0tecti0n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16
• Criminalizati0n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
• Tier System at a Glance ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 17

CHAPTER IV

• C0nclusi0n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
• Bibli0graphy ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20

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SYNOPSIS

Abstract:

Human trafficking is the pr0cess 0f trapping pe0ple thr0ugh the use 0f vi0lence, decepti0n 0r
c0erci0n and expl0iting them f0r financial 0r pers0nal gain.What trafficking really means is
girls gr00med and f0rced int0 sexual expl0itati0n; men tricked int0 accepting risky j0b 0ffers
and trapped in f0rced lab0ur in building sites, farms 0r fact0ries; and w0men recruited t0
w0rk in private h0mes 0nly t0 be trapped, expl0ited and abused behind cl0sed d00rs with n0
way 0ut.

Pe0ple d0n’t have t0 be transp0rted acr0ss b0rders f0r trafficking t0 take place. In fact,
transp0rting 0r m0ving the victim d0esn’t define trafficking – it can take place within a single
c0untry, 0r even within a single c 0mmunity.Pe0ple can be trafficked and expl0ited in many
f0rms, including being f0rced int0 sexual expl0itati0n, lab0ur, begging, crime (such as
gr0wing cannabis 0r dealing drugs), d0mestic servitude, marriage 0r 0rgan rem0val.

Objective:

T0 understand the main causes and the meth0ds 0f preventi0n 0f human trafficking.

Research Questions:

• What are the main statues and laws which criminalize human trafficking at an
Internati0nal level?
• In what ways can human trafficking be prevented 0n an Internati0nal Level?

Research Methodology:

The research will be d0ctrinal type 0f research by referring t0 vari0us articles, b00ks,
j0urnals and s0me 0nline res0urces. The nature 0f the study is descriptive, explanat 0ry,
analytical and c0mparative.
Hypothesis:

Human trafficking is unf0rtunately still present in the w0rld mainly in the third w0rld
c0untries where mainly w0men and children are trafficked f0r the purp0se 0f lab0ur and sex
w0rk. P0verty and unawareness and bad implementati0n 0f the laws, are 0ne 0f the main
reas0ns f0r human trafficking. Trafficking is a seri0us crime and needs t0 be c0mbated 0n an
internati0nal level, but it can 0nly be d0ne if all the c0untries c0-0perate.

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 CHAPTER I

Introduction

Human Rights Initiative 0f N0rth Texas (HRI) serves victims 0f internati0nal human
trafficking, which is the sec0nd largest criminal industry in the w0rld. “It 0ccurs when pe0ple
are m0ved acr0ss b0rders, with 0r with0ut their c0nsent, and then f0rced t0 engage in lab0r,
sex 0r s0me 0ther f0rm 0f servitude and are denied the right t0 self-determinati0n and 0ften
cann0t escape. Internati0nal trafficking differs fr0m d0mestic trafficking in which pers0ns are
trafficked within a c0untry.
This paper will first set f0rth h0w internati0nal human trafficking is defined by the United
States and internati0nal c0mmunities, and pr0vide s0me statistics 0n the number 0f pe0ple
trafficked acr0ss b0rders. Then we will explain vari0us types 0f internati0nal trafficking and
pr0vide tw0 case studies which will illustrate h0w a pers0n may bec0me an internati0nal
trafficking victim and what relief the United States can pr0vide f0r them. Finally, this paper
will expl0re h0w the internati0nal c0mmunity has addressed trafficking.”1

Definitions and Statistics

The United States has characterized dealing with the Trafficking Victims Pr 0tecti0n Act
(TVPA). Dealing is "sex dealing with which a business sex act is pr 0mpted f0rcibly,
ext0rti0n, 0r pressure, 0r in which the individual actuated t0 perf0rm such act has n0t
acc0mplished 18 years 0ld; 0r the enr0llment, h0lding, transp0rtati0n, arrangement, 0r getting
0f an individual f0r w0rk 0r administrati0ns using p0wer, misrepresentati0n, 0r c0mpulsi0n
with the end g0al 0f c0erci0n t0 c0mpuls0ry subjugati0n, pe0nage, 0bligati0n servitude, 0r
b0ndage." (accentuati0n added). The United Nati0ns depicts dealing as "the enlistment,
transp0rtati0n, m0ve, h0lding 0r receipt 0f pe0ple, by meth0ds f0r the danger 0r utilizati0n 0f
p0wer 0r different types 0f intimidati0n, 0f snatching, 0f ext0rti0n, 0f misdirecti0n, 0f the
maltreatment 0f intensity 0r 0f a place 0f weakness 0r 0f the giving 0r getting 0f installments
0r advantages t0 acc0mplish the assent 0f an individual having auth0rity 0ver s0me0ne else,
with the end g0al 0f misuse."2

Despite the fact that insights identified with w0rldwide dealing are hard t0 acquire 0r are
inaccessible because 0f the stealthy idea 0f the dem0nstrati0n, the U.S. State Department
assesses that 800,000 individuals are dealt w0rldwide acr0ss gl0bal b0undaries every year. 0f
1
“International Trafficking.” Polarisproject.org. <http://www.polarisproject.org/content/view/62/83>.
2
United Nations. “Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and
Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime: Article III.”

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these, it is assessed that s0mewhere in the range 0f 14,500 and 17,500 pe0ple are dealt int0
the United States every year. The United States g0vernment accepts that 80% 0f
transnati0nal dealt pe0ple are ladies and ar0und half 0f them might be min0rs. Besides, the
Internati0nal Lab0r ass0ciati0n (IL0) "gauges that there are in any event 12.3 milli 0n gr0wn-
ups and y0ungsters in c0nstrained w0rk, f0rtified w0rk, and business sexual b0ndage at s0me
rand0m time" and "0f these casualties, the IL0 appraises that at any rate 1.39 milli 0n are
surviv0rs 0f business sexual subjugati0n, b0th transnati0nal and inside nati0ns." M0re0ver,
the IL0 has ann0unced that 56% 0f dealing casualties 0ccupied with c0nstrained w0rk are
ladies and y0ung ladies. M0re0ver, UNICEF's 2006 rep0rt expresses that as much as 8.4
milli0n y0ungsters are c0nstrained in the pr0cess 0f childbirth 0r sexual subjugati0n with
ar0und 2 milli0n c0nfr0nting intense physical and mental perils in the business sex exchange.
Surely, dealing might be 0n the ascent: as the w0rldwide interest f0r w0rk diminishes
because 0f the 0verall financial d0wnturn, pe0ple fr0m ruined districts end up in critical
circumstances and are eager t0 face m0re n0tew0rthy challenges and frantic f0r any w0rk.
The IL0 predicts that an ascent in illegal expl 0itati0n as c0nsequence 0f the m0netary slump
will be especially intense in Asia where it is assessed that 113 milli 0n individuals will be
j0bless in 2009.

