APA style 1

APA style
Style guides

• ACS Style Guide

• AMA Manual of Style
• The Associated Press Stylebook
• The Chicago Manual of Style
• Turabian
• The Elements of Style
• The Elements of Typographic Style
• ISO 690
• MHRA Style Guide
• MLA Handbook
• MLA Style Manual
• The New York Times Manual
• The Oxford Guide to Style/New Hart's Rules
• The Publication Manual of the APA
• Yahoo! Style Guide

American Psychological Association (APA) Style is a set of rules that authors must use when submitting papers for
publications in APS journals [1] . The APA states that they were developed to assist reading comprehension in the
social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of communication, and to "move the idea forward with a minimum of
distraction and a maximum of precision."[2] The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
contains guidelines for every aspect of writing, especially in the social sciences, from determining authorship to
constructing a table to avoiding plagiarism and constructing accurate reference citations.

Early editions
The Publication Manual was established in 1929 as a seven-page document with a set of procedures to increase the
ease of reading comprehension (APA, 2009a, p. xiii).[3] Created under the sponsorship of the United States National
Research Council, its originators included psychologists, anthropologists, and publishing professionals.
In 1952, the booklet was expanded and published as a 55-page supplement in Psychological Bulletin with revisions
made in 1957 and 1967 (APA, 1952, 1957, 1967).[4] [5] [6] The first edition covered word choice, grammar,
punctuation, formatting, journal publication policies, and "wrapping and shipping" (APA, Council of Editors, 1952,
p. 442).
In response to the growing complexities of scientific reporting, subsequent editions were released in 1974, 1983,
1994, and 2001. Primarily known for the simplicity of its reference citation style, the Publication Manual also
established standards for language use that had far-reaching effects. Particularly influential were the "Guidelines for
Nonsexist Language in APA Journals," first published as a modification to the 1974 edition, which provided
practical alternatives to sexist language then in common usage.[7] [8] The guidelines for reducing bias in language
have been updated over the years and presently provide practical guidance for writing about race, ethnicity, age,
gender, sexual orientation, and disability status (APA, 2009, pp. 70–77; see also APA, 2009b).[9]
APA style 2

Sixth Edition of the Publication Manual

The sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association was released in July 2009 after 4 years
of development. The Publication Manual Revision Task Force of
the American Psychological Association established parameters
for the revision based on published criticism, user comments,
commissioned reviews, and input from psychologists, nurses,
librarians, business leaders, publishing professionals, and APA
governance groups (APA, 2007a, 2007b).[10] [11] To accomplish
these revisions, the Task Force appointed working groups of four
to nine members in seven areas: Bias-Free Language, Ethics,
Graphics, Journal Article Reporting Standards, References,
Statistics, and Writing Style (APA, 2009, pp. xvii-xviii).

Thoroughly reorganized and updated, the sixth edition was

significantly revised to incorporate the technological advances that
had affected virtually all areas of scientific communication since
the previous edition was published (APA, 2001). Specific
revisions in the sixth edition include
• expanded ethics guidance on determining authorship, sharing
data, plagiarism, and self-plagiarism;
• a new section on Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS), stressing the need for precision and consistency in
reporting methodology and providing practical guidelines for achieving this consistency;
• new, simplified heading style for easier comprehension of online articles;
• expanded guidelines on reducing bias in language, including a new section on presenting historical language that
is inappropriate by present standards;
• new guidelines for reporting inferential statistics as well as thoroughly revised and expanded tables of statistical
abbreviations and measures;
• new procedures and examples for the electronic presentation of data;
• new formats for electronic references, with a focus on the digital object identifier, or DOI, as the most reliable
way to locate online information;
• expanded information about the publishing process, including a new discussion of the peer review process;
• all new examples and illustrative material to demonstrate revised standards of style.

