UNIT 2

A. Reading Comprehension

CATTLE INDUSTRY IN SOUTH INDIA

Importance of cattle.-Cattle had been and were of considerable importance and utility to
farmers all 'over the world. It was significant that they were chosen as farm animals universally
even in early times; when communications had not developed and different countries were
separated by vast stretches of land or sea. The people of the world could not possibly had learnt the
uses and value of cattle from one another in those days. The development of cattle as farm animals
took place independently in various countries. Also, it was clear that cattle were available all over
the world for capture and domestication.
Cattle, and to a smaller extent horses, had been providing the chief motive power to farmers
in the different countries of the world. Horses were comparatively faster, but were not useful
otherwise. Cattle were different. They were an integral part of the farm and were useful in many
ways. They provided the chief motive power and manure for the farm, besides producing milk, a
valuable human food. They also provided beef for consumption. Tractors and machinery had
supplanted horses, which were the sources of farm motive power in Western countries, but cattle
had not been so replaced, nor would it ever be done.
Classification of cattle.-Cattle could be divided on the basis of their utility into three main
types, as the milk, the beef and the draught types. It might be possible to combine the characteristics
of all the three in a common type of animal, but only to a limited extent. There was very great
scope, however, for the intensification of the individual characteristics of anyone type. This had
been achieved to a phenomenal extent by improved methods of breeding, feeding and management.
Soils.~ Cattle throve in soils that were rich in calcium and phosphorus, which contributed to a
strong and big bony frame. The soils might be of the red loamy type as at Coimbatore or of the deep
clayey type as at Guntur. It would be ideal if the rains were distributed all over the year and
promote successive flushes of grass, for providing sufficient grazing for the animals.
Grazing conditions.-lt had been seen that the pressure of human population was high in
South India and land was not therefore set apart for the cultivation of fodder crops or for grazing.
The existing grazing was of three types, namely communal grazing, forest grazing and private
grazing.
Communal grazing.-This was grazing on land that was jointly used by the people or the
community and was confined to unassigned waste lands set apart for the purpose, porombakes, tank
bunds, harvested fields and tank beds or it could be called as animals graze together on these
common lands.
Forest grazing.-Cattle were allowed to graze in the reserved forests for a nominal annual fee
and even free grazing was allowed in years of scarcity of fodder.
Private grazing areas.-Patta lands were laid down to pasture temporarily, as well as
permanently, in certain areas like the Ongole-Kandukur tract in the Guntur and Nellore districts and
the Dharapuram-Palladam tract in Coimbatore district. Areas subject to washes by the side of rivers
and channels in the Ongole tract were laid down to grass permanently.

Questions:
1. What were the benefits of cattle for farmers?
2. Cattle could be divided on the basis of their utility into three main types, mention!
3. Why did cattle thrive in soils?
4. Mention the three types of existing grazing in South India!
5. Explain whether is the communal grazing, forest grazing, and private grazing!
B. Vocabulary:
(verbs  past form)
developed: mengembangkan, provided: menyediakan, improved: meningkatkan,
distributed: mendistribusikan, confined: membatasi.

C. Grammar:
1. Simple Past Tense in Verbal:
The simple past indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in
the past
Example:
(+) They improved the methods of breeding, feeding and management last year
S Verb 2 O Adverb of time
(-) They did not improve the methods of breeding, feeding and management last year
S aux.v+not V O Adverb of time
(?) Did they improve the methods of breeding, feeding and management last year?
Auxiliary verb S V O Adverb of time

So, the pattern of simple past tense:

(+) S+V.2 + O+Adverb of time or place
(-) S+did+not+ V + O+Adverb of time or place
(?) Did+S+V+ O+Adverb of time or place

2. Simple Past Tense in Nominal Phrase

This tense states about phrase such as Adjective, Noun, and Adverb of time or place in the
past form.
For example:
( + ) The cattle were good and strong animals in South India
S Tobe Adjective Noun Adverb of Place
( - ) The cattle were not good and strong animals in South India

( ? )Were the cattle good and strong animals in South India?

Note: tobe (was, were)

3. Exercise
Write the examples of simple past tense that includes verbal and nominal phrase based on the
text!

Adopted from:
Mudaliar, V.T.S. 1956. A Handbook of Animal Husbandry and Dairying. Bangalore: The
Bangalore Printing and Publishing Co., LTD.
Azar, B.S. 2002. Understanding and Using English Grammar: Third Edition with Answer
Key. New York: Pearson Education.

By: Mr. Fujiono