1. What science does the subject of lexicology belong to?

Lexicology (from Gr lexis “word” and logos “learning”) is a part of linguistics dealing with the
vocabulary of a language and the properties of words as the main units of the language. It also
studies all kinds of semantic grouping and semantic relations: synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy,
semantic fields, etc.
2. Provide arguments to support the statement that lexicology is a separate branch of
stidies.

LG is a branch of linguistics and has its own aims and methods of scientific research. Its basic
task is to study and descript systematically the vocabulary in respect to its origin, development
and current use. It also has its own subject Subject of lexicology is the vocabulary of the
language, the systemic relations between words. The main task - to study words, their lexical
meanings and their types, and studing of the origin and use of word.

3. What are the subdivisions of lexicology?

There are several branches of lexicology. The general study of words and vocabulary,
irrespective of the specific features of any particular language, is known as general lexicology.
Linguistic phenomena and properties common to all languages are referred to as language
universals. Special lexicology focuses on the description of the peculiarities in the vocabulary
of a given language. A branch of study called contrastive lexicology provides a theoretical
foundation on which the vocabularies of different languages can be compared and described,
the correlation between the vocabularies of two or more languages being the scientific
priority.. Semasiology (from Gr. semasia “signification”) is a branch of linguistics whose
subject-matter is the study of word meaning and the classification of changes in the
signification of words or forms, viewed as normal and vital factors of any linguistic
development. It is the most relevant to polysemy and homonymy. Onomasiology is the study
of the principles and regularities of the signification of things / notions by lexical and lexico-
phraseological means of a given language. It has its special value in studying dialects, bearing
an obvious relevance to synonymity.Descriptive lexicology deals with the vocabulary of a
language at a given stage of its evolution. It studies the functions of words and their specific
structure as a characteristic inherent in the system. In the English language the above science
is oriented towards the English word and its morphological and semantic structures,
researching the interdependence between these two aspects. These structures are identified and
distinguished by contrasting the nature and arrangement of their elements. Within the
framework of lexicology, both synchronic (Gr syn “together”, “with” and chronos “time”) and
diachronic or historical (Gr dia “through”) approaches to the language suggested by the Swiss
philologist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) are effectively realized. Language is the reality
of thought, and thought develops together with the development of a society, thus the language
and its vocabulary should be studied in the light of social history. Every new phenomenon in a
human society in general, which is of any importance for communication, finds a reflection in
the corresponding vocabulary. A word is considered to be a generalized reflection of reality;
therefore, it is impossible to understand its development if one is ignorant of the changes in
socio-political or everyday life, manners and culture, science of a linguoculture it serves to
reflect. These extra-linguistic forces influencing the evolution of words are taken into the
priority consideration in modern lexicology.

4. Specify the difference between historical lexicology and etymology

Historical lexicology discusses the origin of various words, their change and development, and
researches the lingual and extra-lingual factors modifying their form, meaning and usage.
historical lexicology is closely connected with etymology (έτυμολογία - primary meaning of
the word, the root word from which others are derived) which deals with the origin of a word
 by pointing out the root or primitive upon which it is based. I.K.Bilodid considers
etymology a part of historical lexicology.

5. What is the theoretical and practical value of lexicology?

 Theoretical value becomes obvious if we realize that it forms the study of one of the three
main aspects of language, i.e. its vocabulary, the other two being its grammar and sound
system. just as the small set of Arabic numerals can be combined to express in writing any
natural numbers, so the small set of sounds and letters can be combined to express in speech
and writing respectively an indefinitely large number of words. lexicology came into being
to meet the needs of many different branches of applied linguistics:

 translation,

 lexicography,

 standardization of terminology,

 information processing,

 foreign language teaching,

 literary criticism and others. stimulates a systematic approach to the facts of the
vocabulary and plays a prominent part in the general training of every linguist.

6. Speak on the connection of lexicology and

Phonology studies the sound form of the word, its outer form; it also studies the intonation
patterns of utterances; since phonemes serve to distinguish between meanings, we may say
that phonemes participate in signification. The importance of the phonemic make up of the
word may be illustrated by the so-called spoonerisms, words which appear as a result of an
accidental or jocular transposition of the initial sounds of two or more words. Compare: Our
queer old dean/Dear old queen; Half-warmed fish/Half-formed wish. Phonetic means are
employed in word building; the formation of new words is studied by Lexicology. Phonetic
word building means are: sound interchange and distinctive stress (or shift of the stress).

 Semantics Meaning relations in the language system are the business of semantics or
semasiology (from the Greek word sēmasia - “signification”, which in turn is derived from
“sēma” – “sign” and sēmantikos – “significant”). The part of semantics that deals with the
meaning of morphemes and words, namely lexical semantics, is actually a part of general
lexicology.