APA Style online

There are multiple online aids to the sixth edition of the Publication Manual. Among them are the following:

Resources on apastyle.org
• Main apastyle.org [12] page
• Learning resources page [13], including links to free tutorials, an online course, and other content arranged by
subject
• Free tutorials:
• The Basics of APA Style [14]
• What's New in the Sixth Edition [15]
• FAQs about APA Style [16]
• Online course:
APA style 3

• Mastering the Sixth Edition [17]

Resources on the APA Style Blog

The APA Style Blog [18] is a repository for current information about APA Style. It addresses commonly asked
questions from readers as well as areas the manual may not address, such as
• how to cite social media [19], like
• Twitter [20],
• Facebook [21],
• Kindles [22] (or other e-book readers), and
• Wikipedia [23] articles.
It also answers questions about how to cite regular references [24] as well as electronic references [25].
Other topic areas include
• databases [26]
• how to use DOIs or digital object identifiers [27]
• grammar and usage [28] questions
• Lists [29], including how to use
• lettered lists [30],
• numbered lists [31],
• bulleted lists [32], and
• how to choose what type of list you need [33].
The categories on the right-hand side of the blog show the different areas that have been explored, and users can also
search the site using a Google search box to find answers to their questions.

Resources on Social Media

The APA Style team maintains a Facebook page [34] and a Twitter feed (@APA_Style) [35].

Errors in the First Printing of the Sixth Edition

Despite multiple reviews of the manuscript at the copyediting and proofreading stages by senior editors, staff
realized shortly after the manual had gone to press that the sample papers contained errors. They took prompt action
to correct the errors and to post the fully corrected papers on the APA Style website [36] where they were made
available for viewing and downloading. Staff concurrently examined the rest of the manuscript and found the
following additional errors:
• In 188 style guidelines, two errors were made, and one of these was a punctuation error.
• In almost 1,000 examples provided to illustrate those rules, 36 errors were made (roughly half of these occurred in
the sample papers, which were subsequently corrected and posted online). Another 10 occurred in the 374
examples that were provided in the reference chapter.
• Five clarifications to text were made. These were not errors but rather clarified and expanded text, for example,
adding a second example for both a blog post and a blog comment.
• Three pages of nonsignificant typographical errors were corrected. These included such things as changing an em
dash to an en dash, changing a minus sign to a hyphen, and correcting for added space that was automatically
added when a sample form was reproduced.
In the interest of transparency (and following the same procedure that was followed for the fifth edition), staff posted
all of the corrections online in a single document on October 1, 2009, and shortly thereafter alerted users to the
existence of the corrections in a blog entry [36]. On the same day the corrections were posted, an individual posting
APA style 4

to the Educational and Behavioral Sciences Section listserv (EBBSS-L) of the American Library Association alerted
readers to what she described as the "many" errors in the first printing and speculated that "some but not all" would
be corrected in a second printing. On October 5, 2009, APA staff responded to the note clarifying that errors were
found in the sample papers, that the papers had been corrected and posted online, that the substantive guidance in the
manual was correct and accurate as printed, and that a full list of corrections could be found at the APA Style
website [37].
On October 13, 2009, the article "Correcting a Style Guide" was published in the online newspaper Inside Higher
Education that included interviews with several individuals who defined the errors as "egregious" (Epstein,
2009).[38] The article, along with rumors spread on various listervs, resulted in exaggerated accounts of both the
magnitude and the extent of the errors, with some reports on Amazon.com claiming more than 80 pages of errors had
occurred.
APA responded to the increasing confusion by issuing an apology and implementing a return/replacement program
for purchasers who wished to exchange their first printing copies for second printing copies of the Publication
Manual. The first edition copies returned to APA were destroyed. The second and all subsequent printings of the
Publication Manual have been fully corrected.

Sections and subsections of papers using sixth edition

Because of changes in some areas from the fifth edition, such as References, the information listed below should be
used with caution as it does not reflect the sixth and most recent edition of the Publication Manual or its corrected
second printing.
Papers or articles following the 6th edition of The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
(APA Style) will typically include the following sections, each of which starts on a new page:
1. Abstract
2. Text (body of paper)
3. References
4. Footnotes
5. Tables (new page for each table)
6. Figures (new page for each figure, include figure caption below the figure on the same page---this is a change
from the 5th ed.)
7. Appendices (optional---may not be present for all papers)
The guidelines for manuscript preparation can be found in Chapter 8 of the 6th edition of the Publication Manual on
p. 228. It covers margins, typeface, line spacing, and other matters.
Note that these guidelines are intended specifically for submitting to APA Journals. Many universities have other
requirements that add to or supersede the requirements in the APA Style manual.

