Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
to Cervical
Manipulation
Safety and Basic Technique
Fall 2016
PTH 721
B. Swanson PT, DSc, OCS, FAAOMPT
Objectives
• Identify risk factors associated with non‐
musculoskeletal neck pain
• Recognize signs and symptoms associated with non‐
mechanical neck pain
• Discuss recent literature regarding the use of
premanipulative screening in the cervical spine
• Perform an appropriate pre‐manipulative screening
• Demonstrate safe and effective use of basic cervical
manipulative techniques
Systemic Conditions as Origin of Neck Pain
• Cardiovascular • Angina, Myocardial infarction,
Aortic aneurysm….
• Gastrointestinal • Esophagitis, esophageal cancer,
ulcer…..
Move it and move on….
Why play softball if you want to
play baseball?
Clinical presentation
Cervical Spondylotic myelopathy
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM)
• the most common cause of spinal cord injury
in older adults.1‐3
• Degenerative changes with radiographic
evidence of compression is evident in up to
50% of the population older than 55
• only 10% proceed to have symptoms of nerve
root or spinal cord compression.1,2
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM)
• The condition typically occurs:
• between the ages of 50‐70
• insidious onset
• 3:2 male: female respectively.4‐7
Cervical spondylotic
myelopathy (CSM)
The pathology of
spondylotic
myelopathy is caused
by degenerative
changes of the disc,
facet joints,
hypertrophy of the
ligamentum flavum,
uncovertebral
hypertrophy, and the
possibility of a
congenitally small
central canal.4‐6,8
primary initial symptoms
• frequently gait disturbances
– due to compression or degenerative changes of the
spinocerebellar and corticospinal tracts (posterior
column).5,6,9
• This is characterized by a spastic or ataxic gait4,9
– with a wide base of support
– stooping posture.10‐12
– frequently described as a “sticky footed gait”, which is
a primary characteristic of the condition.10
primary initial symptoms
• Changes in the upper extremities occur later
– a loss of fine motor control is the most frequent
complaint.10
– manifests as complaints of:
• clumsy hands
• dropping things
• difficulty writing.5,6,9
primary initial symptoms
• most common :
– upper motor neuron(UMN) weakness occurring
distally and extending to the lower extremities.6,10
– Sensory loss is frequent
– vibration sense being most pronounced, followed
by loss of pain and temperature sensitivity.10
– Touch sensation is frequently, but not always,
unchanged.10
– Urgency/incontinence of urine and occasionally of
bowel may be present in advanced cases.
primary initial symptoms
• Upper extremity weakness may be present in
a lower motor neuron (myotomal) distribution
at the level(s) of insult.
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM)
• primary central canal stenosis:
– may not include radicular symptoms to the upper
extremities
– will present with long tract signs 6,10
typical clinical presentation:
• generalized hyperreflexia;
• clonus more likely in the lower than upper
extremities;
• a positive Hoffmann’s sign;
• a positive L’hermitte’s sign;
• positive Babinski reflexes.
Occult CSM
• In a cadaveric study, Lee et al13 found that
stenosis in one part of the spine was
predictive of stenosis in other areas of the
spine 15‐32% of the time.
Occult CSM
• Houten and Noce14 reported on a prospective
review of the prevalence of cervical
myelopathy in patients presenting with
isolated low back complaints. They found a
positive Hoffmann’s sign in 12% of patients
presenting with lumbar spine complaints, with
bilateral positive findings being highly
sensitive for occult cervical cord compression.
Occult CSM
• The prevalence of tandem stenosis in up to
32% of cadaver specimens13, up to 25% of
individuals on imaging15, and signs of cervical
cord compression in 12% of patients with
isolated lumbar spine complaints14 should be
a cautionary note for the manipulative
practitioner.
Occult CSM
• The existing data suggests that tandem
stenosis may occur more frequently than is
recognized clinically, and may occur as a
congenital narrowing in up to 9% of stenosis
cases.16,17
Food for thought….
• In experimental studies, it has been shown that in
extension, the canal dimension of a normal spine
is reduced approximately 9%, while this reduction
in the stenotic spine can be up to 67%.16,18,19
• In a study of individuals with spinal cord injury
following trauma, those individuals with the
largest canals had fewer injuries, and smaller
canal diameters resulted in more significant
neurologic injury.20 The conclusion of this study
was that a larger canal has a protective effect on
the spinal cord.20
Relative risk….
• 1) some degree of flexion decreases risk due
to canal size
• 2) most reported accidents involve a primary
rotation, or combined extension/rotation,
lever
Food for thought….
• The absence of hyperreflexia or positive
Clonus, Babinski and Hoffman signs cannot
rule out cervical myelopathy.21
IDENTIFICATION
• In their research, Cook et al21 identified five
findings which defined a test cluster capable
of either ruling in or out cervical myelopathy.