What Does Human Trafficking Look Like?

Gl0bal illegal expl0itati0n is n0rmally delegated either w0rk dealing 0r sex dealing, in spite
0f the fact that the tw0 regularly cr0ss. Despite the fact that the devel0pment 0f an individual
isn't imp0rtant f0r a dem0nstrati0n t0 c0mprise dealing, the tw0 types 0f dealing regularly
remember rel0cati0n f0r search 0f m0netary chance and this is the reas 0n w0rldwide illegal
expl0itati0n—in which the casualty has cr 0ssed a c0untry's b0undaries—is s0 c0mm0n.
Whether 0r n0t an individual is dealt f0r s0me type 0f w0rk 0r sexual b0ndage, casualties
n0rmally start their excursi0n in a similar manner—searching f0r better financial p0ssibilities
yet rather succumbing t0 seri0us misuse. 3

CHAPTER II

3
US Department of State. “Major Forms of Trafficking in Persons.”
<http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105377.htm>.

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Labor Trafficking

W0rk dealing with c0mes an ass0rtment 0f structures that might inc0rp0rate sexual abuse.
An individual can turn int0 a surviv0r 0f gl0bal w0rk dealing when the individual turns 0ut
t0 be m0netarily 0bligated t0 s0me0ne else in return t0 assist w0rking abr0ad. This is called
0bligati0n subjugati0n. S0meb0dy pays f0r the lab0rer's underlying c0sts, f0r example,
travel, charges, and f00d and l0dging, and afterward the specialist sh0uld take care 0f the
0bligati0n thr0ugh w0rk. While causing an 0bligati0n t0 w0rk abr0ad isn't at first unlawful
n0r a type 0f dealing, this training makes lab0rers excepti0nally helpless against getting
caught in a circumstance wherein they can't escape 0bligati0n and sh0uld keep 0n attempting
t0 take care 0f the equilibrium 0f what they 0we. frequently, the 0bligati0n devel0ps with
false expenses and f00d and l0dging charges. The casualty disc0vers 0neself incapable t0
take care 0f the 0bligati0n and in an entirely weak situati 0n t0 deceitful dealers. Female
specialists may likewise be exp0sed t0 sexual abuse with regards t0 0bligati0n subjugati0n.4

C0mpuls0ry h0megr0wn subjugati0n is an intense issue, particularly inside transient

netw0rks in m0re well-t0-d0 p0rti0ns 0f Asia and the Middle East, yet additi 0nally
happening in the United States. Y0ungsters are frequently casualties. Since h0megr0wn
subjugati0n happens in private h0mes, it is excepti0nally hard f0r law auth0rizati0n t0
identify. Traveler lab0rers may wind up c0vered up and caught in a pattern 0f sexual,
physical and psych0l0gical mistreatment. Furtherm0re, individuals are regularly dealt
gl0bally t0 w0rk in manufacturing plants in l0w-0r even high-talented p0siti0ns. This s0rt 0f
dealing has been and is available in the United States.

While y0ungsters are helpless against vari0us types 0f 0bligati0n subjugati0n and b0ndage,
kid fighters present an interesting and especially abh0rrent type 0f illegal expl0itati0n f0und
in sp0ts g0ing fr0m C0l0mbia t0 sub-Saharan Africa and Afghanistan. As indicated by
Amnesty Internati0nal, there are ar0und 250,000 y0ungster warri0rs w0rldwide y0unger than
18 wh0 are accepted t0 be right n0w 0ccupied with 0utfitted clashes, and many th0usands
m0re wh0 are battle prepared. As 0f late, Mexican medicati0n cartels have utilized Mexican
y0ung pe0ple as kid pr0fessi0nal killers. Next t0 the grave risk kid warri0rs face in war,
many experience intense mental issues, are presented t 0 explicitly c0mmunicated illnesses,
participate in medicati0n use and are liable t0 t0rment and gr0ss sexual maltreatment.5

4
US Department of State. “Major Forms of Trafficking in Persons.”
<http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105377.htm>.
5
US Department of State. “Major Forms of Trafficking in Persons.”

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Sex Trafficking
The gigantic interest f0r business sex all thr0ugh the w0rld is the essential explanati0n that
sex dealing is a particularly en0rm0us business. W0rldwide sex dealing may happen when an
individual is baited acr0ss b0rders by guarantees 0f w0rk 0r even s0ld by a relative 0r
sweetheart. regularly, casualties are dealt fr0m sp0ts, f0r example, the previ0us U.S.S.R.,
Central and S0uth America and S0utheast Asia, t0 places like Eur0pe, N0rth America and the
Middle East. Pr0stituti0n netw0rks utilizing dealt ladies can be f0und all thr0ugh the United
States. F0r instance, in 0ne 0ccurrence a San J0se pr0stituti0n ring held ladies 0wing debt0rs
servitude t0 c0ver the $40,000 0bligati0n f0r secti0n fr0m S0utheast Asia. 0nce in the
auth0rity 0f a c0ntr0ller, the casualty is generally exp0sed t0 different types 0f misuse and
might be c0nstrained int0 an 0bligati0n servitude situati0n in which she is c0mpelled t0 w0rk
0ff her 0bligati0n thr0ugh pr0stituti0n. 6

Kid sex the travel industry (CST) happens when pe 0ple cr0ss gl0bal b0undaries t0 participate
in business sex with kids. These 0bjective nati0ns regularly have frail law implementati 0n
netw0rks which emp0wer CST t0 fl0urish. The simplicity 0f m0vement and the web have
been similarly p0werful in the ascent 0f CST. CST clients c0me fr0m an ass0rtment 0f
f0undati0ns including experts. CST, similar t0 kid s0ldiering, places y0ungsters at a high
danger 0f c0ntracting sexual illnesses and suffering grave physical and mental injury, s0cial
segregati0n and passing.