Headings
The use of headings aids in establishing the hierarchy of the sections of a paper to help orient the reader. Topics
within a paper that have equal importance will have the same level of headings throughout the paper. For example, in
a paper with multiple experiments, the heading for the Method section for Experiment 1 should be at the same level
as the heading for the Method section for Experiment 2.
Headings can also function as an outline to reveal the paper's organization. This is particularly true when the paper is
submitted to APA journals. Also, avoid having one sub-section heading in a paper. Use at least two subsections with
any given section or none at all.
APA’s heading style consists of five possible levels of subordination. Level 1 is the highest level and Level 5 is the
lowest level. Most papers will use two or three levels. Levels are always used consecutively, beginning with Level 1.
APA style 5

APA does not use the heading "Introduction" to begin a paper, as the opening of a paper is considered by default to
be the introduction.
1. Level 1: Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Headings
2. Level 2: Left-aligned, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
3. Level 3: Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with period.
4. Level 4: Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with period.
5. Level 5: Indented, italicized, lowercase heading with period.[39]
You can read more about them and see examples in the APA Style Blog category for headings [40].

Citation
Reference citations in text are done using parenthetical referencing. Most usually, this involves enclosing the author's
surname and the date of publication within parentheses, separated by a comma, generally placed immediately after
the reference or at the end of the sentence in which the reference is made. However, it is also common for the authors
to be the subject or object of a sentence. In such a case only the year is in parentheses. In all cases of citation, author
name(s) are always followed immediately by a year, and years are never presented without author name(s)
immediately preceding it. In the case of a quotation, the page number is also included in the citation.

Reference list
The APA style guide prescribes that the Reference section, bibliographies and other lists of names should be
accumulated by surname first, and mandates inclusion of surname prefixes. For example, "Martin de Rijke" should
be sorted as "de Rijke, M." and "Saif Al-Falasi" should be sorted as "Al-Falasi, S." For names in non-English
languages, follow the capitalization standards of that language. For each of the source types below a hanging indent
should be used where the first line is flush to the left margin and all other lines are indented.

Print sources
Book by one author
• Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego, CA: Halstead.
Book by two authors
• Kurosawa, J., & Armistead, Q. (1972). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton,
Ontario, Canada: McMaster University Press.
Chapter in an edited book
• Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities.
In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London, England:
OtherWorld Books.
Dissertation (PhD or masters)
• Mcdonalds, A. (1991). Practical dissertation title (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL.
Article in a journal with continuous pagination (nearly all journals use continuous pagination)
• Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction.
Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.
• Kling, K. C., Hyde, J. S., Showers, C. J., & Buswell, B. N. (1999). Gender differences in self-esteem: A
meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 470–500. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.4.470
Article in a journal paginated separately Journal Pagination
APA style 6

• Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7),
34–37.
Article in a weekly magazine
• Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28–31.
Article in a weekly magazine with DOI
• Hoff, K. (2010, March 19). Fairness in modern society. Science, 327, 1467-1468. doi:10.1126/science.1188537
Article in a print newspaper
• Wrong, M. (2005, August 17). "Never Gonna Give You Up" says Mayor. Toronto Sol, p. 4.

