LEARNING CONTENT

MODULE 1
I. Introduction
1. Definition:
1.1. Microbiology
1.2. Divisions
A. Bacteriology
B. Virology
C. Parasitology
D. Phycology
E. immunology
2. Microbes/ Microorganisms

3. Significance of Microbiology
4. Practical Application of Microbiology
5. Development and Evolution of Microbiology

MODULE 2
II. General Morphology of Microorgansims
1. Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
2. Categories of Microorganisms
A. Cellular
 Bacteria
 Protozoa
 Cyanobacteria
 Archeans
 Fungi
 Algae
B. Acellular
 Virus
II.1 Cellular Morphology
2.1.1 Bacterial ( Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Streptococcus pyogenes, Group A Beta Hemo Strep, Group B
Streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus viridans,
Bacillus anthraci, B. areus, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum,
Listeria monocytogens, Treponema pallidum, Leptospira interrogans,
Chlamydia trachomatidis, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhea,
haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis, E. coli, Mycobacterium
avium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Salmonella
sp., Vibrio, Campylobacter jejuni, H. pylori, P. aeroginose)
MODULE 3
1.1.2 Protozoal (Entamoeba hystolitica, Giardia Lambia, Trichomonas,
plasmodium, Tinea Species: solium, saginata, diphyllobotrium
latum, echinococcus granulosus, schistosoma japoniucum,
Ascaris, Tricuris trichura, Ancyclostoma duodenale, Entreobius
vermicularis, Capillaria philippinensis, Wucheria brancrofti)
1.1.3 Fungi
1.1.4 Helminths
1.1.5 Arthropods (lice, flies, bedbugs, mites, ticks)

1.2 Acellular

2.2.1 Virus (Hepatitis virus, Herpes, Varicella,

Papillomavirus, Rotavirus, Dengue virus, Rubella, HIV,
Corona, Polio, Measles, Mumps, Ebola, Rabies.
MODULE 4
2. Normal Human Microbial Flora
2.1 Skin
2.2 Nail
2.3 GI tract
2.4 Urogenital
2.5 Conjunctival
2.6 Other body Structures

MODULE 5
3. Microbial Control
3.1 Techniques for Controlling pathogenic Microorganisms
3.1.2 Physical Control of Pathogenic Microorganisms
3.1.3 Chemical Control of Pathogenic Microorganisms
3.2 Surgical Asepsis
3.3 Antimicrobial Agents in Therapy

 MODULE 6
4. Infection and Host Resistance
 4.1 Chain of infection
4.2 Mechanisms of Microbial Disease process
5.2.1 Bacterial
5.2.2 Viral
5.2.3 Protozoan
5.2.4 Helmints
MODULE 7
4.3 Non Specific Host Response to Infection
4.4 Specific Host response to Infection
4.5 Vaccines in the Elimination of Disease

MODULE 8
5. Microorganisms involving different organ system
5.1 Skin
5.2 Viral Exanthem
5.3 Eye

MODULE 9
5.4 Respiratory

MODULE 10
6.5 Nervous System
MODULE 11
6.6 Cardiovascular System and lymphatics
MODULE 12
6.7 Gastrointestinal System

MODULE13

MO
6.8 Sexually Transmitted and UTI

DU
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1
MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY
Lecture
I. Introduction
Definition of Terms

MICROBIOLOGY: the study of organisms that are so small they cannot be seen
with the naked eye.

CELLULAR MICROORGANISMS: organisms that have cellular membrane. It can

either be PROKARYOTES (bacteria, cyanobacteria, and
archeans) or EUKARYOTES (fungi, protozoa, and algae).

ACELLULAR MICROORGANISMS: it includes viruses.

BACTERIOLOGY: study of bacteria

VIROLOGY: study of virus
MYCOLOGY: study of fungi
PARASITOLOGY: study of protozoa and parasitic worms
PHYCOLOGY: study of algae
IMMUNOLOGY: study of the body’s immune responses

MICROORGANISMS: they are collection of organisms that share the characteristics

of being visible only with a microscope
Significance and Practical Applications of Microbiology

 Human Health : Study of diseases; treatment of ailments/illness

 Agriculture : Soil fertility (biofertilizers such as nitrogen-fixing organisms)
: Nitrogen fixers (nitrogen fixing genes)
 : Biopeptides (management for insects and nematodal pests)
: Bionematodes (control nematodal pests, control diseases of
roots and shoots.
: Bioweedicides (troublesome weeds of crop)
 Industrial Applications: Commercial production of alcohol, acids, fermented
foods, vitamins, medicines and enzymes among others.
: Development of pharmaceutical products
: Use of quality-control methods in food and dairy product
production.
: Production of vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, and growth
supplement.
: Manufacture of many foods, including fermented dairy
products, sour cream, yogurt and buttermilk, as well as other
fermented foods such as pickles, sauerkraut, bread and
alcoholic beverages.
 Environmental Conservation and Protection:
: Bioremediation – inexpensive and increasingly effective way
of cleaning up pollution such as those environments
contaminated with crude oil, polychlorinated biphenyls, and
many other industrial wastes.
: Valuable source of alternative energy from methane-
producing bacteria.
: Necessary for the fermentation of biomass into biofuels.
: Environmental monitoring and biomonitoring – BIOSENSOR
is a biophysical device used to detect the presence and
quantity the specific environments.
: Replenishment of world’s oxygen supply and control of global
warming through the removal of greenhouse gases by
cyanobacteria.
 Biotechnology Applications:
: Used as living factories to pharmaceuticals that otherwise
could not be manufactured (e.g. human insulin, human growth
factor, antiviral substance interferon, numerous blood-clotting
factors and clot-dissolving enzymes, vaccines)
 Growth of Modular Biology:
: Advance in molecular biology where complete genome
sequencing of any organism can be determined and
manipulating the DNA in useful ways can be made possible.