 Pragmatics The meaning of linguistic expressions when uttered within particular types of
situations is dealt with in pragmatics, which is concerned with the communicative force of
linguistic utterances. G.Leech in his “Principles of Pragmatics” points out that “the problem
of distinguishing ‘language’ (langue) and ‘language use’ (parole) has centred on a boundary
dispute between semantics and pragmatics. Both fields are concerned with meaning, but the
difference between them can be traced on two different uses of the verb to mean: [1] What
does X mean? - semantics [2] What did you mean by X? -pragmatics

 Stylistics There’s also a close relationship between Lexicology and Stylistics. Stylistics

studies different functional styles of human speech. Functional styles are defined as systems
of linguistic expressive means (phonetic, grammatical, lexical) peculiar to certain spheres of
communication. Lexicology dealing with the vocabulary studies lexical means, that is
 words’ characteristic of different functional styles. Some words are more general and neutral
in tone or stylistically unmarked. These words may be used in any situation, formal or
informal, others are stylistically marked, they may have a distinctively literal (poetic)
flavour, colloquial, vulgar, childish, learned, and technical and so on. According to these
peculiarities of their meanings and prevalent use in this or that functional style words fall
into different stylistic strata within the system of stylistic differentiation of the vocabulary,
e.g. “I am in excellent shape”, or “I’m in tip-top shape” – it expresses the same idea but
informally, in the colloquial style as the word “tip-top” – colloquial.

 Psycholinguistics study how word, sentence and discourse meaning are represented and
computed in the mind; how complex words and sentences are composed in speech and how
they are broken down into their constituent parts during listening and reading. Lexicological
study seeks to characterize the system of categories and rules involved in word-formation
and interpretation. The psycholinguistic study of morphological processing seeks to
understand how this word structure plays a role in language processing.

 Sociolinguistics Research of language in social context ranges from the very limited and
localized context of a single conversation to studies of language use by the whole
populations. The locus of sociolinguistic investigation is the speech community. The main
characteristic feature of a speech community is that its members share a particular language
(or variety of a language) as well as the norms (or rules) for the appropriate use of their
language in social context, and that these speakers be distinguished from other comparable
groups by similar socio-linguistic criteria.

 The term speech variety is the label given to that language (or form of language) used by
any group of speakers. This term refers to the basic vocabulary, phonology, morphology and
syntax shared by members of the group or to the speech used by members of the group in
particular situations. Speech varieties are of several types:

 the standard language,

 social speech varieties,

 regional speech varieties

 functional speech varieties.

 varieties according to attitude, namely the choice of linguistic form that proceeds from our
attitude to the hearer (or reader), to the topic, and to the purpose of our communication

a) this notion is defined as the minimum stretch of speech necessary and sufficient to
determine which of the possible meanings of a word is used = context
b) this science deals with the meaning of linguistic units = semantics

c) this science deals with the study of signs and sign systems = semiotics

d) the science deals with the vocabulary of a particular language = special lexicology

e) this branch of linguistics discusses the origin of various words, their change and
development = historical lexicology

f) this science attempts to discover general principles that underlie the pattering of sounds in
human language = phonology
 g) these relations are based on the linear character of speech i.e. on the influence of context =
syntagmatic relations

h) this branch of linguistics deals with the origin of a word by pointing out the root or
primitive upon which it is based = etymology

i) this branch of linguistics covers a number of fundamental issues, such as lack of one-to-
one correspondence between expression and content, divergences in the semantic structure
of the lexicons, variation in usage = contrastive lexicology

j) these relations carry our attention to: (a) the interdependence of elements within words, (b)
the interdependence of words within the vocabulary. = paradigmatic relations

1.lexicology, grammar

2.general lexicology

3.lexicalization

4.pragmatics

5. stylistics

6.speech variety

7.pragmatics, semantics

1. Deductive reasoning is essentially a top-down approach which moves from the more general to
the more specific. In other words, we start with a general notion or theory, which we then narrow
down to specific hypotheses, which are then tested. Inductive reasoning is more of a bottom-up
approach, moving from the more specific to the more general, in which we make specific
observations, detect patterns, formulate hypotheses and draw conclusions.

2.Immediate constituents analysis

Distributional analysis
Transformational analysis
Componential analysis
Statistical analysis

3. The fundamental aim of IC analysis is to segment a set of lexical units into two maximally
independent sequences or ICs thus revealing the hierarchical structure of this set.

4.Distributional analysis in lexicology aims to study lexical units in terms of their distribution, i.e.
the immediate environment in the flow of speech. We understand the position which lexical unit
occupies or may occupy in the text or in the flow of speech.
5.Permutation
Replacement
Addition (or expansion)
Deletion