Casualties 0f b0th w0rk and sex dealing share the attribute 0f being n0t able t0 get away fr0m
their circumstances. regularly they are genuinely 0r explicitly manhandled 0r in a real sense
held h0stage, h0wever are caught by mental maltreatment, terr0rizing, c0mpulsi0n and
dangers t0 themselves and relatives. The dealers train the casualties n 0t t0 c0nverse with law
requirement and frequently get them t0 get tied up with the arrangement 0f abuse and
c0nsider it t0 be being typical.7

Case Studies

The acc0mpanying c0ntextual investigati0ns all the m0re c0mpletely p0rtray h0w gl0bal
dealing has and is happening in the United States and depicts the lawful help accessible in the
United States t0 surviv0rs 0f dealing. T0 all the m0re likely secure casualties 0f dealing, the
United States C0ngress auth0rized the TVPA in 0ct0ber 0f 2000. The m0tivati0n behind this

<http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105377.htm>.
6
“United States: Trafficking.” Catwinternational.org. <http://www.catwinternational.org/factbook/usa1.php>.
7
US Department of State. “Major Forms of Trafficking in Persons.”
<http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105377.htm>.

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enactment is t0 arraign dealers viably, and t0 ensure the pe0ple in questi0n, transcendently
ladies and kids. T0ward this end, C0ngress made the T-Visa, which permits surviv0rs 0f
illegal expl0itati0n t0 legitimately remain in the United States, acquire w0rk appr0val, and
eventually bec0me a Legal Permanent Resident (als0 called having a green card) 0n the 0ff
chance that the individual meets certain measures (talked ab0ut in detail underneath). At last
an individual may turn int0 a United States Citizen. Cl0se relatives (called subsidiaries) 0f
dealing casualties may likewise get these advantages.8

0ur first c0ntextual analysis is that 0f a Vietnamese lady wh0 was exp0sed t0 0bligati0n
subjugati0n w0rk and was dealt fr0m Vietnam t0 American Sam0a t0 w0rk in a K0rean-
p0ssessed piece 0f cl0thing plant. The subsequent investigati 0n is likewise an illustrati 0n 0f
0bligati0n subjugati0n h0wever happens in the United States. It is the tale 0f a K0rean lady
l00king f0r better 0pen d00rs wh0 was dealt fr0m K0rea t0 Canada lastly t0 Dallas, Texas,
where she w0rked with 0ther K0rean lady as an entertainer at a dance club. Despite the fact
that the ladies are fr0m vari0us nati0ns and were c0nstrained in the pr0cess 0f childbirth in
vari0us c0nditi0ns, their acc0unts are c0mparable. The tw0 ladies were extended t0 better
empl0yment 0pp0rtunity pr0spects abr0ad and readily ackn0wledged the 0ffers just t0 pay
0ver the t0p charges, have their ID rep0rts seized and fall int0 0bligati0n subjugati0n. As the
w0rk turned 0ut t0 be m0re tiring, the 0bligati0n pr0ceeded t0 rise and the ladies basically
became slaves.9

Ahn from American Samoa

The Vietnamese dealing casualty, wh0m we will call Ahn, was essential f0r a gathering 0f
Vietnamese specialists wh0 were dealt thr0ugh visit 0rganizati0ns set up by the Vietnamese
g0vernment t0 trade w0rk. In January 0f 1999, Ahn was 25 years 0f age and was selected by
an ass0ciate t0 w0rk at an article 0f cl0thing pr0ducti0n line. At first, Ahn was 0ffered $1000
every m0nth except later was educated she w0uld be paid $390 every m 0nth with impetuses
f0r extra time and 0ccasi0ns. The w0rk 0ffice likewise revealed t0 her that f00d and b0ard
w0uld be inc0rp0rated. The l0ng term c0ntract likewise c0ntained a default pr0vis0, which
was a $5,000 punishment if Ahn rashly ended the arrangement. Her m 0m c0-c0nsented t0 the
arrangement—ensuring that she w0uld be m0netarily dependable if Ahn didn't satisfy her
c0mmitments. Ahn likewise paid the business 0rganizati0n $1,015.00 f0r a pass t0 American
Sam0a—cash she acquired fr0m her uncle.
8
Abriel, Evangeline, and Sally Kinoshita. The VAWA Manual: Immigration Relies for Abused Immigrants. San
Francisco: Immigrant Legal Resource Center, 2006: 13-1.
9
Ibid.

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Half a m0nth later Ahn sh0wed up in American Sam0a. Up0n appearance, Lanh, the
0rganizati0n pr0priet0r and plant administrat0r, t00k her visa and travel rec0rds. This is
0rdinary in gl0bal dealing cases and is frequently a tip t 0 law implementati0n that dealing
might be happening. The facilities were p 00r. Sixteen ladies lived in each r00m h0wever
there were 0nly eight beds s0 the ladies needed t0 share. The r00m had tw0 wind0ws and just
0ne fan, and bef0re l0ng g0t invaded with r0dents. There was 0ne sh0wer f0r 32 ladies, with
n0 heated water, n0 tissue and n0 cleanser. At first the suppers were fine, h 0wever as the
quantity 0f w0rkers devel0ped there was less f00d. It was n0rmal t0 disc0ver slimy parasites
in the f00d and n0w and again w0rkers were n0t taken care 0f by any means.10
The maltreatment began when the w0rk started at the article 0f cl0thing pr0ducti0n line. Ahn
regularly endured 0bn0xi0us attack 0n acc0unt 0f her chiefs wh0 called her bastard and
canine. M0re0ver, when representatives menti0ned their back-pay, the administrati0n t00k
steps t0 send them h0me—ending their agreements and setting 0ff the liquidati0n
punishment. 0nce, when a gathering 0f three ladies menti0ned t0 be paid, p0lice were
acquired bearing weap0ns and night sticks. The p0lice acc0mpanied the three ladies 0ut as
Lanh c0mpr0mised the remainder 0f the ladies, n0tice them that in the event that any 0ther
pers0n made such demands they w0uld be sent h0me. That evening there was n0 f00d and the
administrati0n w0uldn't permit the lab0rers t0 leave the plant. Regardless 0f this, Ahn left t0
disc0ver f00d. At the p0int when she returned she was educated she w0uld n0t be permitted
t0 leave the plant any l0nger. F0r her w0rk between early February and late March 1999, she
was paid $100.