Clinical battery
These five findings were:
(1) gait deviation
(2) positive Hoffmann sign
(3) inverted supinator sign
(4) positive Babinski
(5) age >45 years.
• Subjects with 3/5 positive tests presented with a
strong likelihood for cervical myelopathy, while
those with 1/5 or fewer positive tests presented a
strong negative predictive value.21
Clinical battery
• 1/5 tests = negative likelihood ratio 0.18
• 3/5 tests= positive likelihood ratio 30.9
Cervical spondylotic
myelopathy (CSM)
•Gold standard
diagnostic: MRI
•(+) finding
myelomalacia
•Sensitive
79‐95%
•Specific
82‐88%
Questions to ask…..
• Are you having difficulty with walking/balance?
• Are you dropping things more frequently?
• Has your handwriting changed?
neurology
Hoffmann’ s reflex
Application:
• Flick nail bed of third digit
• Positive is flexion of terminal phalanx of thumb
• Indicates pressure on spinal cord or CNS pathology….
Hoffmann’ s reflex
– In 16 subjects
(Asymptomatic)²³
• 15/16 HNP with
cord compression
• 16/16 pathology on
MRI
• 7/16 hyperactive
deep tendon
reflexes
• 3/16 Clonus
• 2/16 positive
Babinski
What do we do if we have positive
signs?
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004 Nov;34(11):701‐12. Browder DA1, Erhard RE, Piva SR.
Intermittent cervical traction and thoracic manipulation for
management of mild cervical compressive myelopathy attributed
to cervical herniated disc: a case series.
CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent cervical traction and manipulation of the
thoracic spine seem useful for the reduction of pain scores and level of
disability in patients with mild cervical compressive myelopathy
attributed to herniated disc. A thorough neurological screening exam is
recommended prior to mechanical treatment of the cervical spine
What do we do if we have positive
signs?
• Surgery for CSM is intended to halt the
progression of the disease, which is frequently
described as a step‐wise progression,
ultimately leading to death if left untreated.
post‐operative
• In a series of patients undergoing surgery for
CSM, Cheung et al16 reported a 37% return of
upper extremity function, 23% of lower
extremity function, and only 17% return of
sphincter function following decompression.16
Take Home Message
• Early recognition leads to improved rates of
functional recovery with appropriate
management!
LAB
• UE/LE reflexes
• Hoffmann
• Grip‐Release
• Babinski
• Clonus
• Tandem walk
What’s the risk?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEi4C7wyA_Y
• The exact serious complication risk from cervical
spine TJM is unknown.
• Rivett and Milburn estimated an incidence of
severe neurovascular compromise within a range
of 1 in 50,000 manipulations to 1 in 5 million
manipulations.
• Other estimates of VBI risk from cervical spine
TJM have been stated as being 6 in 10 million
manipulations, or 0.00006% and the risk of death
at 3 in 10 million manipulations.
How many of you do interventions that MAY put
certain patients at risk for a cervical artery event?
Cyriax Illustrated Manual of
Orthopedic Medicine 1993
www.youtube.com
http://cure2arthritis.com/wp‐
content/uploads/2011/01/Neck‐exercise‐side‐
rotation‐with‐hand.jpg
Rivett DA, Sharples KJ, Milburn PD. Effect of pre‐manipulative tests on the vertebral artery and internal carotid
artery blood flow: a pilot study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 1999;22:368–75.
• What happens to the • Contralateral rotation
cervical arteries with – Reduction in blood flow
neck movement? in vertebral artery
– Strain/stretch – Rivett found no
– Reduced blood flow statistically significant
difference in flow in
those with positive vs
negative test with
sustained rotation
Taylor and Kerry 2010 Kawchuk
Vertebral artery
International Framework for Examination
of the Cervical Region for potential of
Cervical Arterial Dysfunction prior to
Orthopaedic Manual Therapy
Intervention
designed to provide guidance for the assessment of the cervical spine region for
potential of Cervical Artery Dysfunction (CAD) in advance of planned OMT
interventions.
IFOMPT 2012
Potential Red Flags‐ Examination
• gait disturbances
• subtle signs of disequilibrium
• upper motor neuron signs
• cranial nerve dysfunction
• behaviour suggestive of upper cervical
instability (e.g. anxiety, supporting head/neck)
• Constitutional signs and symptoms
Risk Factors for Cervical Artery Dissection
• Past history of trauma to • Hypertension
cervical spine / cervical vessels • Hypercholesterolemia /
• History of migraine‐type hyperlipidemia
headache • Cardiac disease, vascular
• Trivial head or neck trauma disease, previous
(Haneline and Lewkovich, 2005; cerebrovascular accident or
Thomas et al, 2011) transient ischaemic attack
• Absence of a plausible • Diabetes mellitus
mechanical explanation for the • Blood clotting disorders /
patient’s symptoms. alterations in blood properties
• Recent infection (e.g. hyperhomocysteinemia)
• Immediately post partum • Anticoagulant therapy
• Long‐term use of steroids
• History of smoking
Vertebral artery dissection
Early Late
• Mid‐upper cervical pain • Hindbrain TIA
• occipital headache • Hindbrain stroke
• Acute onset of pain
described as "unlike any
other”
What are the signs of VBI?