Electronic sources
For electronic references, websites, and online articles, APA Style asserts some basic rules, including to
• direct readers specifically to the source material using URLs which work
• include retrieval date ONLY when content is likely to change (e.g., wikis)
• include all other relevant APA Style details for the source
Online article based on a print source, with DOI (e.g., a PDF of a print source from a database)
• Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., & Iacono, W. G. (2005). Externalizing psychopathology in
adulthood: a dimensional-spectrum conceptualization and its implications for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal
Psychology, 114, 537-550. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.537
Online article based on a print source, without DOI (e.g., a PDF of a print source from a database)
• Marlowe, P., Spade, S., & Chan, C. (2001). Detective work and the benefits of colour versus black and white.
Journal of Pointless Research, 11, 123–127.
Online article from a database, no DOI, available ONLY in that database (proprietary content—not things like Ovid,
EBSCO, and PsycINFO)
• Liquor advertising on TV. (2002, January 18). Retrieved from http://factsonfile.infobasepublishing.com/
OR
• Liquor advertising on TV. (2002, January 18). Retrieved from Issues and Controversies database.
Article in an Internet-only journal
• McDonald, C., & Chenoweth, L. (2009). Leadership: A crucial ingredient in unstable times. Social Work &
Society, 7. Retrieved from http://www.socwork.net/2009/1/articles/mcdonaldchenoweth
Article in an Internet-only newsletter (eight or more authors)
• Paradise, S., Moriarty, D., Marx, C., Lee, O. B., Hassel, E., Thyme, E. J., . . . Bradford, J. (1957, July). Portrayals
of fictional characters in reality-based popular writing: Project update. Off the Beaten Path, 7. Retrieved from
http://www.newsletter.offthebeatenpath.news/otr/complaints.html
Article with no author identified (the title moves to the "author" position)
• Britain launches new space agency. (2010, March 24). Retrieved from http://news.ninemsn.com.au/
technology/1031221/britain-launches-new-space-agency
Article with no author and no date identified (e.g., wiki article)
• Harry Potter. (n.d.). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 28, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.
org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter&oldid=380786432
Entry in an online dictionary or reference work, no date and no author identified
• Verisimilitude. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster's online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.
merriam-webster.com/dictionary/verisimilitude
APA style 7

E-mail or other personal communication (cite in text only)

• (A. Monterey, personal communication, September 28, 2001)
Book on CD
• Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [CD]. New York, NY: Random House/Listening Library.
Book on tape
• Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [Cassette Recording No. 1999-1999-1999]. New York, NY:
Random House/Listening Library.
Movie
• Gilby, A. (Producer), & Schlesinger, J. (Director). (1995). Cold comfort farm [Motion picture]. Universal City,
CA: MCA Universal.

Statistical expressions in APA

Some of the more common examples are given below. Italics and spaces need to be carefully noted.
Note on Probabilities
There are two ways to report statistical probability: pre-specified probability given as a range below the
chosen alpha level and exact probability given as a calculated p-value. Since most statistical packages
calculate an exact value for p, the Publication Manual recommends that exact p-values should be reported.
• Example: p < .05
• Example: p = .031 (preferred)
Exceptions, where a pre-specified probability range may be preferred, include large or complex tables of
correlations or when the p-value is particularly small (e.g., p < .001).
Reporting F-tests
General format: F([df-between], [df-within]) = [F-obtained], p = [p-value], [eta-squared obtained] = [value].
• Example: F(2, 50) = 9.35, p < .001, η2 = .03.
If a p-value is not significant, then the letters ns are substituted, or the precise p-value is substituted prefaced
by an equals sign.
• Example: F(2, 50) = 1.35, ns.
• Example: F(2, 50) = 1.35, p = .18. (preferred)
If an F-value is less than 1, thereby implying that it can never be statistically significant, then neither the
F-value itself, nor the associated p-value, is reported.
• Example: F(2, 50) < 1.
• Example: F < 1.
Reporting t-tests
General format: t([df error])= [t-obtained], p = [p-value], [Cohen's d obtained] = [value].
• Example: t(9) = 2.35, p = .043, d = .70.
Reporting tests
General format: ([df error], N = [total sample size]) = [Chi-squared obtained], p = [p-value].
• Example: (4, N = 24) = 12.4, p = .015.
APA style 8

Graph and table layout

• Graphs
•
should not have tick marks for the measures
•
should have titles for the x and y axis
•
should not have an outline around the graph
•
should not have minor lines on the chart
•
The legend should either not exist if the graph is simple or should be inside the chart
•
need to be on a figure captions page, with an explanation of the data represented
•
do not have page numbers, and should have penciled in, on the back the top and the figure caption that
corresponds to it.
• Tables
• do have page numbers
• do not have vertical lines

Other non-print sources

No personal communication is included in the reference list; instead, parenthetically cite the communicators name,
the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication in your main text only.
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with citation style (personal communication,
November 3, 2002).