C0nditi0ns kept 0n disintegrating. In the l0ng run the lab0rers had t0 sign an0ther agreement
which expected them t0 pay f0r f00d and l0dging. The m0re cash they made, the m 0re was
deducted t0 c0ver essential everyday c0sts. 0nce m0re, this is average. At the p0int when
Ahn and s0me 0thers w0uldn't sign the agreement, they were is0lated fr0m the remainder 0f
the lab0rers. 0n July 1, 1999, 0rganizati0n delegates acc0mpanied what they called an "INS
agent." Ahn didn't really accept that the man was an INS agent yet rather a piece 0f a pl0y
intended t0 make the lab0rers feel that the 0rganizati0n's activities were inside the law. The
individuals wh0 w0uldn't sign the w0rk c0ntract had t0 sign an archive written in English, a
language m0st representatives c0uldn't peruse. Ahn thinks the rep0rt appr0ved their rem0val

10
Meyer, Paul. “Sex Slaves of Capitalists?” dallasnews.com
<http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/DN -
sexslaves_07met.State.Bulldog.7eae7bb.html>.

10
back t0 Vietnam which established a break 0f their business c0ntracts. F0r a very l0ng time
0f w0rk Ahn was paid $930.00. This immaterial am0unt 0f $6.20 every day was spent
alt0gether 0n getting by in American Sam0a.11
Since Ahn w0uld n0t sign the new agreement, she was expelled back t 0 Vietnam and
c0nfr0nted a huge $5,000 default 0bligati0n up0n return. The Vietnamese p0lice b0thered her
ab0ut the 0bligati0n and her inc0nveniences at the American Sam0a manufacturing plant, and
called her m0m t0 discl0se t0 her that her girl had impelled a strike. She was marked an
instigat0r. Ahn accepted that there was n0 future f0r her in Vietnam. Indeed, c0mpani0ns in
the public auth0rity revealed t0 her that the public auth0rity entered her name int0 a "dark
b00k"— which named her as "risky" and exp0sed her t0 c0nsistent g0vernment management.
0n January 10, 2000, the United States Secretary 0f Lab0r rec0rded a claim against the
0rganizati0n which p0ssessed the American Sam0a plant and Mr. Lanh, charging them fr0m
abusing different Fair Lab0r Standards Act (FLSA) arrangements. The Department 0f Lab0r
likewise sued f0r delinquency 0f wages at the article 0f cl0thing pr0ducti0n line. The
Vietnamese 0ffended parties additi0nally br0ught suit against the 0rganizati0n and Lanh
under the FLSA.
Ahn heard that her quality was menti0ned t0 affirm in a H0n0lulu g0vernment c0urt against
her previ0us business. She ventured 0ut t0 the United States where g0vernment auth0rities
talked with her different 0ccasi0ns in the fall 0f 2002 as an 0bserver f0r the criminal
preliminary.
Be that as it may, Ahn's issues didn't st 0p when she sh0wed up in the U.S. The Vietnamese
p0lice kept badgering her m0m and disc0vered that Ahn had affirmed f0r the situati0n. In
Vietnam, Ahn's business p0ssibilities were dreary. Since the Vietnamese g0vernment runs the
visit 0ffices t0 which Ahn fell prey, her break 0f agreement with the 0rganizati0n adds up t0
a penetrate 0f agreement with the Vietnamese g0vernment—placing her 0pp0rtunity in
extreme peril. Indeed, even with a w0rk, Ahn w0uld have just made ab0ut $90 every m0nth
and w0uld n0t have had the 0pti0n t0 take care 0f the 0ver the t0p default 0bligati0n 0f
$5,000 t0 the public auth0rity. In fact, her s0litary expectati0n was legitimate alleviati0n and
security in the United States. Subsequent t0 getting her T-visa, Ahn applied f0r and g0t
perpetual inhabitant status in the spring 0f 2009.12
Mina in Dallas, Texas

11
Ibid.
12
Supra Note 14.

11
“Mina’s st0ry began in K0rea where she w0rked at a cl0thing st0re. Mina was interested in
impr0ving her educati0n and finding a m0re lucrative j0b. 0ne day, a man called Br0ker came
int0 the st0re and asked Mina’s c0-w0rkers if they were interested in g 0ing t0 America. He
t0ld them that as bartenders they c0uld make up t0 $8,000 per m0nth and attend c0llege.
Mina and three friends decided t0 d0 it. The w0men paid a man named Kwan, wh0 was in the
United States, a $12,000 fee. Because the w 0man did n0t have that much m0ney, they
b0rr0wed the m0ney fr0m Br0ker wh0 t0ld them it w0uld c0ver travel expenses and 0ther
fees. Fr0m K0rea, the w0men w0uld travel t0 Canada and then 0n t0 the United States.
The w0men left K0rea and landed in Vanc0uver. The f0ur w0men were met by a man in
Canada. When she first saw him, Mina knew s 0mething was wr0ng. She had a very
badfeeling. The gr0up was ferried fr0m m0tel t0 m0tel f0r a few days in Canada and then
finally smuggled 0ver the Canadian/U.S. b0rder. Mina never saw any b0rder patr0l agents
during this time. 0nce 0ver the b0rder, the gr0up, which n0w included 0ther smuggled
K0reans, stayed at the h0use 0f a w0man named Chung f0r a week. There they watched
televisi0n, rested and were given vague descripti0ns 0f what w0rk they w0uld be perf0rming
f0r Kwan. When a week had passed, the gr 0up was driven t0 Kwan’s h0use in Dallas and the
w0rk began.”13
Kwan 0perated a venue called The Zen Club. He made Mina and the 0ther K0rean w0men
sell liqu0r t0 the cust0mers. Mina was f0rced t0 sell multiple b0ttles t0 the cust0mers and t0
drink with them. When Mina realized what was happening, She wanted t 0 die. Because the
w0rkers were f0rced t0 drink, it was apparent t0 Mina that every0ne wh0 w0rked there had
bec0me an alc0h0lic. If she did n0t drink 0r secretly discard 0f the alc0h0l, the manager
w0uld curse at her after the cust 0mers had g0ne. There were n0 wages f0r this w0rk.
Alth0ugh Mina received tips, that small sum 0f m0ney went t0ward basic essentials such as
f00d and cl0thing. M0re0ver, Mina was n0t even all0wed t0 buy her 0wn pers0nal items;
instead, she had t0 give the m0ney t0 the bar’s 0wner and s0me0ne else b0ught the items f0r
her.
The living situati0n was like a pris0n. The w0rkers lived 0n the sec0nd fl00r 0f Kwan’s
h0use while he and his family were 0n the first fl00r. Cameras watched every part 0f the
h0use and alarms went 0ff when d00rs were 0pened. I was held in the h0use like a slave and
we were treated like animals. Pe0ple guarded the w0rkers and transp0rted them t0 and fr0m
w0rk. The w0rkers c0uld n0t venture 0utside with0ut permissi0n and their identificati0n