• Ptosis • nausea
• Nystagmus • visual disturbances
• dizziness/vertigo – blurred vision
• tinnitus – double vision
• history of drop attacks • peri‐oral numbness
• dysarthria • TIA
• dysphagia
Vertebral Artery Considerations
• “The 5 D’s”
• Dysarthria‐slurred speech
• Dysphagia‐trouble swallowing
• Diplopia‐blurred/double vision
• Dizziness
• Drop attacks‐black outs/TIA
Taylor & Kerry, 2010
A high index of suspicion of cervical
vascular involvement is required in
cases of acute onset
neck/head pain described as
“unlike any other” .
Taylor and Kerry 2010
Vertebrobasilar issues
• Cassidy, et al, Spine 2008 • Results:
– Study of incidence of – 4% of cases and controls had
manipulation and stroke, been to DC within 30 days of
Ontario, Canada stroke
– All cases of VB stroke, 1993‐ – 53% of cases, 30% of controls
2002 had been to PCP within 30
• Total 109 million person days of stroke
years
• 818 total cases
• Compared to stroke
following PCP visits….
Vertebrobasilar issues
• Cassidy, et al, Spine • Why?
2008 – Neck pain and headache
– (+) correlation to DC visit reported to precede
and stroke in those stroke in 80% of VB cases
under 45 – Conclusion: “The
– (‐) in population over 45 increased risk associated
with DC, PCP visits is
– Positive in both groups likely explained
for PCP visits by…dissection related
– Both groups studied for neck pain and HA
ICD codes neck pain and leading to consult with
headaches MD/DC before their VBA
stroke”
Internal Carotid Artery Dissection
EARLY LATE
• Mid‐upper cervical pain, • Transient retinal
pain around ear and jaw dysfunction (scintillating
(carotidynia), scotoma, amaurosis
• head pain (fronto‐ fugax)
temporo‐parietal) • Transient ischaemic
• Ptosis attack
• Lower cranial nerve • Cerebrovascular accident
dysfunction (VIII‐XII)
• Acute onset of pain
described as "unlike any
other”
Internal Carotid
Taylor and Kerry 2010
What are the components of the
PHYSICAL exam?
• Vital signs • Positional testing
• Craniocervical ligament – Sustained end range
testing rotation (Mitchell 2004,
Rivett 2006)
• Neurological exam – Sustained end range
– Cranial Nerves extension
– Upper quarter screen
• Myotomes
• Dermatomes
• Reflexes
• UMN reflexes
Physical Exam
• Vital signs
….acutely, an increase in blood pressure may be related to
acute arterial trauma, including of the internal carotid and
vertebral arteries. (Arnold and Bousser, 2006)
Physical Exam Mintken 2008
• Craniocervical ligament testing
Sharp’s Purser
Transverse Ligament
Alar Ligament
Cranial Nerves
Positional Testing
IFOMPT 2012
http://vecto.rs/1024/vector‐of‐a‐confused‐cartoon‐man‐with‐question‐mark‐by‐gnurf‐72.jpg
Decision Making Framework for
Evaluating Risk vs Benefit
IFOMPT 2012
Strategies to Minimize Risk with OMT
• Minimal force necessary • Physical therapist skill
• Short levers • Alternative treatment
• Performed at mid range options
• Optimal patient – Thoracic manipulation
position – non thrust
• Premanipulative
positioning
Hing 2003
RECOMMENDATION
• “physical therapists refer for immediate
medical investigation when their clinical
suspicion is supported by the reasoned
historical details and clinical examination
findings as suggested in this document. “
IFOMPT 2012
TAKE HOME
SYSTEMS BASED APPROACH
• Identify risk factors
• RECOGNIZE signs and symptoms consistent
with VAD or ICAD
• Interpret Premanipulative tests must be with
the understanding that they are not foolproof
• Evaluate risk vs benefit
• Consider vascular risk with ANY cervical
procedure‐ NOT just SMT
MINIMIZE RISK
Discussion questions
• Should premanipulative tests be performed
prior to cervical interventions?
• Do the risks of thrust manipulation outweigh
the benefits?
• How can we minimize the risk to our patients?
• Should we obtain express informed consent
before performing cervical manipulation?
Informed Consent
• Must be specific to the proposed treatment.
• Must cover alternative treatment options.
• Must cover benefits and risks of the proposed
treatment and alternatives.
• In seeking informed consent, the physical
therapist should be confident that the patient
will benefit from treatment and that the risk is
minimal.