Notes
[1] http:/ / www. apa. org/ pubs/ authors/ instructions. aspx#
[2] apastyle.org APA Style (http:/ / apastyle. apa. org/ about-apa-style. aspx)
[3] Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). 2009. Washington, DC
[4] American Psychological Association, Council of Editors. (1952). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
Psychological Bulletin, 49(Suppl., Pt. 2), 389-449.
[5] American Psychological Association. (1957). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (Rev. ed.). Washington, DC:
Author.
[6] American Psychological Association. (1967). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (Rev. ed.). Washington, DC:
Author
[7] American Psychological Association, Task Force on Issues of Sexual Bias in Graduate Education. (1975). Guidelines for nonsexist language
in APA journals. American Psychologist, 30, 682-684. doi:10.1037/h0076869
[8] APA Publication Manual Task Force. (1977). Guidelines for nonsexist language in APA journals [Change Sheet 2]. American Psychologist,
32, 487-494. doi:v10.1037/0003-066X.32.6.487
[9] American Psychological Association. (2009b). Supplemental material: Chapter 3: Writing clearly and concisely. Retrieved at http:/ /
apastyle. org/ manual/ supplement/ index. aspx
[10] American Psychological Association. (2007a, April 13–14). Meeting of the Council of Editors[Agenda book]. APA Archives, Washington,
DC.
[11] American Psychological Association. (2007b, May 18–20). "Meeting of the Publications and Communications Board[Agenda book]. APA
Archives, Washington, DC.
[12] http:/ / apastyle. apa. org/
[13] http:/ / www. apastyle. org/ learn/ index. aspx
[14] http:/ / www. apastyle. org/ learn/ tutorials/ basics-tutorial. aspx
[15] http:/ / www. apastyle. org/ manual/ whats-new. aspx
[16] http:/ / www. apastyle. org/ learn/ faqs/ index. aspx
[17] http:/ / www. apastyle. org/ learn/ courses/ 4210700. aspx
[18] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/
[19] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ social-media/
[20] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ twitter/
[21] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ facebook/
APA style 9

[22] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ 2009/ 09/ how-do-i-cite-a-kindle. html
[23] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ wikipedia/
[24] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ references/
[25] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ electronic-references/
[26] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ databases/
[27] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ digital-object-identifier-doi/
[28] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ grammar-and-usage/
[29] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ 2010/ 02/ lists-part-1-parallelism. html
[30] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ 2010/ 02/ lists-part-3-lowercase-letters. html
[31] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ 2010/ 02/ lists-part-4-numbered-lists. html
[32] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ 2010/ 03/ lists-part-5-bulleted-lists. html
[33] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ 2010/ 03/ lists-part-6-overview. html
[34] http:/ / www. facebook. com/ apastyle/
[35] http:/ / www. twitter. com/ apa_style
[36] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ 2009/ 10/ note-to-apa-style-community-sixth-edition-corrections. html
[37] http:/ / supp. apa. org/ style/ pubman-reprint-corrections-for-2e. pdf
[38] Epstein, J. (2009, October 13). Correcting a style guide: Scholars turn to style manuals for guidance in authoring error-free manuscripts, but
what happens when the manual itself is laden with errors?" Inside Higher Education. Retrieved from (http:/ / www. insidehighered. com/
news/ 2009/ 10/ 13/ apa#)
[39] "The Owl At Purdue" (http:/ / owl. english. purdue. edu/ owl/ resource/ 560/ 16/ ).
[40] http:/ / blog. apastyle. org/ apastyle/ headings/

References
• American Psychological Association. (2010). The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
(6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. ISBN 9781433805622
• American Psychological Association. (2001). The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
(5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. ISBN 9781557987914