13
The quotations in this case study are from the affidavit June filed with the United States government when she
applied for a T-Visa.

12
d0cuments were c0nfiscated. Kwan t0ld the w0man they had t0 w0rk 0ff their debts, but they
were charged f0r r00m and b0ard and assessed penalties f0r, am0ng 0ther things, leaning 0n
a patr0n’s sh0ulder, falling asleep and fighting with 0ther empl0yees. In this way, it is
d0ubtful that the debt w0uld have ever been repaid and the w0men w0uld have remained
stuck in a f0rm 0f m0dernday slavery in the middle 0f the United States.
“One day, Mina w0ke up t0 a raid by U.S. Immigrati 0n 0fficials 0n the Kwan residence.
Kwan was arrested and the w0rkers were questi0ned. 0n June 12, 2006, Kwan pled guilty t 0
several charges including f0rced lab0r. Because Mina c00perated with the investigati0n, 0n
N0vember 13, 2006, she was granted a T-Visa. Similar t0 the stigma and scrutiny which Ahn
w0uld have suffered in Vietnam, if Mina were f 0rced t0 return t0 K0rea, she w0uld face
bleak pr0spects. In K0rea, pe0ple kn0w ab0ut the Kwan trafficking ring and its breakup by
U.S. 0fficials. If Mina’s family and friends knew that she was trafficked, she w 0uld be
0stracized and her chances at marriage w0uld disappear. M0re0ver, Mina believes the K0rean
g0vernment w0uld als0 blame her f0r being trafficked and she w0uld never be able t0 rec0ver
her back wages fr0m the Kwan trafficking ring. In sh0rt, whether it be marriage, w0rk,
sch00l 0r family, Mina w0uld have n0thing were she returned t0 K0rea, but in the U.S. she
can create a new life f0r herself.
Mina and the w0men with wh0m she was trafficked are just a small part 0f a massive K0rean
trafficking web that is present in maj 0r cities thr0ugh0ut the United States. A large part 0f
this netw0rk deals in sex trafficking. Like Mina, these w 0men incur large debts t0 c0me t0
the United States in h0pes 0f finding empl0yment 0r educati0n but instead are f0rced t0 w0rk
as sexual sharecr0ppers, w0rking 0ff the balance [0f their debt] at hundreds 0f K0rean
br0thels acr0ss the c0untry. In 0ne sting at a Dallas br0thel, federal agents and Dallas p0lice
f0und 42 w0men wh0 w0rked as sex slaves. The w0men were f0rced t0 w0rk even when
sick, s0re and bleeding. R00m, b0ard, cl0thes and even c0nd0ms were charged t0 their
0verall debt, perpetuating the cycle 0f slavery and mental and physical t0rture.
With the help 0f HRI, Ahn, Mina and 0ther victims 0f the American Sam0a and Dallas lab0r
trafficking rings were able t0 0btain T-Visas and green cards. Within 5 years 0f receiving
their green cards these trafficking victims can bec0me U.S. citizens.”14
T-Visa Requirements

14
Meyer, Paul. “Sex Slaves of Capitalists?”
<http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/DN sexslaves_07met.State.Bulldog.7eae7
bb.html.>

13
T0 be all0wed T-visa n0n-0utsider status, the candidate sh0uld dem0nstrate that the pers0n in
questi0n: (1) has been a casualty 0f a seri0us type 0f illegal expl0itati0n; (2) is truly present
in the United States 0r certain U.S. d0mains in light 0f that dealing; (3) is either under 15
years 0f age 0r has f0ll0wed any sensible s0licitati0n f0r help with the examinati 0n 0r
indictment 0f the dealer and (4) w0uld experience the ill effects 0f the nati0n. A w0rker is
ineligible f0r a T-Visa 0n the 0ff chance that the individual in questi 0n t00k an interest in
dealing 0thers.
In this manner, a dealing casualty wh0 is 15 0r m0re established sh0uld help law
auth0rizati0n in the examinati0n 0r arraignment 0f the dealer and sh0w extra0rdinary
difficulty whenever 0usted. M0st casualties meet this last rules since they regularly need
clinical c0nsiderati0n, and, as dem0nstrated f0r the situati0n examines, can't arraign the
dealers in their h0me c0untries, h0wever rather c0uld be criticized by s0ciety 0r hurt by the
dealer's partners.
N0twithstanding the T-Visa, the United States additi 0nally 0ffers an elective type 0f help t0
dealt pe0ple kn0wn as C0ntinued Presence. Pr0ceeded with Presence is generally pr0per in
tw0 circumstances: first, where the dealt individual w 0uld n0t like t0 stay in the United
States h0wever needs t0 remain t0 take an interest in the dealing examinati 0n 0r bring
c0mm0n suit against the dealer, 0r isn't fit f0r g0ing because 0f physical 0r mental harm and
requires treatment. Sec0nd, when investigat0rs 0f a dealing case have n0t yet shut their
argument against the dealer, they might be reluctant t 0 give 0ut a T-Visa f0r dread it might
l00k like there was a renumerati 0n, 0r inappr0priate trade 0f the T-Visa f0r the declarati0n,
between the dealing 0bserver and the examiner's 0ffice. In this 0ccasi0n, auth0rities may
c0ncede C0ntinued Presence. An individual c0nceded C0ntinued Presence may get business
appr0val and public advantages like th0se 0f displaced pe0ple, yet may n0t turn int0 a lasting
0ccupant green card h0lder (as a T-Visa beneficiary can). An 0utsider c0nceded C0ntinued
Presence is permitted t0 l00k f0r T-visa status ultimately. In m0netary year 2008, the
Department 0f H0meland Security (DHS) and the United States Immigrati 0n and Cust0ms
Enf0rcement (ICE) Law Enf0rcement Par0le Branch c0nceded 225 C0ntinued Presence
demands and br0adened 101 0ther C0ntinued Presence demands.15
In spite 0f the way that the United States is appr0ved t0 give 5,000 T-Visas yearly, it just
all0wed 247 T-Visas and 171 T-visas t 0 subsidiary relatives in m0netary year 2008. The
Department 0f Justice has rec0gnized a uniqueness between assessments 0f dealing with
15
US Department of State. “Trafficking in Persons Report.” Publication 11407
<http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/123357.pdf>.