Evolution of Microbiology

 As many as eleven different types of fossils of primitive microorganisms have

been found in ancient rock formations in Western Australia – 3.5 billion years
ago. The earliest microorganisms are the archeans and cyanobacteria.
Infectious disease existed

 1380 B.C. – plague in Egypt

 1122 B.C - smallpox broke China
 Earlier discoveries of the existence of other infections like dysentery, ergotism,
typhoid fever, measles, rabies, diphtheria, typhus and syphilis.

Earliest Microbiologist and Inventions

 Robert Hooke - discovered the cell. In 1664, he devised a compound microscope

and use it to observe fleas, sponges, bird feathers, plants and molds.
 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - he is called the father of microbiology, bacteriology
and protozoology.
 Ferdinand Julius Cohn - made many observations of eukaryotic
microorganisms and bacteria. His landmark paper on the cycling of elements in
nature and microbial classification scheme including descriptions of Bacillus.

Development of Microbiology techniques

 Robert Koch - searched for the causes of many diseases. His lab was the first to
isolation a disease-causing organism. A major contribution to bacterial
techniques was the development of methods using solid medium for the
cultivation of bacteria.

Diseases due to microbes

 Ignaz Semmelweis - he realized that asepsis in obstetrical wards could prevent

the transmission of childbirth fever from the patient to patient. He instituted a
policy for all attending physicians to wash their hands with chloride of lime,
calcium hypochlorite and calcium chloride, between patients.
 Louis Pasteur - known for PASTEURIZATION. He observed that the process of
converting sugar to alcohol is actually performed by various yeast strains. This
led him to conclude that wine was turning bad because a contaminating microbe
was generating lactic acid instead of alcohol from the sugar.
 The contamination was solved by heating the wine and killing the contaminant,
the heating process of which was later named, pasteurization.
 Joseph Lister - the first to greatly reduce the number of microorganisms on
surgical wounds and incisions by using bandages treated with phenic acid, a
compound that killed microorganisms
 Robert Koch - provided the definitive proof of the germ theory by isolating the
cause of anthrax and showing it to be bacterium.

Identification of viruses that parasitize other microorganisms

 1854-Dr. John Snow: studies cholera outbreak and determines it was caused by
contaminated water.
 1873-Gerhard Henrik Ameur Hansen - discovers the leprosy bacillus and
demonstrate that leprosy is contagious disease and not inherited.
 1892-Dmitri Ivanowski publishes the first evidence of the filterability of
pathogenic agent, the virus of tobacco mosaic disease
 1899-Martinus Beijerinck - he coins the term contagium vivum fluidum- a
contagious living fluid.
 1899- Friederich Loeffler and Paul Frosch discover that foot and mouth
disease is also caused by a filterable agent.

Vaccination as effective means of protection

 Lady Mary Wortley Montgue- variolation to England it through and in 1721

 Edward Jenner 1796 - safer method for protection against smallpox
 Louis Pasteur - pasteur technique of weakening a strain by a damaging
treatment or passing through a susceptible host was termed attenuation and
resulted in the creation of vaccines against anthrax, plague, yellow fever, rabies
and many other diseases.

Development of Antimicrobials

 Paul Ehrlich – 1885 developed salvarsan, the first effective chemotherapeutic

agent against Treponema pallidum.
 Alexander Fleming - 1928 developed PENICILLIN.
 1940 Selman Waksman and H. Boyd Woodruff discover actinomycin- in
subsequent years antibiotics are isolated from this group including tetracycline
and streptomycin.
 1942 Selman Waksman suggest the word antibiotic
 Albert Schatz, E. Bugie and Selman Waksman discover STREPTOMYCIN, a
very effective drug against tuberculosis.

The Birth of Molecular Biology

 1928-Fred Griffith discovered transformation in bacteria where the ability to

create the slime layer of bacteria was passed from the dead smooth cells to the
viable rough cells, making them pathogenic again
 1943- Beadle and Tatum established the idea that each gene in the DNA
typically codes for one protein
 1953- Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins
described the structure of DNA, made predictions how it was replicated.
 Mid-to late-1950s- Paul Zemicnik developed free-cell systems that allowed the
study of DNA translation in test tubes and discover the important molecules
involved in the process.