External links
• Introduction to APA Style (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/hypertext/apa/introduction.html) -
Hypertextual electronic workshop hosted by the Online Writing Lab (OWL), Department of English, Purdue
University.
• APA Style—Reference List/In-Text (pdf) (http://www.academicexperts.us/dl/APA_Style.pdf)
• Create References APA (http://tupera.com/) - Free Generator APA references
• APA "Citation Styles" Online Guide (http://www.cws.uiuc.edu/workshop/writers/citation/) - Resource
hosted by the Department of English, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
• Apacite (http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/apacite.html) – "A BibTeX style which
closely follows American Psychological Association style citations, providing a very good match."
• APA.cls (http://www.ilsp.gr/homepages/protopapas/apacls.html) – Resource compiled by Athanassios
Protopapas, Institute for Language and Speech Processing (ILSP), Athens, Greece.
• APA Guide Basics Summary (pdf) (http://www.thewritedirection.net/apaguide.net/apaguide.pdf) - Webpage
summary of APA Rules.
• APA Style (http://www.apastyle.org/) - APA Style Online home page.
• CiteFast (http://www.citefast.com/) - Free Citation Generator
• "Citation Machine" (http://citationmachine.net/) – Citation style generator (APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian).
• Amacite (http://www.amacite.com/) – Automatic citation style generator and library for books powered by
Amazon.com (APA, MLA).
• "KnightCite: A Project of Hekman Library (http://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/) – APA, MLA, and
Chicago Style citation generator hosted by Calvin College.
APA style 10

• "NoodleBib Express" (http://www.NoodleTools.com/) – Style advice, citation creator (APA, MLA, Chicago,
Turabian).
• Psychology with Style: A Hypertext Writing Guide (for the 5th edition of the APA Manual) (http://www.uwsp.
edu/psych/apa4b.htm) (February 1, 2007 - Version 5.014). - Teacher's Guide compiled by Mark Plonsky, Ph.D.,
Professor of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point.
Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and Contributors

APA style  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=412528655  Contributors: *Kat*, 2D, A Softer Answer, A. B., ACupOfCoffee, Addshore, Aenertia, Aeternus, Afterwriting,
Aidengregg, Aiken drum, Aitias, Ajsl2008, Akaniji, Alsandro, Amberchicquita, Andy Rooney, AngelOfSadness, Aomarks, Arashmti, Artichoker, Asarkees, Ashwin3342, Awillmore, BD2412,
Bagel7, BalanceUT, Bart133, Beetstra, BekahBickford, Bluerfn, Bobo192, Bonadea, Bradkoch2007, Bubba73, Butcheries, CBecker, CJLL Wright, CME GBM, Cactus Wren, Calwatch,
CambridgeBayWeather, Cassowary, Chen, Chris53516, ChrisPadillaAZ, Cliff smith, Closedmouth, Cmdrjameson, Colonel Plop, Correogsk, Cosmotron, CptCutLess, Crusio, Cybercobra,
DMacks, Dan koon, Danielgalan, Daphneroute3, Dassi09, Davecrosby uk, Davnor, Ddegelman, DeadEyeArrow, Dmazingo, Drgeller, Drmies, Eddyspeeder, El C, Elkman, Epbr123, Ewebb49,
Eóin, F, F1GHTHEP0WR, Fahadsadah, Feldar, Feneeth of Borg, Fh1, Fiftytwo thirty, Frmatt, Furrykef, Gary Cziko, Gatewaycat, Gogo Dodo, GoingBatty, GraemeL, Gregersb, Hajor,
HalfShadow, Hooperbloob, Hu12, Huntster, Héctor Ojeda, IQubed168, ITasteLikePaint, Image12, Ingram, JBogdan, JPG-GR, JSmith334, Jessicafromny, Jmkim dot com, Jpmccord, Jtneill,
Karnesky, Karol Langner, Kesac, Kevin Forsyth, Krubo, Kseferovic, LWF, Legohead1, Limegreen, LinDrug, Lizzmarley, Lyamsweden, MER-C, Mac Davis, Mahanga, Mahar abbas, Male1979,
Mannafredo, ManuTann, MartinPoulter, Materialscientist, Maxim, Meno25, Michaelrjohnson, Microcell, Morningstar27, Mplesea, MrOllie, MrSomeone, Mtimo, NClark128, NYScholar,
Nada1975, NawlinWiki, NeonMerlin, NiallB, Nicholsi, NisseSthlm, Noconnotations, Ootachi, Optigan13, Opus33, Panmanpan, Parsecboy, PeterMan406, Petercoogan, Philosophicles, Piotrus,
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