14
casualties the United States and th0se f0und and supp0rted. Helga K0nrad, Special
Representative 0n C0mbating Trafficking in Human Beings f0r the ass0ciati0n f0r Security
and C0-activity in Eur0pe, n0ticed that the United States T-Visa levels were strikingly l 0w in
2003, with 328 in truth, and fell in the year 2004 t0 136. M0re0ver, she c0ndemned the
United States g0vernment's necessity that dealing casualties help law requirement
0rganizati0ns indicting dealers as "gener0us intimidati0n." Thus, while the United States is
taking definitive auth0ritative and auth0rizati0n measures t0 f0restall and check dealing,
m0re endeav0rs c0uld be made t0 disc0ver, ensure and rest0re casualties.
0ne m0tivati0n behind why scarcely any T-Visas have been given is that dealing casualties
are regularly st0wed away fr0m general visibility and hard t0 find. This is particularly evident
with regards t0 w0rk dealing which may include 0ne individual perf0rming h0megr0wn w0rk
in a private h0me 0r a c0uple hundred individuals w0rking under what have all the earmarks
0f being real c0nditi0ns in a manufacturing plant. Furtherm0re, casualties may n0t view
themselves acc0rdingly, rather accepting that they are c 0mmitted t0 take care 0f their
0bligati0n paying little mind t0 the c0nditi0ns 0r feeling regretful that they are in the United
States wr0ngfully. Casualties may likewise have bec0me s0 mentally manhandled that they
are subject t0 their dealers, wh0 regularly train the casualties t0 0ffer certain resp0nses t0
p0lice and reveal t0 them they will be extradited t0 their h0me pr0vinces in disgrace 0n the
0ff chance that they rep0rt their circumstances t0 specialists.16 0n the 0ther hand, law
enf0rcement may n0t always sympathize with the victims because they are unc 00perative 0r
have s0me limited freed0ms, 0r because 0fficers have n0t been trained t0 sp0t trafficking
victims. There have been rep0rts 0f the g0vernment dep0rting victims after receiving
assistance fr0m them.
International and Domestic Anti-Trafficking Efforts

In 2004, with an end g0al t0 battle criminal 0rganizati0ns that resist b0rders, the United
Nati0ns sancti0ned "The C0nventi0n Against Transnati0nal c00rdinated Crime and the
Pr0t0c0ls Theret0." The United Nati0ns set up the C0nventi0n t0 intr0duce a unified fr0nt
against the transnati0nal criminal issues c0nfr0nting the w0rld's residents, particularly illegal
expl0itati0n. The C0nventi0n declared a bunch 0f rules f0cused 0n seri0usly subverting
illegal expl0itati0n 0rganizati0ns, ensuring the surviv0rs 0f this depl0rable exchange and
rebuffing the individuals wh0 try t0 abuse 0thers. It was appr0ved as the "C0nventi0n t0
Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Pers 0ns, Especially W0men and Children" ("The
16
Pathy Salett, Elizabeth “Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery,” Background
<http://www.nmci.org/news/news_items/trafficking.html>

15
Pr0t0c0l"). Since there is n0 w0rldwide law auth0rizati0n b0dy that can indict dealing, the
Pr0t0c0l's creat0rs tried t0 raise a br0ught t0gether structure that everything c0untries c0uld
attempt t0 w0rk inside their nati0ns t0 m0re readily defy w0rldwide dealing and different
types 0f c00rdinated wr0ngd0ing. There are right n0w 117 signat0ries t0 the Pr0t0c0l,
including the United States.17

CHAPTER III

Prevention
The Pr0t0c0l urges signat0ries t0 g0 int0 pr0jects, studies, and human guide ventures t0 see
better h0w dealing netw0rks create and putrefy, and h0w t0 f0restall these 0rganizati0ns by
diminishing neediness ar0und the w0rld. Nati0ns are urged t0 participate in respective and
multilateral endeav0rs in m0netary, s0cial, s0cial and instructive advancement pr0jects that
are f0cused at advancing the pr0sperity 0f in danger fragments 0f the p0pulace—especially
ladies and y0ungsters. Als0, in light 0f the fact that dealing is a w0rldwide exchange with n0
regard f0r public lines, it is fundamental that c0untries participate in law auth0rizati0n
attempts and p0werful b0undary c0ntr0l while treating th0se exp0sed t0 dealing with pride
and regard.18

Protection

With regards t0 the United Nati0n's main g0al 0f w0rldwide regard f0r c0mm0n freed0ms,
the Pr0t0c0l asks that signat0ries build up a legitimate system f0cused 0n guaranteeing the
security 0f dealt pe0ple as well as furnishing them with l0dging, advising, clinical
c0nsiderati0n, preparing and 0pen d00rs f0r w0rk. M0re0ver, cust0m curriculum and medical
care pr0grams f0r ad0lescents may sh0uld be actualized since many misused pe0ple are
min0rs.

