Biology Grade 8

Geology Activity 2
By Mg.Ph Karim Al-Jbayli

 The Use Of Rocks By Man

The geological environment offers many resources
to Man. Materials extracted from the underground
can be used, either directly or following a
transformation process. Depending on the
properties of the extracted material, it can be used
for industry, construction, and for water supply.

 The type of materials extracted from

underground used by man

1) Metals like ( Gold, Silver, Iron, Copper,

Aluminum ,Tin) etc.

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2) Hydro Carbons like (Oil, Coal & Natural Gas).
3) Water extraction from underground
4) Different types of rock for onstruction:
ex: 1) Lime stone, 2) Sand stone, 3) Granite
5) Gemstones (Jewels) : 1) Diamonds, 2) Rubies,
3) Emeralds, and 4) Sapphires
6) Minerals like ( Sulfur, Lithium, Table Salt).
7) Glass Extraction

 Rocks For Construction

• Many rocks are directly used for construction.
• Example: Limestone that is extracted from the
quarry (rock mine) is cut into blocks of
different sizes in order to be used for
construction.
• Note: A Quarry is a rock mine, where specific
rocks are extracted.

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  None Transformed Rocks (N.T.R)
• N.T.R are rocks that are not changed
chemically and physically by Man
Ex: 1) Different rocks for construction ex:
limestone, granite, etc
3) Gemstones

 Transformed Rocks (T.R)

• T.R are rocks that are change chemically and
physically by man
1) Ex: Metalic rocks (metalic ores), ex :Iron, Gold,
Silver, Tin, etc
2) Glass ( silica sand) and Natural glass

 Iron Extraction
 Note: Iron ores are rocks rich in iron
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 Iron is extracted from Iron ores by very high
heat temperature.

 Glass Extraction
 Glass is extracted from (silica rich sand) by
very high heat temperature.
• N.B: Both glass and metal extractions require
very high heat temperatures.

 Large Scale Public Works

 Large scale public works are large scale

infrastructure projects like [1) tunnels, 2) water
dams, etc) and large public building works
(Dubai Tower).
• Example Of Large –Scale Infrastructure Works

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• 1) Water Dams, 2) Tunnels, 3) Bridges, 4)
Roads, 5) Canals
• Example Of Large –Scale Public Building
Works:
• 1) Empire state building, New York, USA 2)
Tower of Dubai, U.A.E

 Complex geological studies

• Complex geological studies are done, before
the start of large-scale public works such as
(water dams, tunnels, etc) in order to avoid
possible environmental damage and also for
safety reasons.

 Note: Complex geological studies are very

important for safety reasons and for
environmental protection.

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  Drinking Water Resources

 Humans get their drinking (fresh water)

supply, from water springs, and wells.

 Water wells
A water well: is a dug up whole in the ground made
by digging, drilling, etc in order to access the
underground water from underground water
reservoirs called (aquifers). The well water is
brought up mechanically by a pump, or buckets.

 Water springs

• A water spring is the point at which fresh

water flows from an aquifer to the surface.

 Underground Water
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• Underground water: is water that is found
underground in underground water reservoirs
called (Aquifers).
• Example of underground water reservoir: Jaita
cave Lebanon

 Fresh Water Cycle

Note: Fesh water cycle is important,

becausewe need fresh water to Drink

 Fresh water Cycle Steps

1) Evaporation, 2) Condensation, 3)
Precipitation, 4) Collection

 Permeable Rocks

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• Permeable rocks: are rocks that allow water
pass through them. Ex: limestone, sandstone

 Porous Rocks
• Porous Rocks are rocks that absorb and store
water. Ex: Clays