The w0rk t0 devel0p security nets, advance mindfulness and give reas0nable assurances t0
surviv0rs 0f dealing has started. The Pr0t0c0l urges signat0ries t0 c0ndemn any endeav0r t0
traffic pe0ple, including arraigning assistants and 0ther pe0ple wh0 are engaged with getting
s0rted 0ut 0r c00rdinating dealing. The United States, which turned int0 a signat0ry t0 the
Pr0t0c0l 0n December 13, 2000, sancti0ned the TVPA in 2000 and the Trafficking Victims

17
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Country List for “The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
<http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/countrylisttraffickingprotocol.html>.
18
United Nations. “United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols
Thereto.”<http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-
e.pdf>.

16
Pr0tecti0n Reauth0rizati0n Act (TVPRA) in 2008. Under the 2000 enactment, the State
Department gives a yearly Trafficking in Pers0n's ("TIP") rep0rt. The United States 2009 TIP
rep0rt features a p0rti0n 0f the creative pr0jects far and wide being utilized t0 give insurance
t0 surviv0rs 0f dealing. F0r instance, a Uzbek ass0ciati0n called Isteqbali Avlad w0rks in the
United Arab Emirates, a significant 0bjective f0r dealt Uzbek ladies. Between September
2008 and February 2009, Isteqbali Avlad had effectively utilized s0cial and language eff0rt
t0 l0calize the maj0rity 0f the 41 Uzbek ladies the ass0ciati0n disc0vered impris0ned in
U.A.E. pris0ns. Als0, the J0rdanian service 0f w0rk has made an asset t0 give philanthr0pic
help t0 dealing casualties and even t0 pay f0r the lawful expenses 0f c0mm0n and criminal
suits against dealers.

17
Criminalization
The TVPRA additi0nally requests that unfamiliar g0vernments supply data identified with
dealing examinati0ns, feelings, indictments and sentences t0 the United States g0vernment.
F0r example, in 2008, nati0n rep0rts t0 the United States rec0rded an aggregate 0f 5,212
arraignments and 2,983 feelings ar0und the w0rld. The TIP Rep0rt inc0rp0rates a level
p0siti0ning framew0rk that is s0rted int0 the three center territ0ries 0f dealing av0idance:
Pr0secuti0n, Pr0tecti0n and Preventi0n. when an administrati0n's m0vement in battling
illegal expl0itati0n is evaluated, nati0ns are p0siti0ned as Tier 1, Tier 2, 0r Tier 3. Nati0ns
that are c0mpletely agreeable with TVPA least n0rms get Tier 1 status; c0untries p0siti0ned
as Tier 3 d0n't fulfill the TVPA least guidelines and have stepped t0ward acc0mplishing
th0se principles. These nati0ns might be dependent up0n n0n-helpful auth0rizati0ns and U.S.
resistance t0 different advantages fr0m ass0ciati0ns, f0r example, the W0rld Bank. In the
middle 0f these levels, there are Tier 2 and Tier 2 watch list c 0untries. Level 2 nati0ns d0n't
c0mpletely c0nf0rm t0 the TVPA's base n0rms, yet are putting f0rth huge attempts t0 bring
themselves int0 c0nsistence. C0untries are set 0n the Tier 2 watch list when with 0ut a d0ubt
the quantity 0f dealing casualties is huge 0r is fundamentally expanding 0r the nati0n neglects
t0 give pr00f that it is expanding its endeav0rs t0 battle illegal expl0itati0n fr0m the earlier
year. This inc0rp0rates expanded examinati0ns, indictments, and feelings 0f dealing
wr0ngd0ings and m0re pr0minent help t0 casualties. It additi0nally inc0rp0rates a w0rk t0
diminish c0mplicity by g0vernment auth0rities in illegal expl0itati0n.

The Tier System at a Glance

The f0ll0wing are summaries 0f three rand0mly selected c0untries listed in the 2009 TIP
rep0rts. The summaries detail each c0untry’s eff0rts t0 prevent trafficking, including
pr0secuti0n 0f traffickers and pr0tecti0n 0f trafficking victims.

Tier I Australia:

Australia kept creating against dealing law requirement gauges and set up the Trafficking
and Sexual Expl0itati0n Task Team t0 build the nati0n's endeav0rs t0 battle dealing.
Australia acc0mm0dates criminal punishments g0ing fr0m 12-25 years f0r dealing
infringement and may survey fines against liable gatherings up t 0 $140,000. As in the U.S.,
casualties wh0 help the criminal indictments against the dealers may get a visa al 0ngside
their relatives. The individuals wh0 d0n't get a dealing visa by and large get an insurance visa
accessible t0 evacuees. Furtherm0re, Australia attempted an exp0sure missi0n t0 spread

18
mindfulness ab0ut Australia's enemy 0f sex laws am0ng sightseers. The Australian
g0vernment additi0nally has started financing h0megr0wn n0n-legislative ass0ciati0ns
("NGO's") having s0me expertise in ensuring casualties and instructing general s0ciety ab0ut
dealing. Australia indicted a criminal ring that br0adcast 0n the web pictures 0f y0ungsters
being explicitly and actually mishandled.

Tier 2 Armenia:

Armenia is a s0urce nati0n f0r the sexual abuse 0f ladies in the United Arab Emirates and
Turkey. Y0ung men and y0ung ladies inside Armenia are frequently casualties 0f sexual
abuse. Furtherm0re, w0rkers might be dealt int0 Armenia fr0m Russia and the Ukraine. The
2009 TIP rep0rt n0ticed that while Armenia indicated pr0gress in indicting dealing, feelings
0f dealers in Armenia diminished. Armenia indicted 8 dealers ( 0ut 0f a sum 0f 13
examinati0ns) in 2009 under laws which give a l0ng term jail sentence f0r dealing. NG0s,
b0th Armenian and unfamiliar, were dynamic in Armenia and the Armenian g 0vernment
app0rti0ned $55,000 t0 subsidize an Armenian dealing casualties c0ver and furtherm0re gave
assets t0 clinical c0nsiderati0n t0 the pe0ple in questi0n. Als0, the Armenian g0vernment
publicized t0 bring issues t0 light am0ng y0ung pe0ple ab0ut the threats 0f dealing. 0ut 0f 34
rec0gnized dealing with casualties 2008, 20 were alluded by law auth 0rizati0n t0 get help.
Albeit every 0ne 0f the 34 casualties c00rdinated with dealing examinati0ns, the 2009 TIP
rep0rt expressed that witness insurance kept 0n being a w0rry am0ng dealt pe0ple and may
have prevented the arraignment 0f dealers. The Armenian g0vernment's endeav0rs at
c0unteracti0n were blended: while the public auth0rity put aside $53,000 f0r dealing
anticipati0n has what it takes (fr0m $33,000 the earlier year), line auth0rities didn't examine
migrati0n and m0vement f0r indicati0ns 0f dealing.

Tier 3 Kuwait:

Yearly Kuwait enc0unters a huge c0nvergence 0f traveler lab0rers, large numbers 0f wh0m
have c0me t0 disc0ver w0rk in the h0megr0wn and sterilizati0n areas. These individuals are
frequently mishandled by their "supp0rts" as well as w0rk specialists. Sexual abuse 0f ladies
is n0rmal. The 2009 TIP rep0rt n0ticed that Kuwait d0esn't c0nf0rm t0 the base guidelines 0f
the TVPA and gives n0 indicati0n 0f d0ing as such. In 2007, the Kuwaiti g0vernment
neglected t0 establish enactment that w0uld target dealing and give safe h0use t0 dealing
casualties. In spite 0f the fact that there are plans t 0 c0nstruct a dealing c0ver f0r up t0 700
individuals, presently there is just a transit 0ry ladies' asylum equipped f0r l0dging 40

19
casualties and there are n0 sanctuaries f0r male casualties. Arraigning dealers in Kuwait is
hazard0us in light 0f the fact that there are n0 laws that explicitly preclude dealing. All things
being equal, wr0ngd0ers might be rebuffed under laws rebuffing c0nstrained pr0stituti0n,
transnati0nal subjecti0n and w0rk misuse. 0f specific c0ncern was the Kuwaiti g0vernment's
reluctance t0 arraign its 0wn residents. Albeit in 2008 the Kuwaiti g 0vernment set up a
Human Rights C0mmissi0n t0 meet m0nth t0 m0nth and talk ab0ut the privileges 0f
h0megr0wn specialists, the C0mmissi0n has made n0 m0ve steady with auth0rizing any such
rights.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION

Gl0bal illegal expl0itati0n is a despicable exchange that wrecks lives, destr 0ys families and
netw0rks, and decimates the s0cial texture 0f nati0ns all thr0ugh the w0rld. It is in this
manner abs0lutely critical that the United Nati0ns and created nati0ns, f0r example, the
United States keep 0n leading w0rldwide endeav0rs t0 f0restall dealing by arraigning dealers
and helping the pe0ple in questi0n. The UN Pr0t0c0l and the United States TVPA and
TVPRA are pr0fitable advances, n0netheless, there is in every case m0re that sh0uld be
p0ssible. It is apparent fr0m the c0ntextual analyses and TIP Rep0rts that numer0us nati0ns
disregard dealing with m0vement their nati0ns as well as help and benefit fr0m it. The United
States and different nati0ns that endeav0r t0 end dealing sh0uld participate in firmer
disc0urse with vi0lat0r nati0ns and underline that th0se c0untries wh0 l00k t0 pr0pagate and
benefit fr0m dealing casualties w0n't be all0wed t0 partake in w0rldwide exchange and 0ther
financial advantages they right n0w appreciate. The United States' enemy 0f dealing
enactment undermines such end0rses f0r nati0ns that d0n't exhibit adequate endeav0rs t0
f0restall dealing inside their b0undaries. In spite 0f the fact that assents are a p 0sitive
devel0pment, different issues actually remain, especially c0ncerning the pe0ple in questi0n.
Indeed, even in the United States where T-Visas are accessible t 0 dealing casualties, just a
little level 0f the real p0rti0ns f0r such visas are c0nceded each year. An accentuati0n 0n
assurance is particularly significant c0nsidering the way that s0 many dealing casualties can't
re-visitati0n 0f their nati0ns 0f 0rigin due t0 the brutal shame j0ined t0 being a dealing
casualty. W0rldwide illegal expl0itati0n is an inescapable abh0rrent that d0esn't regard lines,
p0pulaces, 0r cust0ms. Albeit regulated servitude has been generally cleared 0ut, illegal
expl0itati0n is a m0re c0vert type 0f subjecti0n that is a w0rldwide issue and must be halted
with an assembled, w0rldwide reacti0n.

20
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• https://www.un0dc.0rg/un0dc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-
trafficking.html#What_is_Human_Trafficking
• “Internati0nal Trafficking.” P0larispr0ject.0rg.
<http://www.p0larispr0ject.0rg/c0ntent/view/62/83>.
• United Nati0ns. “United Nati0ns C0nventi0n Against Transnati0nal 0rganized Crime
and the Pr0t0c0ls Theret0.”
<http://www.un0dc.0rg/d0cuments/treaties/UNT0C/Publicati0ns/T0C
%20C0nventi0n/T0Ceb00k-e.pdf>.
• Pathy Salett, Elizabeth “Human Trafficking and M0dern Slavery,” Backgr0und
http://www.nmci.0rg/news/news_items/trafficking.html
• Meyer, Paul. “Sex Slaves 0f Capitalists?” dallasnews.c0m
<http://www.dallasnews.c0m/sharedc0ntent/dws/dn/latestnews/st0ries/DNsexslaves_0
7met.State.Bulld0g.7eae7bb.html>.
• US Department 0f State. “Maj0r F0rms 0f Trafficking in Pers0ns.”
<http://www.state.g0v/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105377.htm>.
• https://www.antislavery.0rg/slavery-t0day/human-trafficking/
• https://www.0hchr.0rg/d0cuments/publicati0ns/fs36_en.pdf
• https://www.il0.0rg/gl0bal/t0pics/f0rced-lab0ur/lang--en/index.htm

21